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==History==
==History==
Traditionally, Hulunbuir was a part of Mongolia and the eastern part of the area was known as Barga. From 1912-1949, during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of [[Xing'an]] and [[Heilongjiang]] provinces. During the [[Japanese occupation of China]], Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese [[puppet state]] [[Manchukuo]], which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Communist Party of China]] gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like [[Ulanhu]] by promising the [[irredentist]] expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of [[Han Chinese|Han]] and [[Manchu people|Manchu]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Inner Mongolia|first=Uradyn|last=Bulag|title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers|editor1-first=Morris|editor1-last=Rossabi|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2005|pages=90–91}}</ref> After the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|1949 Communist revolution]], Hulunbuir was annexed into [[Inner Mongolia]], but the region kept economic ties to the rest of [[Northeast China|the northeast]] ([[Manchuria]]) via the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]].<ref name="Shabad">{{Cite book|title=China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71|first=Theodore|last=Shabad|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1972|pages=237–239}}</ref>
During the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BCE–220 CE), Hulunbuir was part of the Liaodong Commandery.<ref>Tang, P. S. H. (1959). ''Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia 1911-1931.'' Durham, N.C. p.81</ref> During the [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of [[Heilongjiang]] province. The 1858 [[Treaty of Aigun]] established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] linked Hulunbuir to the rest of [[northeast China]] and to [[Russian Far East]]. From 1912-1949, during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of [[Xing'an]] and [[Heilongjiang]] provinces. A treaty between the [[Russian Empire]] and the ROC on November 7/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under Chinese sovereignty, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration. In 1929, the [[Soviet Union]] broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.<ref>Tang, Peter SH. "Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present." ''Russian Review'' (1969). p. 406.</ref> After the [[Japanese occupation of China]], Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese [[puppet state]] [[Manchukuo]], which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Communist Party of China]] gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like [[Ulanhu]] by promising the [[irredentist]] expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of [[Han Chinese|Han]] and [[Manchu people|Manchu]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Inner Mongolia|first=Uradyn|last=Bulag|title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers|editor1-first=Morris|editor1-last=Rossabi|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2005|pages=90–91}}</ref>


During the [[Cultural Revolution]], the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.<ref name="Shabad"/> Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a [[League (Inner Mongolia)|League]]. The area is {{convert|263953|km²|0|abbr=on}} and population 2.710 million as of 2004, while the [[gross domestic product]] was [[RMB]] 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Province level|province-level divisions]] (and 42 [[U.S. state]]s), although the actual urban [[agglomeration]] is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
After the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|1949 Communist revolution]], Hulunbuir was annexed into [[Inner Mongolia]], but the region kept economic ties to the rest of [[Northeast China|the northeast]] via the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]].<ref name="Shabad">{{Cite book|title=China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71|first=Theodore|last=Shabad|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1972|pages=237–239}}</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.<ref name="Shabad"/> Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a [[League (Inner Mongolia)|League]]. The area is {{convert|263953|km²|0|abbr=on}} and population 2.710 million as of 2004, while the [[gross domestic product]] was [[RMB]] 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Province level|province-level divisions]] (and 42 [[U.S. state]]s), although the actual urban [[agglomeration]] is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.


==Names==
==Names==

Revision as of 18:37, 4 June 2013

This article is about the city in Inner Mongolia. For the district of Mongolia, see Khölönbuir, Dornod.
Hulunbuir

呼伦贝尔
Prefecture-level city
呼伦贝尔市
Hulunbuir (red) in Inner Mongolia (orange)
Hulunbuir (red) in Inner Mongolia (orange)
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionInner Mongolia
Municipal seatHailar District
Area
 • Total263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total2,549,278
 • Density9.7/km2 (25/sq mi)
 • Major nationalities
Han - 81.85%
Mongols - 8.6%
Manchu - 4.13%
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
021000
Area code0470
Websitehulunbeier.gov.cn
Hulunbuir
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese呼伦贝尔
Traditional Chinese呼倫貝爾
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHūlúnbèi'ěr
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic[[[File:Kolun buir.svg|19px]]
kölün buyir
Хөлөнбуйр
Khölönbuir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)

Hulunbuir or Hūlúnbèi'ěr (Mongolian: kölün buyir, Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр; Chinese: 呼伦贝尔市) is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, in the People's Republic of China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat, the Mongolic language Dagur and some Tungusic languages are spoken there.

History

During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Hulunbuir was part of the Liaodong Commandery.[1] During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912-1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. A treaty between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 7/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under Chinese sovereignty, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration. In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[2] After the Japanese occupation of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[3]

After the 1949 Communist revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[4] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[4] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and population 2.710 million as of 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.

Names

The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese: 呼伦布雨尔; traditional Chinese: 呼倫布雨爾).

Administrative subdivisions

Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.

Map
1.5
# Name Mongolian Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010) 		Area (km²) Density
(/km²)
1 Hailar District ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠠᠠ 海拉尔区 Hǎilā'ěr Qū 344,947 1,440 181
1.5 Jalainur District ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠠᠠ 扎赉诺尔区 Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū 97,000 272 357
2 Manzhouli City ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ 满洲里市 Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì 152,473 424 360
3 Zhalantun City ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠠ ᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ 扎兰屯市 Zhālántún Shì 366,326 16,800 26
4 Yakeshi City ᠶᠠᠠᠠᠰᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ 牙克石市 Yákèshí Shì 352,177 27,590 14
5 Genhe City ᢉᢉᠠᠠ ᠭᠣᠤᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ 根河市 Gēnhé Shì 110,441 19,659 9
6 Ergun City ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ 额尔古纳市 É'ěrgǔnà Shì 76,667 28,000 3
7 Arun Banner ᠡᠠᠷᠤᠠ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ 阿荣旗 Āróng Qí 278,744 12,063 27
8 New Barag Right Banner ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ 新巴尔虎右旗 Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí 36,356 25,102 1
9 New Barag Left Banner ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠶᠠᠬᠥᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ 新巴尔虎左旗 Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí 40,258 22,000 2
10 Old Barag Banner ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ 陈巴尔虎旗 Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí 58,244 21,192 3
11 Oroqin Autonomous Banner ᠣᡵᠣᠨᠴᠠ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ 鄂伦春自治旗 Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí 223,752 59,800 5
12 Evenk Autonomous Banner ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠣᠰᠣᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ 鄂温克族自治旗 Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí 134,981 19,111 7
13 Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner ᠮᠥᠷᠨᠲᠨᠪᠡᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠥᠠᠲᠣᠰᠣᠲᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí 276,912 10,500 30
Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is subordinate to Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture in Heilongjiang.
Hulunbuir's Airport

Hulunbuir is the largest city in the world based on surface area.[citation needed]

Geography and climate

The city proper of Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc), although the northern part of the prefecture-level city is solidly subarctic. Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.

Climate data for Hailar District, elevation 650 m (2,130 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		39.5
(103.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −19.8
(−3.6) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		5.9
(42.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−0.2
(31.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −29.2
(−20.6) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−26.2
(−15.2) 		−5.7
(21.7)
Record low °C (°F) −42.9
(−45.2) 		−42.3
(−44.1) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−23.9
(−11.0) 		−38.0
(−36.4) 		−42.8
(−45.0) 		−42.9
(−45.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.9
(0.15) 		3.6
(0.14) 		5.9
(0.23) 		13.8
(0.54) 		24.9
(0.98) 		53.3
(2.10) 		96.5
(3.80) 		78.6
(3.09) 		35.7
(1.41) 		16.8
(0.66) 		6.7
(0.26) 		6.9
(0.27) 		346.6
(13.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.3 4.6 4.7 5.3 7.6 11.9 13.9 12.1 8.7 6.4 6.8 8.5 96.8
Average snowy days 8.8 6.7 7.0 5.4 1.1 0.1 0 0 0.6 5.2 9.5 11.6 56
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 68 50 45 57 66 68 62 61 72 77 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 154.5 191.8 250.7 244.0 264.5 269.1 260.1 248.1 223.0 197.3 156.5 131.5 2,591.1
Percent possible sunshine 57 66 67 59 56 56 54 56 60 60 58 52 58
Source: China Meteorological Administration[5][6][7]


Demographics (as of 2000)

ethnic group population share
Han 2,199,645 81.85%
Mongols 231,276 8.6%
Manchu 111,053 4.13%
Daur 70,287 2.62%
Hui 30,950 1.15%
Evenks 25,418 0.95%
Koreans 8,355 0.31%
Russians 4,741 0.18%
Oroqen 3,144 0.12%
Xibe 956 0.04%
Other 1,403 0.05%

References

  1. ^ Tang, P. S. H. (1959). Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia 1911-1931. Durham, N.C. p.81
  2. ^ Tang, Peter SH. "Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present." Russian Review (1969). p. 406.
  3. ^ Bulag, Uradyn (2005). "Inner Mongolia". In Rossabi, Morris (ed.). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. University of Washington Press. pp. 90–91.
  4. ^ a b Shabad, Theodore (1972). China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71. Taylor & Francis. pp. 237–239.
  5. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  6. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  7. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.

Further reading

  • Jinri Nei Menggu: Hulun Bei'er 今日内蒙古: 呼伦贝尔 (Inner Mongolia today: Hulun Buir). 内蒙古人民出版社 (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House), 呼和浩特 Hohhot 1997, ISBN 7-204-03545-3, 9+129 pages
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