War on poverty: Difference between revisions
→Results and aftermath: ==Fighting poverty in thw workplace== In 2013, The president of the Peabody Essex Museum Dan Monroe [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=4308#.Ugiik9KeNOI] makes $578,254.00 a year with full |
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In 2013, The president of the [[Peabody Essex Museum]] Dan Monroe [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=4308#.Ugiik9KeNOI] makes $578,254.00 a year with full benefits while all the guards are part time with no benefits |
In 2013, The president of the [[Peabody Essex Museum]] Dan Monroe [http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=4308#.Ugiik9KeNOI] makes $578,254.00 a year with full benefits while all the guards are part time with no benefits |
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In 2011, the TOTAL REVENUE of the Peabody Essex Museum was $53,044,354 & the TOTAL FUNCTIONAL EXPENSES were $33,021,331 leaving a $20,000,000 spread to pay more than a [[poverty]] wage to the [[security guards]] of the Peabody Essex Museum, The guards make 9 an hour, all are part time with no benefits.[http://www.glassdoor.com/Hourly-Pay/Peabody-Essex-Museum-Security-Guard-Hourly-Pay-E265054_D_KO21,35.htm] |
In 2011, the TOTAL REVENUE of the Peabody Essex Museum was $53,044,354 & the TOTAL FUNCTIONAL EXPENSES were $33,021,331 leaving a $20,000,000 spread to pay more than a [[poverty]] wage to the [[security guards]] of the Peabody Essex Museum, The guards make 9 an hour, all are part time with no benefits.[http://www.glassdoor.com/Hourly-Pay/Peabody-Essex-Museum-Security-Guard-Hourly-Pay-E265054_D_KO21,35.htm] |
Revision as of 18:38, 15 August 2013
The War on Poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
As a part of the Great Society, Johnson believed in expanding the government's role in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies.[1] These policies can also be seen as a continuation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, which ran from 1933 to 1935, and the Four Freedoms of 1941.
The popularity of a war on poverty waned after the 1960s. Deregulation, growing criticism of the welfare state, and an ideological shift to reducing federal aid to impoverished people in the 1980s and 1990s culminated in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which, as claimed President Bill Clinton, "end[ed] welfare as we know it." Prof. Tony Judt, the late historian, said in reference to the earlier proposed title of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act that "a more Orwellian title would be hard to conceive" and attributed the decline in the popularity of the Great Society as a policy to its success, as fewer people feared hunger, sickness, and ignorance. Additionally, fewer people were concerned with ensuring a minimum standard for all citizens and social liberalism.[2]
Nonetheless, the legacy of the War on Poverty policy initiative remains in the continued existence of such federal programs as Head Start, Volunteers in Service to America, TRIO (program), and Job Corps.
Major initiatives
- Social Security Act 1965 (Created Medicare and Medicaid) – July 19, 1965
- Food Stamp Act of 1964- August 31, 1964[3]
- The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 which created the Community Action Program, Job Corps and Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), centerpiece of the "war on poverty" – August 20, 1964
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act - April 11, 1965
The Office of Economic Opportunity was the agency responsible for administering most of the War on Poverty programs created during Johnson's Administration, including VISTA, Job Corps, Head Start, Legal Services and the Community Action Program. The OEO was established in 1964 and quickly became a target of both left-wing and right-wing critics of the War on Poverty. Directors of the OEO included Sargent Shriver, Bertrand Harding, and Donald Rumsfeld.
The OEO launched Project Head Start as an eight-week summer program in 1965. The project was designed to help end poverty by providing preschool children from low-income families with a program that would meet emotional, social, health, nutritional,and psychological needs. Head Start was then transferred to the Office of Child Development in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (later the Department of Health and Human Services) by the Nixon Administration in 1969.
President Johnson also announced a second project to follow children from the Head Start program. This was implemented in 1967 with Project Follow Through, the largest educational experiment ever conducted.[4]
The policy trains disadvantaged and at-risk youth and has provided more than 2 million disadvantaged young people with the integrated academic, vocational, and social skills training they need to gain independence and get quality, long-term jobs or further their education.[5] Job Corps continues to help 70,000 youths annually at 122 Job Corps centers throughout the country.[6] Besides vocational training, many Job Corps also offer GED programs as well as high school diplomas and programs to get students into college.
Criticisms
President Johnson's "War on Poverty" speech was delivered at a time of recovery (the poverty level had fallen from 22.4% in 1959 to 19% in 1964 when the War on Poverty was announced) and it was viewed by critics as an effort to get the United States Congress to authorize social welfare programs.[7]
Some economists, including Milton Friedman, have argued that Johnson's policies actually had a negative impact on the economy because of their interventionist nature, noting in a PBS interview that "the government sets out to eliminate poverty, it has a war on poverty, so-called "poverty" increases. It has a welfare program, and the welfare program leads to an expansion of problems. A general attitude develops that government isn't a very efficient way of doing things."[8] Adherents of this school of thought recommend that the best way to fight poverty is not through government spending but through economic growth.[9][10] [11][12]
Conservative Research Fellow at the Independent Institute James followed this line of thinking when he wrote that "the war on poverty was a costly, tragic mistake [because]...abolishing poverty did not seem far-fetched to the activists...[and] it was a perspective that led to intolerance...The simple economic theory of poverty led to a single underlying principle for welfare programs...In adopting the handout approach for their programs, the war-on-poverty activists failed to notice—or failed to care—that they were ignoring over a century of theory and experience in the social welfare field...The war-on-poverty activists not only ignored the lessons of the past on the subject of handouts; they also ignored their own experience with the poor."[13]
Others took a different tack. In 1967, in his book Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? Martin Luther King "criticized Johnson's War on Poverty for being too piecemeal," saying that programs created under the "war on poverty" such as "housing programs, job training and family counseling" all had "a fatal disadvantage [because] the programs have never proceeded on a coordinated basis...[and noted that] at no time has a total, coordinated and fully adequate program been conceived."[14] In his speech on April 4, 1967 at Riverside Church in New City, King connected the war in Vietnam with the "war on poverty":
- "There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I, and others, have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor -- both black and white -- through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam and I watched the program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.
- Perhaps the more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home."[15]
This criticism was repeated in his speech at the same place later that month when he said that "and you may not know it, my friends, but it is estimated that we spend $500,000 to kill each enemy soldier, while we spend only fifty-three dollars for each person classified as poor, and much of that fifty-three dollars goes for salaries to people that are not poor. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor, and attack it as such."[16] The next year, King started the Poor People's Campaign to address the shortcomings of the "war on poverty" and to "demand a check" for suffering African-Americans which was carried on briefly after his death with the construction and maintenance of an encampment: Resurrection City for over six weeks.[17] Years later, a writer in The Nation remarked that "the war on poverty has too often been a war on the poor themselves," but that much can be done.[18]
In 1989, the former executive officer of the Task Force on Poverty Hyman Bookbinder addressed such criticisms of the "war on poverty" in an op-ed in The New York Times. He wrote that:
- "Today, the ranks of the poor are again swelling...These and other statistics have led careless observers to conclude that the war on poverty failed. No, it has achieved many good results. Society has failed. It tired of the war too soon, gave it inadequate resources and did not open up new fronts as required. Large-scale homelessness, an explosion of teen-age pregnancies and single-parent households, rampant illiteracy, drugs and crime - these have been both the results of and causes of persistent poverty. While it is thus inappropriate to celebrate an anniversary of the war on poverty, it is important to point up some of the big gains...Did every program of the 60's work? Was every dollar used to its maximum potential? Should every Great Society program be reinstated or increased? Of course not...First, we cannot afford not to resume the war. One way or another, the problem will remain expensive. Somehow, we will provide for the survival needs of the poorest: welfare, food stamps, beds and roofs for the homeless, Medicaid. The fewer poor there are, the fewer the relief problems. Getting people out of poverty is the most cost-effective public investment."[19]
Results and aftermath
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif/450px-Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif)
In the decade following the 1964 introduction of the war on poverty, poverty rates in the U.S. dropped to their lowest level since comprehensive records began in 1958: from 17.3% in the year the Economic Opportunity Act was implemented to 11.1% in 1973. They have remained between 11 and 15.2% ever since.[21]
The ‘absolute poverty line’ is the threshold below which families or individuals are considered to be lacking the resources to meet the basic needs for healthy living; having insufficient income to provide the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve health. Poverty among Americans between ages 18–64 has fallen only marginally since 1966, from 10.5% then to 10.1% today. Poverty has significantly fallen among Americans under 18 years old from 23% in 1964 down to less than 17%, although it has risen again to 20% in 2009.[22] The most dramatic decrease in poverty was among Americans over 65, which fell from 28.5% in 1966 to 10.1% today.
In 2004, more than 35.9 million, or 12% of Americans including 12.1 million children, were considered to be living in poverty with an average growth of almost 1 million per year. According to the CATO institute, since the Johnson Administration almost $15 trillion has been spent on welfare, with poverty rates being about the same as during the Johnson Administration.[23]
The OEO was dismantled by President Nixon in 1973, though many of the agency's programs were transferred to other government agencies.
According to the "Readers' Companion to U.S. Women's History",
Many observers point out that the War on Poverty's attention to Black America created the grounds for the backlash that began in the 1970s. The perception by the white middle class that it was footing the bill for ever-increasing services to the poor led to diminished support for welfare state programs, especially those that targeted specific groups and neighborhoods. Many whites viewed Great Society programs as supporting the economic and social needs of low-income urban minorities; they lost sympathy, especially as the economy declined during the 1970s.[24]
United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Johnson, Joseph A. Califano, Jr. wrote in 1999 in an issue of Washington Monthly that:[25]
"In waging the war on poverty, congressional opposition was too strong to pass an income maintenance law. So LBJ took advantage of the biggest automatic cash machine around: Social Security. He proposed, and Congress enacted, whopping increases in the minimum benefits that lifted some two million Americans 65 and older above the poverty line. In 1996, thanks to those increased minimum benefits, Social Security lifted 12 million senior citizens above the poverty line...No Great Society undertaking has been subjected to more withering conservative attacks than the Office of Economic Opportunity. Yet,the War on Poverty was founded on the most conservative principle: Put the power in the local community, not in Washington; give people at the grassroots the ability to stand tall on their own two feet. Conservative claims that the OEO poverty programs were nothing but a waste of money are preposterous...Eleven of the 12 programs that OEO launched in the mid-'60s are alive, well and funded at an annual rate exceeding $10 billion; apparently legislators believe they're still working."
Fighting poverty in the workplace
In 2013, The president of the Peabody Essex Museum Dan Monroe [1] makes $578,254.00 a year with full benefits while all the guards are part time with no benefits In 2011, the TOTAL REVENUE of the Peabody Essex Museum was $53,044,354 & the TOTAL FUNCTIONAL EXPENSES were $33,021,331 leaving a $20,000,000 spread to pay more than a poverty wage to the security guards of the Peabody Essex Museum, The guards make 9 an hour, all are part time with no benefits.[2]
See also
- Social programs in the United States
- Modern liberalism in the United States
- History of the socialist movement in the United States
- Democratic socialism
General:
- Mixed economy
- Social liberalism
- Social safety net
- Social welfare
- Welfare
- Welfare economics
- Welfare state
- Welfare's effect on poverty
Footnotes
- ^ These justifications and aspects of the war on poverty are discussed in Weisbrod, Burton, ed. The Economics of Poverty: An American Paradox, Prentice-Hall, 1965
- ^ Judt, Tony (December 17, 2009). "What Is Living and What Is Dead in Social Democracy?". nybooks.com. New York, NY, USA: The New York Review of Books. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
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- ^ http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/rules/Legislation/about.htm
- ^ Maloney, M. (1998). Teach Your Children Well. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
- ^ http://fattah.house.gov/national-job-resources/
- ^ http://www.new-corp.org/Partners/partnerships.html
- ^ Clark, Elizabeth J. (January 2011). "Social Work's Poverty Imperative". NASWDC. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Friedman, Milton (August 9, 2002). "First Measured Century: Interview: Milton Friedman". PBS. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Rumpler, Lauren (April 11, 2013). "An Opinion Piece [about poverty reduction] by the LPIN's Communcations Consultant, Lauren Rumpler". Libertarian Party. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Priest, George L. (April 11, 2013). "Poverty, Inequality and Economic Growth: Simple Principles" (PDF). Yale University. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Baetjer Jr., Howard (April 2003). "Does Welfare Diminish Poverty?". Foundation for Economic Freedom. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Loo, Dennis (April 2003). "Libertarianism and Poverty". The Ethical Spectacle. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Payne, James L. (January 1, 1999). "Why the War on Poverty Failed Handouts Provide the Wrong Incentives". Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Engler, Mark (January 15, 2010). "Dr. Martin Luther King's Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom". The Nation. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/058.html
- ^ http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/riversidetranscript.html
- ^ Gates, Henry Louis (February 10, 1998). "The Two Nations of Black America". PBS. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Cersonsky, James (January 3, 2013). "What a Real 'War on Poverty' Looks Like". The Nation. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ Bookbinder, Hyman (August 20, 1989). "Did the War on Poverty Fail?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.
- ^ Table B-1 page 56
- ^ "Children in poverty - Data Across States". KIDS COUNT Data Center. Baltimore, MD, USA: Annie E. Casey Foundation. September 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
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- ^ Cover, Matt (June 25, 2012). "Study: More Than Half a Trillion Dollars Spent on Welfare But Poverty Levels Unaffected". CNSNews.com. Alexandria, VA, USA: Media Research Center. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
- ^ Mankiller, Wilma; Mink, Gwendolyn; Navarro, Marysa; Smith, Barbara; Steinem, Gloria, eds. (1998). "Great Society/War on Poverty". The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. Boston, M.A.: Houghton Mifflin. p. 720. ISBN 978-0-395-67173-3. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ Califano Jr., Joseph A. (October 1999). "What Was Really Great About The Great Society: The truth behind the conservative myths". Washington Monthly. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Further reading
- Annelise Orleck and Lisa Gayle Hazirjian (eds.), The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History, 1964-1980. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
External links
- Christian Science Monitor article
- Text of President Johnson's special address to Congress in which he uses the words "war against poverty" six times
- Johnson's State of the Union Address where he declares the beginning of an "unconditional war on poverty in America"
- The Economist
- NPR article about War on Poverty
- Article and photo describing launch of War on Poverty
- UVA Professor Kent G. Germany's article about the war on poverty
- LKLP Community Action Partnership's article about the 'war on poverty
- About a call President Johnson gave a congressman asking for helping on passing a poverty bill and more
- Quick overview of the war on poverty
- Notes for a 1995 movie titled "America's War on Poverty"