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==Hutu refugee massacres==
==Hutu refugee massacres==
The Rwandan Defence Forces have committed atrocities during the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]], as the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]], and also during both the Congo wars. This includes the [[Kibeho Massacre]]. The RDF and the [[Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo|ADFL]] carried out mass atrocities during the [[1st Congo War]] with as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees going missing.<ref>CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".</ref>
The Rwandan Defence Forces have committed atrocities during the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]], as the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]], and also during both the Congo wars. This includes the [[Kibeho Massacre]]. The RDF and the [[Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo|ADFL]] carried out mass atrocities during the [[First
Congo War]] with as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees going missing.<ref>CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".</ref>


==Land Forces==
==Land Forces==

Revision as of 22:24, 23 September 2013

Rwanda Defence Force
Ingabo z'u Rwanda
Founded1962
Current form1994
Service branchesArmy, Air Force, Reserve Force
Leadership
President of RwandaPaul Kagame
Minister of DefenceGen. James Kabarebe
Chief of Defence StaffGen. Patrick Nyamvumba
Personnel
Available for
military service		2,625,917 males, age 16–49[1] (2010 est.),
2,608,110 females, age 16–49[1] (2010 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,685,066 males, age 16–49[1] (2010 est.),
1,749,580 females, age 16–49[1] (2010 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		(2010 est.)
Expenditure
Percent of GDP2.9% (2006 est.)[1]
Related articles
HistoryRwandan Civil War
First Congo War
Second Congo War
Six Day War (Kisangani)
Dongo conflict

The Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) (in Kinyarwanda Ingabo z'u Rwanda) is the national army of Rwanda. Largely composed of former Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) soldiers, it comprises (a) the High Command Council of the RDF; (b) the General Staff of the RDF; (c) the Rwanda Land Force; (d) the Rwanda Air Force; and (e) specialised units.[2] In November 2002 Emmanuel Habyarimana was removed from his post as Minister of Defence, which government spokesperson Joseph Bideri attributed to his "extreme pro-Hutu" views.[3] Habyarimana was replaced by Marcel Gatsinzi.

After the successful conquest of the country in 1994 in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front decided to split the RPF into a political division (which retained the RPF name) and a military division, which was to serve as the official army of the Rwandan state in two distinct and independent institutions.

Defence spending continues to represent an important share of the national budget, largely due to continuing security problems along the frontiers with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, and lingering concerns about Uganda's intentions towards its former ally. The government has launched an ambitious plan to demobilize thousands of soldiers. During the First and Second Congo War, the RPF committed wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, according the United Nations Mapping Report.United Nations Mapping Report: DRC 1993-2003

Four serving army officers of the Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF) were indicted in June 2008 for crimes committed during the 1994 genocide.[4]

Historical outline 1962-1994

Hutu militants
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Refugee crisis
RDR (1995–1996)
1st and 2nd Congo War
  • ALiR (1996–2001)
  • FDLR (2000–present)

The U.S. Army's Area Handbook for Rwanda, compiled in 1968-9, describes the security forces of Rwanda in 1969 as the 2,500 strong National Guard and the National Police, about 1,200 strong.[5] The National Guard had been established two years before independence and had gained experience by repelling small Tutsi invasions in 1963 and 1964. It was under the direction of the Minister of Defence, Juvénal Habyarimana, who also held the function of Chief of Staff of the National Guard in mid-1969. At that time it was composed of a headquarters, an intervention group (effectively an infantry battalion), five other rifle companies, and five independent rifle platoons.

The Forces armées rwandaises (FAR) was the national army of Rwanda until July 1994, when the government collapsed in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide and the war with the Rwandan Patriotic Front. The FAR was estimated at 7,000 strong, including approximately 1,200 members of the Gendarmerie. Elite troops included the Presidential Guard, estimated at between 1,000-1,300 troops, as well as the Paracommando and Reconnaissance units.[6] These two units were of battalion strength by 1994, and then counted a total of 800 troops.[7]

In response to the RPF invasion of 1990, the 5,000-man FAR rapidly expanded, with French training assistance (as many as 1,100 French troops were in Rwanda at a time[8]), to some 30,000 by 1992.[9]

The Arusha Accords, signed on August 4, 1993, laid out a very detailed plan for the integration of the Rwandan Government and Rwandan Patriotic Front military forces.[10] The Rwandan government was to provide 60% of the troops for the new integrated army, but would have to share command positions with the RPF down to the level of battalion. The new army was to consist of no more than 19,000 soldiers and 6,000 Gendarmerie.[11] However radical elements within the Rwandan government were implacably opposed to implementation of the Accords and, instead, began the planning that would lay the foundations for the genocide.

The Reconnaissance Battalion's commander, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye, and his subordinates played a key role during the genocide. Together with the Reconnaissance Battalion, the Paracommando Battalion under Major Aloys Ntabakuze and the Presidential Guard under Major Protais Mpiranya became the three most significant genocidare units.

Col. Marcel Gatsinzi was briefly named chief of staff of the armed forces from April 6 to April 16, 1994, but was replaced by Augustin Bizimungu, who was quickly promoted to major general, since Col. Gatsinzi opposed the genocide.[12] Bizimungu was only briefly chief of staff before fleeing the country. Many soldiers of the FAR have since been implicated by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in the genocide, including its leader during the genocide, Col. Théoneste Bagosora, who was chief of the cabinet (private office) of the Ministry of Defence prior to the genocide. Other top leaders in the FAR were implicated in the assassination of the Rwandan president, Juvénal Habyarimana, which sparked the genocide.

Many elements of the former Rwandan regime, including soldiers of the FAR, fled to eastern Zaire after the RPF victory, where they formed the Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda (RDR), which later became the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which is still active in eastern Congo's North Kivu Province.

Hutu refugee massacres

The Rwandan Defence Forces have committed atrocities during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, as the Rwandan Patriotic Front, and also during both the Congo wars. This includes the Kibeho Massacre. The RDF and the ADFL carried out mass atrocities during the [[First Congo War]] with as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees going missing.[13]

Land Forces

A number of sources, including Gérard Prunier, document U.S. aid to the RPA before the First Congo War.[14] The officially admitted part of the training was Joint Combined Exchange Training. Prunier strongly implies the United States supplied communications equipment, vehicles, boots, and medicines to the RPA before the war began and after it broke out, delivered second-hand Warsaw Pact weapons and ammunition either directly to Goma or by airdrop along the AFDL front lines. He reports that after the war's outbreak, the U.S. Air Force had switched from using C-141 Starlifters and C-5 Galaxys to deliver the non-lethal aid to Kigali Airport and Entebbe Airport, to airdrops by C-130 Hercules aircraft.[15]

From July 1994 until December 1997 the RPA had six brigades, as designated in the Arusha Accords: 402nd in Kigali and Kigali Rurale Prefecture; 201st in Kibungo, Umatura, and Byumba Prefectures; 301st in Butare, Gikongoro, and Cyangugu Prefectures; 305th in Gitatama and Kibuye Prefectures; and 211th in Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures. The brigade boundaries mirrored the political administrative boundaries, which often complicated military operations.[16] During the First Congo War the brigade headquarters remained inside Rwanda but directed operations inside the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[17]

Jane's World Armies said in July 2009 that 'the RDF is deployed to protect the country's borders and defend against external aggression. There are four divisions, each deploying three brigades:

  • 1 Division, based at Kigali, covers the central and east region;
  • 2 Division, based at Byumba, covers the north and east region;
  • 3 Division, based at Gisenyi, covers the northwest region; and
  • 4 Division, based at Butare, covers the southwest region.'[18]

The Cyangugu Military Camp has been reported to house the 31st Brigade of the 4th Division.[19]

Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba has been Chief of Defence Staff since June 2013.

Many soldiers from the former Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the national army under the previous regime, have been incorporated into the RDF since 1994. This process began soon after the genocide in January 1995, when several former FAR officers were given senior positions in the new armed forces: Col. (later Gen.) Marcel Gatsinzi became the Deputy Chief of Staff of the RPA, Col. Balthazar Ndengeyinka became commander of the 305th Brigade, Lt. Col. Laurent Munyakazi took command of the 99th Battalion, and Lt. Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Emmanuel Habyarimana became an RPA Member of Parliament and Director of Training in the Ministry of Defence. Gen. Gatsinzi later became Director of Security and then Minister of Defence in 2002.[20]

Air Force

Roundel of Rwanda
U.S. Army Africa Soldiers Assist Rwandan Airlift For Peacekeepers In Darfur

After achieving independence in 1962, the air arm (Force aérienne rwandaise) was formed with Belgian help.[21] By 1972 the first modern equipment started to arrive in the form of seven Alouette IIIs. Other deliveries included SA 342L Gazelles, Britten-Norman Islanders, Nord Noratlas, SOCATA Guerrier armed light planes and AS 350B Ecureuils. After fighting began between the RPA and the government in 1990 most aircraft were shot down, destroyed on the ground or crashed. Few survived.

Aircraft reported to be currently in service are listed below.

Aircraft Type Versions In service[22] Notes
Aérospatiale SA 365 Dauphin utility helicopter SA 365CS 1
Aérospatiale SA 355 Ecureuil utility helicopter SA 355F 1
Mil Mi-24 Hind attack helicopter 2
Mil Mi-8 Hip transport helicopter 3
SA-342 Gazelle
 attack helicopter
6
SA-316B Alouette-III
 utility helicopter
7

Notes

  1. ^ a b CIA World Factbook
  2. ^ Rwandan Ministry of Defence, Law Establishing Rwanda Defence Forces, LAW N° 19/2002 of 17/05/2002, J.O. n° 13 of 01/07/2002
  3. ^ "Rwanda ex-minister defects". BBC News. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  4. ^ http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?sid=1981
  5. ^ Richard F,. Nyrop, 'Area Handbook for Rwanda,' DA 550-84, research completed April 1, 1969, p.184-185
  6. ^ Des Forges, 1999, p.43
  7. ^ Des Forges, 1999, p.194
  8. ^ Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, p.163, cited in Des Forges, 1999, p.118
  9. ^ Alison Des Forges, 'Leave None to Tell the Story,' Human Rights Watch, March 1999, ISBN 1-56432-171-1, p.60
  10. ^ See Arusha Accords, hosted at University of Ulster, pages 49-71
  11. ^ Des Forges, 1999, p.124-125
  12. ^ Des Forges, 1999, p.264
  13. ^ CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".
  14. ^ Gerard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War, 2009, p.126-127 and [1]
  15. ^ Gerard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, C. Hurst & Co, 2009, ISBN 978-1-85065-523-7, p.127, citing author's direct personal observation and several interviews with journalists, both local and foreign, in Kigali and Kampala, 1995 and 1996, for the Kigali/Entebbe report, and interviews with DGSE officers, Paris, May 1997, and UPDF officers, Kampala, November 1997 for the C-130 airdrop report.
  16. ^ Rick Orth (former United States Army attache in Rwanda), Rwanda's Hutu Extremist genocidal Insurgency: An Eyewitness Perspective, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 76-109 (34), note 67, page 108
  17. ^ Orth, 2001, note 67, page 108
  18. ^ Jane's World Armies: Rwanda, Role and Deployment,' July 2009
  19. ^ Honoré Ngbanda Nzambo[dead link]
  20. ^ Orth 2001
  21. ^ World Aircraft Information Files Brightstar Publishing London File 338 sheet 4
  22. ^ "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.

References

  • Alison Des Forges, 'Leave None to Tell the Story,' Human Rights Watch, March 1999, ISBN 1-56432-171-1
  • Richard F. Nyrop, Lyle E. Brenneman, Roy V. Hibbs, Charlene A. James, Susan MacKnight, Gordon C. McDonald; Army Area Handbook for Rwanda, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. Research and writing completed April 1, 1969.
  • Rick Orth (former United States Army attache in Rwanda), Rwanda's Hutu Extremist genocidal Insurgency: An Eyewitness Perspective, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2001
  • Gérard Prunier, From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, C. Hurst & Co, 2009, ISBN 978-1-85065-523-7,

Further reading

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