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In 1929, Northrop isolated and crystallized the gastric enzyme [[pepsin]]<ref>{{Citation | author=Northrop, J. H. | title=Crystalline Pepsin | journal=Science | year=1929 | volume=69 | page=580 | url= | doi=10.1126/science.69.1796.580 | pmid=17758437 | issue=1796|bibcode = 1929Sci....69..580N }}</ref> and determined that it was a [[protein]]. In 1938 he isolated and crystallized the first [[bacteriophage]] (a small virus that attacks [[bacterium|bacteria]]), and determined that it was a [[nucleoprotein]]. Northrop also isolated and crystallized pepsinogen (the precursor to pepsin), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
In 1929, Northrop isolated and crystallized the gastric enzyme [[pepsin]]<ref>{{Citation | author=Northrop, J. H. | title=Crystalline Pepsin | journal=Science | year=1929 | volume=69 | page=580 | url= | doi=10.1126/science.69.1796.580 | pmid=17758437 | issue=1796|bibcode = 1929Sci....69..580N }}</ref> and determined that it was a [[protein]]. In 1938 he isolated and crystallized the first [[bacteriophage]] (a small virus that attacks [[bacterium|bacteria]]), and determined that it was a [[nucleoprotein]]. Northrop also isolated and crystallized pepsinogen (the precursor to pepsin), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.


For his 1939 book, ''Crystalline Enzymes: The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage'', Northrop was awarded the [[Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=Elliot>{{cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=16 February 2011}}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1949.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Northrop was employed by the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961. In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology, [[University of California, Berkeley]] and later, Professor of Biophysics.<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/northrop-bio.html</ref>
For his 1939 book, ''Crystalline Enzymes: The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage'', Northrop was awarded the [[Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=Elliot>{{cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=16 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229194403/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot |archivedate=29 December 2010 |df= }}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1949.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Northrop was employed by the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961. In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology, [[University of California, Berkeley]] and later, Professor of Biophysics.<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/northrop-bio.html</ref>


===Personal life===
===Personal life===

Revision as of 01:48, 25 April 2017

This article is about the Nobel Laureate chemist. For the aviation pioneer John K. Northrop, see Jack Northrop.
John Howard Northrop
Born(1891-07-05)July 5, 1891
Yonkers, New York, USA
DiedMay 27, 1987(1987-05-27) (aged 95)
Wickenburg, Arizona, USA
Cause of deathSuicide
NationalityUnited States
Alma materColumbia University
Known forStudies of enzymes
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1946)
Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1939)
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
Columbia University
Rockefeller University
Doctoral advisorJacques Loeb

John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist who won, with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley, the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The award was given for these scientists' isolation, crystallization, and study of enzymes, proteins, and viruses.[1] Northrop was a Professor of Bacteriology and Medical Physics, Emeritus at University of California, Berkeley.[2]

Biography

Early years

Northrop was born in Yonkers, New York to John Isaiah, a zoologist and instructor at Columbia University, and Alice Rich Northrop, a teacher of botany at Hunter College. His father died in a lab explosion two weeks before John H. Northrop was born. The son was educated at Yonkers High School and Columbia University, where he earned his PhD in chemistry in 1915. During World War I, he conducted research for the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service on the production of acetone and ethanol through fermentation. This work led to studying enzymes.

Research

In 1929, Northrop isolated and crystallized the gastric enzyme pepsin[3] and determined that it was a protein. In 1938 he isolated and crystallized the first bacteriophage (a small virus that attacks bacteria), and determined that it was a nucleoprotein. Northrop also isolated and crystallized pepsinogen (the precursor to pepsin), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.

For his 1939 book, Crystalline Enzymes: The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage, Northrop was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.[4] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949.[5] Northrop was employed by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961. In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley and later, Professor of Biophysics.[6]

Personal life

In 1917, Northrop married Louise Walker (1891-1975), with whom he had two children: John, an oceanographer, and Alice, who married Nobel laureate Frederick C. Robbins. Northrop committed suicide in Wickenburg, Arizona in 1987.[7]

References

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 - Preparing Pure Proteins". Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  2. ^ http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb967nb5k3&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00041&toc.depth=1&toc.id=
  3. ^ Northrop, J. H. (1929), "Crystalline Pepsin", Science, 69 (1796): 580, Bibcode:1929Sci....69..580N, doi:10.1126/science.69.1796.580, PMID 17758437
  4. ^ "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  6. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/northrop-bio.html
  7. ^ See p. 440 of Herriott, R. M. (1994), "John Howard Northrop: July 5, 1891-May 27, 1987", Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), vol. 63, pp. 423–50

Further reading

  • Northrop, J. H. (1939), Crystalline Enzymes, Columbia University Press
  • Shampo, M A; Kyle, R. A. (2000), "John Northrop--definitive study of enzymes", Mayo Clin. Proc., vol. 75, no. 3 (published March 2000), p. 254, doi:10.4065/75.3.254, PMID 10725951
  • van Helvoort, T. (1992), "The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication?", Annals of Science, vol. 49, no. 6 (published November 1992), pp. 545–75, doi:10.1080/00033799200200451, PMID 11616207
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