Jump to content

Andrey Kapitsa: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v1.2.4)
Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.4)
Line 21: Line 21:
|influences =
|influences =
|influenced =
|influenced =
|prizes = [[USSR State Prize]] (1971), [[Dmitry Anuchin]] Prize (1972), [[Honorary Scientist of Russia]]<ref name=rgs/><ref>[http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?730021 УКАЗ Президента РФ от 21 September 2002 N 1015 "О НАГРАЖДЕНИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМИ НАГРАДАМИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ"] [[Kremlin.ru]]</ref>
|prizes = [[USSR State Prize]] (1971), [[Dmitry Anuchin]] Prize (1972), [[Honorary Scientist of Russia]]<ref name=rgs/><ref>[http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?730021 УКАЗ Президента РФ от 21 September 2002 N 1015 "О НАГРАЖДЕНИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМИ НАГРАДАМИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426143017/http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?730021 |date=26 April 2013 }} [[Kremlin.ru]]</ref>
}}
}}


Line 40: Line 40:
At the end of the 19th century Russian scientist [[Peter Kropotkin]] proposed the idea of the existence of [[fresh water]] under Antarctic [[ice sheet]]s. He theorized that the tremendous pressure exerted by the cumulative mass of thousands of vertical meters of ice could increase the temperature at the lowest portions of the ice sheet to the point where the ice would melt. Kropotkin's theory was later developed by Russian [[glaciology|glaciologist]] I.A Zotikov, who wrote his PhD thesis on this subject in 1967.<ref name=appeal/>
At the end of the 19th century Russian scientist [[Peter Kropotkin]] proposed the idea of the existence of [[fresh water]] under Antarctic [[ice sheet]]s. He theorized that the tremendous pressure exerted by the cumulative mass of thousands of vertical meters of ice could increase the temperature at the lowest portions of the ice sheet to the point where the ice would melt. Kropotkin's theory was later developed by Russian [[glaciology|glaciologist]] I.A Zotikov, who wrote his PhD thesis on this subject in 1967.<ref name=appeal/>


Andrey Kapitsa used seismic soundings in the region of [[Vostok Station]] made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet, discovering two spikes of reflection (one from bedrock and another from the sediment layer).<ref name=appeal>{{cite web|url=http://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/Other_publications/asoc_vostok_statement041408.pdf|title=Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica|accessdate=10 February 2011|date=14 April 2008|work=Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition}}</ref> Kapitsa was the first to suggest the existence of a subglacial lake in this region, which came to be known as Lake Vostok.<ref name=rgs>{{cite news|title=Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow|url=http://int.rgo.ru/news/andrey-kapitsa-dies-in-moscow/ |work=[[Russian Geographical Society]] |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=4 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=lenta>[http://lenta.ru/news/2011/08/03/kapitsa/ Скончался первооткрыватель озера Восток в Антарктиде] [[Lenta.ru]] {{ru icon}}</ref> The lake was named after Vostok Station, which in turn had been named after the ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'', the 900-ton [[corvette]] of the discoverer of Antarctica, [[Russian explorers|Russian explorer]] [[Russian Admiral|Admiral]] [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Fabian von Bellingshausen]]. The word ''восток'' means "east" in Russian, and the name of the station and the lake also reflects the fact that they are located in the East of Antarctica.<ref>[http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/vostok.shtml Vostok Station] antarcticconnection.com</ref>
Andrey Kapitsa used seismic soundings in the region of [[Vostok Station]] made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet, discovering two spikes of reflection (one from bedrock and another from the sediment layer).<ref name=appeal>{{cite web|url=http://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/Other_publications/asoc_vostok_statement041408.pdf|title=Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica|accessdate=10 February 2011|date=14 April 2008|work=Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition}}</ref> Kapitsa was the first to suggest the existence of a subglacial lake in this region, which came to be known as Lake Vostok.<ref name=rgs>{{cite news|title=Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow|url=http://int.rgo.ru/news/andrey-kapitsa-dies-in-moscow/ |work=[[Russian Geographical Society]] |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=4 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=lenta>[http://lenta.ru/news/2011/08/03/kapitsa/ Скончался первооткрыватель озера Восток в Антарктиде] [[Lenta.ru]] {{ru icon}}</ref> The lake was named after Vostok Station, which in turn had been named after the ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'', the 900-ton [[corvette]] of the discoverer of Antarctica, [[Russian explorers|Russian explorer]] [[Russian Admiral|Admiral]] [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Fabian von Bellingshausen]]. The word ''восток'' means "east" in Russian, and the name of the station and the lake also reflects the fact that they are located in the East of Antarctica.<ref>[http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/vostok.shtml Vostok Station] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062659/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/stations/vostok.shtml |date=4 February 2012 }} antarcticconnection.com</ref>


[[File:Lake Vostok Sat Photo color.jpg|thumb|240px|Satellite image of [[Lake Vostok]] by [[NASA]]]]
[[File:Lake Vostok Sat Photo color.jpg|thumb|240px|Satellite image of [[Lake Vostok]] by [[NASA]]]]
By 1993, the research of Russian and British scientists confirmed the existence of the lake,<ref name=appeal/> and subsequent research established its features. Other [[subglacial lake]]s were also discovered.<ref>[http://salegos-scar.montana.edu/ Subglacial Antarctic Lake Exploration]</ref>
By 1993, the research of Russian and British scientists confirmed the existence of the lake,<ref name=appeal/> and subsequent research established its features. Other [[subglacial lake]]s were also discovered.<ref>[http://salegos-scar.montana.edu/ Subglacial Antarctic Lake Exploration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215080128/http://salegos-scar.montana.edu/ |date=15 December 2011 }}</ref>


==Later career==
==Later career==

Revision as of 12:52, 5 July 2017

Andrey Kapitsa
Born
Andrey Petrovich Kapitsa
Андрей Петрович Капица

(1931-07-09)9 July 1931
Cambridge, England
Died2 August 2011(2011-08-02) (aged 80)
Moscow, Russia
NationalityRussian
CitizenshipRussia
Alma materMSU Faculty of Geography
Known fordiscovery of the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, Lake Vostok
AwardsUSSR State Prize (1971), Dmitry Anuchin Prize (1972), Honorary Scientist of Russia[1][2]
Scientific career
Fieldsgeography
InstitutionsMSU Faculty of Geography (dean in 1965–1970), RAS

Andrey Petrovich Kapitsa (Russian: Андре́й Петро́вич Капи́ца; 9 July 1931 – 2 August 2011) was a Russian geographer and Antarctic explorer, discoverer of Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica.[3] He was a member of the Kapitsa family, a scientific dynasty in Russia.

Kapitsa was the first to suggest the existence of Lake Vostok in the region of Vostok Station in Antarctica, based on seismic soundings of the thickness of the Antarctic ice sheet. These measures were obtained during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions, in four of which Kapitsa participated.[4] The discovery of Lake Vostok was one of the last major geographic discoveries on Earth.[1][3]

Early life

Andrey Kapitsa's father was Nobel Prize-winning physicist Pyotr Kapitsa,[5] and his maternal grandfather was mathematician and naval engineer Aleksey Krylov. Pyotr Kapitsa's sons Sergey and Andrey were born in Cambridge, United Kingdom, where their father was conducting research.[1][5]

Andrey graduated from Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, in 1953. He worked in the Laboratory of Experimental Geomorphology at the faculty since.[1]

Antarctic research and discovery of Lake Vostok

Location of Lake Vostok in East Antarctica
Main article: Lake Vostok

In 1958 Kapitsa defended his Candidate of Science thesis "Morphology of East Antarctic Ice Sheet" («Морфология ледникового покрова Восточной Антарктиды»), and in 1968 he defended his Doctor of Science thesis "Subglacial relief of Antarctica" («Подлёдный рельеф Антарктиды»). Kapitsa was a participant in four Soviet Antarctic Expeditions between 1955 and 1964.[1]

At the end of the 19th century Russian scientist Peter Kropotkin proposed the idea of the existence of fresh water under Antarctic ice sheets. He theorized that the tremendous pressure exerted by the cumulative mass of thousands of vertical meters of ice could increase the temperature at the lowest portions of the ice sheet to the point where the ice would melt. Kropotkin's theory was later developed by Russian glaciologist I.A Zotikov, who wrote his PhD thesis on this subject in 1967.[6]

Andrey Kapitsa used seismic soundings in the region of Vostok Station made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet, discovering two spikes of reflection (one from bedrock and another from the sediment layer).[6] Kapitsa was the first to suggest the existence of a subglacial lake in this region, which came to be known as Lake Vostok.[1][4] The lake was named after Vostok Station, which in turn had been named after the Vostok, the 900-ton corvette of the discoverer of Antarctica, Russian explorer Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen. The word восток means "east" in Russian, and the name of the station and the lake also reflects the fact that they are located in the East of Antarctica.[7]

Satellite image of Lake Vostok by NASA

By 1993, the research of Russian and British scientists confirmed the existence of the lake,[6] and subsequent research established its features. Other subglacial lakes were also discovered.[8]

Later career

Kapitsa was the dean of his alma mater MSU Faculty of Geography in 1966–1970.[1] In 1967–1969 he was the leader of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Expedition in the East Africa.[4] He was elected into the ranks of the Academy in 1970 and was honored with a 1971 USSR State Prize and 1972 MSU’s Dmitry Anuchin Prize for the creation of the Atlas of Antarctica.[1] He supported the theory of natural causes behind the Antarctic ozone hole[9] as well as the theory of natural reasons behind global warming.[4]

Kapitsa died in Moscow on 2 August 2011 at the age of 80.[1] Half a year later, on 6 February 2012, after twenty years of drilling, a team of Russian scientists completed the longest ever ice core of 3,768 meters and pierced the Antarctic ice shield to reach the surface of Lake Vostok.[10]

Family

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow". Russian Geographical Society. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  2. ^ УКАЗ Президента РФ от 21 September 2002 N 1015 "О НАГРАЖДЕНИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМИ НАГРАДАМИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ" Archived 26 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Kremlin.ru
  3. ^ a b Скончался Андрей Капица, первооткрыватель озера Восток в Антарктике RIAN Template:Ru icon
  4. ^ a b c d Скончался первооткрыватель озера Восток в Антарктиде Lenta.ru Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ a b c d Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: Official Nobel page
  6. ^ a b c "Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  7. ^ Vostok Station Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine antarcticconnection.com
  8. ^ Subglacial Antarctic Lake Exploration Archived 15 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Подтверждение гипотезы о естественном происхождении антарктической озоновой дыры Russian Science News Template:Ru icon
  10. ^ Kaufman, Marc (6 February 2012). "Russians drill into previously untouched Lake Vostok below Antarctic glacier". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  11. ^ Спрямление корабля ч.2[permanent dead link] Энциклопедия мореплапания // Encyclopedia of seafaring Template:Ru icon
  12. ^ "Kalinga Prize Laureates". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Kapitsa&oldid=789116521"