Jump to content

Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Kentucky: Added listing
→Background: restoring. No response on talk in five days and an RfC with an uncertain outcome on a DIFFERENT article is not sufficient justification - or any justification at all - to remove well soured content
Line 15: Line 15:
==Background==
==Background==
{{See also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}}
{{See also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}}
[[File:Confederate monuments.png|thumb|300px|Chart illustrating the number of Confederate monuments, schools and other iconography established by year. Most of these were put up either during the [[Jim Crow]] era or during the [[Civil Rights movement]], times of increased racial tension.<ref name=":8" />]]
Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when [[Jim Crow laws]] were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968)|Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.]]{{efn|Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the ''post-bellum'' South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".<ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/|title=Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=April 26, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>}}{{efn|Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."<ref name="nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016"/>}} These two periods also coincided with the 50th anniversary and the [[American Civil War Centennial]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy |title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy |last= |first= |date=April 21, 2016 |website= |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=September 15, 2017 |quote=The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists. These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War}}</ref> The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy|title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy|last=|first=|date=April 21, 2016|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>
Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when [[Jim Crow laws]] were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968)|Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.]]{{efn|Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the ''post-bellum'' South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".<ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/|title=Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=April 26, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>}}{{efn|Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."<ref name="nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016"/>}} These two periods also coincided with the 50th anniversary and the [[American Civil War Centennial]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy |title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy |last= |first= |date=April 21, 2016 |website= |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=September 15, 2017 |quote=The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists. These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War}}</ref> The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy|title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy|last=|first=|date=April 21, 2016|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>


Revision as of 03:48, 23 September 2017

The Robert E. Lee monument in New Orleans being lowered, May 19, 2017

In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, several municipalities in the United States removed monuments and memorials dedicated to the Confederate States of America, which before the Civil War had supported the continuation and expansion of slavery. The momentum accelerated in August 2017 after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, turned violent.[1][2][3]

The removals were driven by the belief that the monuments glorify white supremacy and memorialize a government whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery.[4][5][6][7][8] Many of those who object to the removals claim that the artifacts are part of the cultural heritage of the United States.[9] Historically, the vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the Jim Crow Era and Civil Rights Movement as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy.[10][11][12] The monuments have thus become highly politicised; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: "If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again".[4] According to Stan Deaton, senior historian at the Georgia Historical Society, "These laws are the Old South imposing its moral and its political views on us forever more. This is what led to the Civil War, and it still divides us as a country. We have competing visions not only about the future but about the past."[13]

Background

See also: Lost Cause of the Confederacy
Chart illustrating the number of Confederate monuments, schools and other iconography established by year. Most of these were put up either during the Jim Crow era or during the Civil Rights movement, times of increased racial tension.[14]

Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when Jim Crow laws were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.[a][b] These two periods also coincided with the 50th anniversary and the American Civil War Centennial.[16] The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.[17]

According to historian Jane Dailey from University of Chicago, in many cases the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future".[18] Another historian, Karyn Cox, from University of North Carolina has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era".[19] Another historian from UNC, James Leloudis, stated that "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule."[20]

Adam Goodheart, Civil War author and director of the Starr Center at Washington College, stated in National Geographic: "They’re 20th-century artifacts in the sense that a lot of it had to do with a vision of national unity that embraced Southerners as well as Northerners, but importantly still excluded black people."[4]

History of removals

The removals were marked by events in Louisiana and Virginia within the span of two years. In Louisiana, after the Charleston church shooting of 2015, the city of New Orleans removed its Confederate memorials two years later.[21] A few months later, in August 2017, a state of emergency was declared in Virginia after a Unite the Right rally against the removal of the Robert Edward Lee statue in Charlottesville turned violent.[22]

Other events followed across the United States. In Baltimore, for example, the city's Confederate statues were removed on the night of August 15–16, 2017. Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety.[23][24] Similarly, in Lexington, Kentucky, Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council on August 16, 2017 to approve the relocation of two statues from a courthouse.[25][26] A different event occurred in Durham, North Carolina, where several protesters toppled the Confederate Soldiers Monument outside the Old Durham County Courthouse on August 15, 2017. Eight activists were arrested in connection with the illegal action.[27]

Laws prohibiting removals

In Alabama (2017), Mississippi (2004), North Carolina (2015), South Carolina (2000), Tennessee (2016), and Virginia (1902), state laws prohibit the removal or alteration of monuments. Attempts to repeal these laws have not yet (2017) been successful. Alabama's law, the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act, was passed in May 2017, North Carolina's law in 2015. [28] Tennessee passed its Tennessee Heritage Protection Act in 2016.[29]

The removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina capitol required a 2/3 vote of both houses of the legislature.[30]

Removed monuments and memorials

Alabama

  • Birmingham
    • In August 2017, immediately after William A. Bell, the mayor of Birmingham, draped a Confederate memorial with plastic and surrounded it with plywood with the rationale "This country should in no way tolerate the hate that the KKK [ Ku Klux Klan ], neo-Nazis, fascists and other hate groups spew", Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall sued Bell and the city for violating a new (2017) state law that prohibits the "relocation, removal, alteration, or other disturbance of any monument on public property that has been in place for 40 years or more".[31]
  • Demopolis
    • Confederate Park. Renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was erected in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street adjacent to the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.[32][33]

Arizona

  • Fort Breckinridge: Named for John C. Breckinridge, U.S. Vice President, from its opening in 1861 until 1862, when it was renamed Fort Breckenridge to distance it from Breckinridge, who had become a Confederate general. Named Camp Grant (for Union general Ulysses S. Grant) in 1865. Site closed in 1872, when Camp Grant was moved to a new location.

Arkansas

  • Fort Smith:
    • Southside High School: Until 2016, the school nickname was the Rebels. Its mascot was Johnny Reb, a fictional personification of a Confederate soldier. The school also discontinued the use of "Dixie" as its fight song.[34]
  • Little Rock:
    • Confederate Boulevard was renamed to Springer Boulevard in 2015. The new name honors an African-American family prominent in the area since the Civil War.[35]

California

  • Long Beach
    • Robert E. Lee Elementary School. Renamed Olivia Herrera Elementary School on August 1, 2016.[36]
  • Los Angeles
  • San Diego
    • Robert E. Lee Elementary School, established 1959. Renamed Pacific View Leadership Elementary School on May 22, 2016.[40]
    • Markers of the Jefferson Davis Highway, installed in Horton Plaza in 1926 and moved to the western sidewalk of the plaza following a 2016 renovation.[41] Following the Charlottesville terror attack in Virginia, the San Diego City Council removed the plaque on August 16, 2017.[42]
  • San Lorenzo:
    • San Lorenzo High School. Until 2017, the school nickname was the "Rebels" – a tribute to the Confederate soldier in the Civil War. It's mascot, The Rebel Guy, was retired in 2016. The school’s original mascot, Colonel Reb, was a white man with a cane and goatee who was retired in 1997.[43]
  • Quartz Hill:
    • Quartz Hill High School. Until 1995, the school had a mascot called Johnny Reb, who would wave a Confederate Flag at football games. Johnny Reb had replaced another Confederate-themed mascot, Jubilation T. Cornpone, who waved the Stars and Bars flag at football games. "Slave Day" fundraisers were phased out in the 1980's.[44]

Colorado

District of Columbia

Florida

  • Bradenton
    • On August 22, 2017, the Manatee County Commission voted 4-3 to move the Confederate monument in front of the county courthouse to storage.[47] Removed on August 24, 2017. Statue broke while being removed by workers.[48]
  • Daytona Beach
    • On August 2017, the Daytona Beach city manager made the decision to remove three plaques from Riverfront Park that honored Confederate veterans.[49]
  • Gainesville
  • Orlando
    • Confederate "Johnny Reb" monument, Lake Eola Park. Erected in 1911 on Magnolia Avenue; moved to Lake Eola Park in 1917. Removed from the park to a private location in 2017.[52][52]
  • St. Petersburg
  • Tampa
    • In 1997, county commissioners removed the Confederate flag from the Hillsborough County seal. In a compromise, they voted to hang a version of the flag in the county center. Commissioners voted in 2015 to remove that flag. In 2007 the county stopped honoring Confederate History Month.
    • In June 2017, the Hillsborough County School Board started a review of how to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School in east Tampa.[55]
    • The Hillsborough County Board of Commissioners in July 2017, voted to remove the Memoria in Aeterna (Eternal Memory) monument, erected in 1911 at Franklin and Lafayette Streets and moved to its current location, in front of the then-new county courthouse, in 1952.
  • Tallahassee
    • Flag of the Confederacy removed from Senate seal, displayed in its chambers and on the Senate letterhead. Decided to remove August 19, 2015,[56] new shield in place 2016.[57]
    • The State Senate Seal included the Confederate Battle Flag from 1972 to 2016. The Senate voted in October 2015 to replace the confederate symbol with the Florida State Flag in the wake of the racially motivated Charleston shootings.[58]
    • The Confederate Stainless Banner flag flew over the west entrance of the Florida State Capitol from 1978 until 2001, when Gov. Jeb Bush ordered it removed.[59]
  • West Palm Beach
    • Confederate monument, Woodlawn Cemetery (1941), located at the front gate, directly behind an American flag. "The only one south of St. Augustine, likely the only Confederate statue in Palm Beach and Broward counties, said historian Janet DeVries, who leads cemetery tours at Woodlawn." Vandalized several times. Removed and placed in storage by order of Mayor Jeri Muoio on August 22, 2017, since its owner, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, had not claimed it despite notification.[60][61] "Believed by local historians to be the last Confederate monument in Palm Beach County."[62][63]

Georgia

Kansas

  • Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County was known as Breckinridge County, named for John C. Breckinridge, U.S. Vice President and Confederate general.[65]
  • Wichita
    • Confederate Flag Bicentennial Memorial (1962, removed 2015). The Confederate battle flag had been displayed at the John S. Stevens Pavilion at Veterans Memorial Plaza near downtown since 1976, when it was placed there in a historical flag display as part of the nation’s bicentennial. The flag was removed July 2, 2015 by order of Mayor Jeff Longwell.[66]

Kentucky

Louisiana

To comply with the 2015 city council order, New Orleans removed statues of Confederate President Jefferson Davis; Gen. Robert E. Lee, who resigned his U.S Army commission at the time of Virginia's secession and accepted command of the state's military forces; Gen. Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who oversaw the Battle of Fort Sumter; and the Battle of Liberty Place Monument. Court challenges were unsuccessful. The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet-proof vests, helmets, and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety.[70][71] According to Mayor Landrieu, "The original firm we’d hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze."[72] "The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be 'placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history."[2] On May 19, 2017, the Monumental Task Committee,[73] an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city, commented on the removal of the statues: "Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks. With the removal of four of our century-plus aged landmarks, at 299 years old, New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic." Landrieu replied on the same day: "These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for.”[74]

Maine

Maryland

Missouri

Montana

Nevada

New York

North Carolina

  • Reidsville
    • From 1910 to 2011, the monument stood in Reidsville's downtown area. In 2011, a motorist hit the monument, shattering the granite soldier which stood atop it. Placing the monument back in the center of town sparked a debate between local officials, neighbors and friends—which resulted in it being placed at its current site—the Greenview Cemetery.[90]
  • Chapel Hill
  • Durham

Ohio

South Carolina

The Confederate flag was raised over the South Carolina statehouse in 1962. In 2000 the legislature voted to remove it and replace it with a flag on a flagpole in front of the Capitol.[102] In 2015 the complete removal was approved by the required 2/3 majority of both houses of the Legislature.[103]

In 2017, the Confederate flag and pictures of Jackson and Lee were removed from the York County courthouse.[104]

Tennessee

Confederate Memorial Hall in 2006.

Texas

  • Arlington:
    • Six Flags Over Texas theme park: In August 2017 removed the Stars and Bars Confederate Flag after flying it for 56 years along with the flags of the other countries that Texas has been part of. In the 1990s the park renamed the Confederacy section the Old South section and removed all Confederate Battle Flags.[107]
  • Dallas:
  • Garland:
    • South Garland High School removed various Confederate symbols in 2015. A floor tile mosaic donated by the Class of 1968 and a granite sign in front of the school were replaced. Both had incorporated the Confederate flag, which was part of the school’s original coat of arms. In addition, the district has dropped “Dixie” as the tune for the school fight song.[113] The school changed its Colonel mascot's uniform from Confederate gray to red and blue in 1991.[114]
  • Houston:
    • Downing Street. Renamed Emancipation Avenue in 2017.[115]
    • Lee High School (1962). Originally known as Robert E. Lee High School, district leaders dropped the “Robert E.” from the school’s title to distance the school from the Confederate general.[116] School officials changed the name to Margaret Long Wisdom High School in 2016.
    • Westbury High School changed the nickname of its athletic teams from the "Rebels" to the "Huskies."[117]
  • University of Texas (Austin):
    • The 2015 decision to move a statue of Jefferson Davis from its mall to a museum was fought by SCV in court. The Confederates likened the move to the destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL while the University President Gregory L. Fenves said “it is not in the university’s best interest to continue commemorating him (Davis) on our Main Mall."[118]
    • After the removal of the Jefferson Davis statue in 2015 there were three remaining Confederate statues left on the South Mall at the University of Texas. The statues were of Generals Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston and Confederate Postmaster John H. Reagan. They were dedicated in 1933. On August 20–21, 2017 the university removed the three Confederate statues from the Austin campus grounds and relocated them to a museum.[119][120]
    • Three confederate statues, of two Confederate generals, Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston, and the Confederate cabinet member John Reagan, were removed from the campus of the university on August 20, 2017. The decision was based on the aftermath of the protests in Charlottesville, VA.[121]
  • San Antonio:

Vermont

  • Brattleboro:
  • South Burlington:
    • South Burlington High School Confederate themed Captain Rebel mascot (1961), use of the Confederate Battle Flag, and playing of Dixie almost immediately sparked controversy during the Civil Rights era and every decade since. The school board voted to retain the name in 2015 but to change it in 2017. "The Rebel Alliance", a community group opposed to changing the mascot has lead two successful efforts to defeat the school budget in public votes as a protest.[127][128] The students choose the "Wolves" and rebranding is proceeding.[129]

Virginia

Lee sculpture covered in tarp following the Unite the Right rally
  • Bailey's Crossroads:
  • Charlottesville
    • Lee Park, the setting for an equestrian statue of Robert Edward Lee, was renamed Emancipation Park on February 6, 2017.
    • On February 6, the Charlottesville City Council also voted to remove the equestrian statue of Lee. In April, the City Council voted to sell the statue. In May a six-month court injunction staying the removal was issued as a result of legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and others. In June 2016 the pedestal had been spray painted with the words "Black Lives Matter",[130] and overnight between July 7 and 8, 2017, it was vandalized by being daubed in red paint.[131] On August 20, 2017, the City Council unanimously voted to shroud the statue, and that of Stonewall Jackson, in black. The Council "also decided to direct the city manager to take an administrative step that would make it easier to eventually remove the Jackson statue."[132] The statues were covered in black shrouds on August 23, 2017.[133]
    • On September 6, 2017, the city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from Emancipation Park.[134]
    • Jackson Park, named for Stonewall Jackson, was renamed Justice Park.[135]
    • The University of Virginia Board of Visitors (trustees) voted unanimously to remove two plaques from the university’s Rotunda that honored students and alumni who fought and died for the Confederacy in the Civil War. The University also agreed "to acknowledge a $1,000 gift in 1921 from the Ku Klux Klan and contribute the amount, adjusted for inflation, to a suitable cause."[136]
  • Lexington
  • Lynchburg

Washington (state)

  • Blaine and Vancouver:
    • Stone markers at both ends of the state designating Highway 99 the "Jefferson Davis Highway" were erected in the 1930s by the Daughters of the Confederacy, with State approval. They were removed in 2002 through the efforts of State Representative Hans Dunshee and city officials, and after it was discovered that the highway was never officially designated to memorialize Davis by the State.[140] Markers are now in Sons of Confederate Veterans owned "Jefferson Davis Park" in Ridgefield right beside I-5.[141]

Wisconsin

  • Madison
    • Confederate Rest section of Forest Hill Cemetery. This section of the cemetery contains the remains of more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died as prisoners of war at nearby Camp Randall.
      • In 2015, a flag pole was removed from the section. The pole had been used to fly the Confederate flag for one week around Memorial Day.[142][143]
      • On August 17, 2017, a plaque dedicated to the buried confederate soldiers was removed on the order of Madison mayor Paul Soglin. A larger stone monument listing the names of the deceased was also ordered to be removed, but the removal was postponed until logistics could be worked out.[144][145][142]

Canada

A plaque in a Montreal Hudson's Bay Company store commemorating Jefferson Davis' brief stay in the city was installed by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1957; it was removed following the Charlottesville rally, under pressure from the public.[146][147]

Academic commentary

According to historian Adam Goodheart, the statues were meant to be symbols of white supremacy and the rallying around them by white supremacists will likely hasten their demise.[148] Elijah Anderson, a professor of sociology at Yale University, said the statues "really impacts the psyche of black people."[149] Harold Holzer, the director of the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College, agreed that the statues were designed to belittle African Americans.[150] Dell Upton, chair of the Department of Art History at the University of California, Los Angeles, wrote that "the monuments were not intended as public art," but rather were installed "as affirmations that the American polity was a white polity," and that because of their explicitly white supremacist intent, their removal from civic spaces was a matter "of justice, equity, and civic values."[12] In a 1993 book, author Frank McKenney argued otherwise; “These monuments were communal efforts, public art, and social history," he wrote. [151] Ex-soldiers and politicians had difficult time raising funds to erect monuments so the task mostly fell to the women, the “mothers widows, and orphans, the bereaved fiancees and sisters” of the soldiers who had lost their lives. [152] Many ladies memorial associations were formed in the decades following the end of the Civil War, most of them joining the United Daughters of the Confederacy following its inception in 1894. The women were advised to “remember that they were buying art, not metal and stone;”[153] The history the monuments celebrated told only one side of the story, however — one that was "openly pro-Confederate," Upton argues. Furthermore, Confederate monuments were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African-Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved.[12] According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University, "White supremacy is really what these statues represent."[154]

Robert Seigler in his study of Confederate monuments in South Carolina found that out of the over one hundred and seventy that he documented, only five monuments were found dedicated to the African Americans who had been used by the Confederacy working “on fortifications, and had served as musicians, teamsters, cooks, servants, and in other capacities,” four of those were to slaves and one to a musician, Henry Brown.[155]

Eric Foner, a historian of the Civil War and biographer of Lincoln, argued that more statues of African-Americans like Nat Turner should be constructed.[149] Alfred Brophy, a professor of law at the University of Alabama, argued the removal of the Confederate statues "facilitates forgetting", although these statues were "re-inscribed images of white supremacy". Brophy also stated that the Lee statue in Charlottesville should be removed.[149]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials.

Further reading

  • Horwitz, Tony (August 16, 2017). "Is the Confederacy finally about to die for good?". The Washington Post.
  • Jacey Fortin, "Toppling Monuments, a Visual History," The New York Times, August 17, 2017[156]
  • "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". The New York Times.
  • Maggie Astor and Nicholas Fandos, "Confederate Leaders’ Descendants Say Statues Can Come Down," New York Times, August 17, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/confederate-monuments-stonewall-jackson-lee-davis.html?src=twr&_r=1
  • Vann R. Newkirk II, "Growing Up in the Shadow of the Confederacy. Memorials to the Lost Cause have always meant something sinister for the descendants of enslaved people," The Atlantic, August 22, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/growing-up-in-the-shadow-of-the-confederacy/537501/
  • Anne Applebaum, "Ukraine has finally removed all 1,320 Lenin statues. Our turn." Washington Post, August 25, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ukraine-has-finally-removed-all-1320-lenin-statues-our-turn/2017/08/25/cd2d5b06-89ae-11e7-961d-2f373b3977ee_story.html?tid=pm_opinions_pop

Notes

  1. ^ Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the post-bellum South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".[15]
  2. ^ Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after Plessy v. Ferguson, and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."[4][15]

References

  1. ^ Schachar, Natalie (August 15, 2015). "Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Kenning, Chris (August 15, 2017). "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States". The New York Times. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ "U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia". Reuters. August 16, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d "Why the U.S. Capitol Still Hosts Confederate Monuments". News.nationalgeographic.com. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  5. ^ "What Confederate Monument Builders Were Thinking". Bloomberg.com. August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  6. ^ "Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". NPR.org. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  7. ^ The History of Blaming 'Both Sides' and Why Language Matters, retrieved August 21, 2017
  8. ^ Drum, Kevin (August 15, 2017). "The real story behind all those Confederate statues". Mother Jones. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  9. ^ Donald Trump,http://time.com/4904510/donald-trump-twitter-confederate-statues/
  10. ^ Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). "Why Were Confederate Monuments Built? : NPR". NPR. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  11. ^ "Striking graphic reveals the construction of Confederate monuments peaked during the Jim Crow and civil rights eras". The Week. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville. Dell Upton, Society of American Historians, 13 September 2017
  13. ^ Bliss, Jessica; Meyer, Holly (August 17, 2017). "In the South, Confederate monuments often protected, hard to remove thanks to state laws". The Tennessean.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b Graham, David A. (April 26, 2016). "Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 21, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2017. The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists. These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War
  17. ^ "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  18. ^ "Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". npr.org. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  19. ^ Cox, Karen L. (August 16, 2017). "Analysis - The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". Retrieved September 23, 2017 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  20. ^ "Durham Confederate statue: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South?". heraldsun.com. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  21. ^ Simon, Darran (May 19, 2017). "New Orleans removes Gen. Robert E. Lee statue". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  22. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Rosenthal, Brian M. (August 12, 2017). "Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  23. ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Goldman, Russell (August 16, 2017). "Baltimore Removes Confederate Statues; Mayor Cites Public Safety". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  24. ^ "Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight". August 16, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Suerth, Jessica (August 16, 2017). "Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville". CNN. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  26. ^ Holland, Jesse J. (August 15, 2017). "Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S.". The Chicago Tribune. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |urlhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-confederate-statue-removal-20170815-story.html= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  27. ^ Janell Ross, Eight people charged for toppling Confederate statue in Durham as scores line up to confess, Washington Post (August 17, 2017).
  28. ^ Nicholas Fandos, Richard Faussey, and Alan Blinder, "Charlottesville Violence Spurs New Resistance to Confederate Symbols", New York Tines, August 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/us/charlottesville-violence-spurs-new-resistance-to-confederate-symbols.html
  29. ^ Meyer, Holly (August 17, 2017, updated August 21, 2017). "Why removing Confederate monuments in Tennessee is not an easy process". The Tennessean. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Amanda Holpuch, "Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists," The Guardian, 10 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/10/confederate-flag-south-carolina-statehouse
  31. ^ Suerth, Jessica. "Confederate statues and memorials to be removed across US". Amp.cnn.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  32. ^ Edgemon, Erin (July 16, 2016). "Alabama police officer crashes into Confederate Monument while on patrol". AL.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  33. ^ Montgomery, David (August 6, 2017). "A car crash topples a Confederate statue — and forces a Southern town to confront its past". The Week. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ "Fort Smith Educators Target 'Dixie,' Rebel Mascot". Times Record. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  35. ^ Barnes, Steve (October 20, 2015). "Arkansas capital renames street long known as Confederate Boulevard". Reuters. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  36. ^ Epstein, Jennifer Rice (July 19, 2016). "Long Beach to Rename Three Schools". The Grunion. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  37. ^ Harvey, Steve (May 29, 2010). "Southern California does indeed have a Civil War history". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2017. So will Hollywood Forever Cemetery, where the Long Beach chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy maintains a Confederate monument.
  38. ^ Bosman, Julie (September 21, 2017). "Battle Over Confederate Monuments Moves to the Cemeteries". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  39. ^ FOX. "Confederate monument at Hollywood Forever Cemetery to be removed". KTTV. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  40. ^ Magee, Maureen (May 23, 2016). "Robert E. Lee school name changed". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  41. ^ "J. D. Highway". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  42. ^ Christopher Ward (June 1, 2013). "Christopher Ward on Twitter: "This morning we removed plaque in @HortonPlazaPark honoring Jefferson Davis. Monuments to bigotry have no place in #SanDiego - or anywhere!"". Twitter.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  43. ^ Taylor Jr., Otis R. (August 18, 2017). "Bay Area isn't above the Confederacy fray: High school scrubs Rebel mascot". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  44. ^ McCormick, Chris (August 24, 2017). "My California high school had a Confederate mascot". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  45. ^ Matt Ford, "The Statues of Unliberty. Eight Confederate leaders are honored with sculptures in the halls of Congress," The Atlantic, August 14, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/confederate-statues-congress/536760/
  46. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (September 6, 2017). "Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  47. ^ Morse, Hannah. "Commission votes to move Confederate monument from courthouse". Bradenton Herald. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  48. ^ http://www.bradenton.com/news/local/article169053722.html . Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  49. ^ Spring, Mike (August 18, 2017). "Daytona Beach: Confederate plaques removed from Riverfront Park". WFTV 9 ABC. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  50. ^ Tinker, Cleveland. "County votes to offer 'Old Joe' to United Daughters of Confederacy". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  51. ^ "Confederate statue removed from downtown Gainesville". gainesville.com.
  52. ^ a b Kelly, Jason (July 4, 2017). "Watch: Crews remove Confederate statue from Lake Eola Park". Wftv.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  53. ^ Frago, Charlie (August 15, 2017). "Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete's waterfront". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  54. ^ "St. Pete Mayor Orders Removal Of Confederate Marker". WUSF. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  55. ^ Contorno, Steve (June 16, 2017). "For Tampa's Confederate monument, racist history clouds claims of heritage". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  56. ^ Associated Press, "Florida Senate plans to remove Confederate flag from seal", Sun-Sentinel, October 19, 2015.
  57. ^ "Flsenate Archive: Information Center > About the Legislature". archive.flsenate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  58. ^ Clark, Kristen M. (October 19, 2015). "Florida Senate jettisons Confederate battle flag from seal". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  59. ^ Cite error: The named reference msnbc.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  60. ^ Kleinberg, Eliot (August 23, 2017). "West Palm removes Confederate monument from city cemetery". Palm Beach Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  61. ^ Maxine Bentzai, "Confederate Monument Removed from Cemetery in West Palm Beach," 'Sun-Sentinel, August 22, 2017.
  62. ^ Lisa J. Hunash, "Confederate statue to be removed from West Palm Beach cemetery," Sun-Sentinel, August 21, 2017.
  63. ^ http://www.wptv.com/news/region-c-palm-beach-county/west-palm-beach/confederate-monument-removal-begins-in-west-palm-beach . Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  64. ^ a b Roll, Nick (August 28, 2017). "Confederate Round-Up". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  65. ^ "Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]". The Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved August 13, 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ "Confederate flag permanently out of Veterans Memorial Park". Kansas.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  67. ^ Reinert, Melissa (August 21, 2017). "New 'Rebels' logo replaces Confederate mascot at Boone Co. High School". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  68. ^ "Confederate statue removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky". foxnews.com. May 30, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  69. ^ "Lexington, Ky. approves plan to move Confederate monuments". Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  70. ^ Mele, Christopher (April 24, 2017). "New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments, Under Police Guard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  71. ^ Robertson, Campbell (May 19, 2017). "From Lofty Perch, New Orleans Monument to Confederacy Comes Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  72. ^ Turque, Bill (July 24, 2017). "Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  73. ^ "Monumental Task Committee". monumentaltask.org. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  74. ^ Applebome, Peter (May 24, 2017). "New Orleans Mayor's Message on Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  75. ^ Mele, Christopher (April 24, 2017). "New Orleans Begins Removing Confederate Monuments, Under Police Guard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  76. ^ Jaschik, Scott (August 21, 2017). "Off the Pedestal". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  77. ^ "Taney statue removed from Maryland state house grounds overnight". Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  78. ^ Bowerman, Mary (August 16, 2017). "Baltimore removes Confederate statues in wake of Charlottesville". The Tennessean.
  79. ^ Prudente, Tim (August 14, 2017). "Confederate monument in Baltimore drenched with red paint". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  80. ^ a b Grierson, Jamie (August 16, 2017). "Baltimore takes down Confederate statues in middle of night". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  81. ^ http://www.wbaltv.com/article/confederate-memorial-outside-howard-county-courthouse-removed/12046630 . Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  82. ^ Turque, Bill; Turque, Bill (July 24, 2017). "Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  83. ^ http://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/crews-to-remove-confederate-monument-on-ward-parkway . Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  84. ^ Bott, Celeste (June 28, 2017). "Remaining pieces of Confederate Monument removed from Forest Park". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  85. ^ "Protesters arrested as city of Helena removes Confederate fountain". Billingsgazette.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  86. ^ "Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow". Reuters.com. August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017 – via Reuters.
  87. ^ "University of Nevada Las Vegas Official Athletic Site". www.unlvrebels.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  88. ^ "Hey Reb! and "Rebels" Nickname | Campus Life | University of Nevada, Las Vegas". www.unlv.edu. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  89. ^ "Religious leaders remove Brooklyn plaques honoring Robert E. Lee". NY Daily News. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  90. ^ "New Confederate statue goes up in Reidsville". myfox8.com. December 12, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  91. ^ [University of North Carolina], The Carolina Story: A Virtual Museum of the University History, "William L. Saunders (1835-1891) and Carolina Hall," https://museum.unc.edu/exhibits/show/names/carolina-hall, retrieved Aug. 25, 2017
  92. ^ Jackson, Amanda. "Durham, North Carolina: Seven arrested in toppling of Confederate statue". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  93. ^ Katz, Jonathan M. (August 17, 2017). "4 Surrender in Toppling of Confederate Statue in North Carolina". NYTimes.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  94. ^ Drew, Jonathan (August 19, 2017). "Duke University removes Robert E. Lee statue from chapel". Associated Press. Retrieved August 19, 2017 – via Winston-Salem Journal.
  95. ^ Sewell, Dan (August 26, 2017). "Little Ohio city swept into national battle over monuments". APNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2017. It brought sudden attention to Franklin's 90-year-old rock marker, depicting Lee astride his horse, Traveller, and situated aside the "Dixie Highway," a roads network running from Miami to Michigan.
  96. ^ "Passer-by snags makeshift sign placed at former Franklin Confederate monument". Daytondailynews.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  97. ^ https://twitter.com/i/web/status/899974698964058112 . Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  98. ^ https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/ohio/camp_chase_confederate_cemetery.html . Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  99. ^ Burger, Beth. "Vandals decapitate Confederate soldier statue at Camp Chase cemetery". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  100. ^ Gearino, Dan. Confederate general's historic marker removed in Worthington. Columbus Dispatch August 19, 2017. [1] Accessed August 24, 2017.
  101. ^ "Ohio high school getting rid of Confederate mascot". Cincinnati.com. August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  102. ^ David Firestone, "South Carolina Votes to Remove Confederate Flag From Dome", Nee York Times, May 19, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/19/us/south-carolina-votes-to-remove-confederate-flag-from-dome.html
  103. ^ Amanda Holpuch, "Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists," The Guardian, 10 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/10/confederate-flag-south-carolina-statehouse
  104. ^ Terace Garnier, "South Carolina judge dismisses case to keep Confederate flag in courtroom," Fox News, August 24, 2017, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/24/south-carolina-judge-dismisses-case-to-keep-confederate-flag-in-courtroom.html
  105. ^ "Theatre in Memphis pulls 'racially insensitive' Gone With the Wind. Orpheum Theatre ditches 34-year-old tradition of screening classic film after customers complained". The Guardian. August 28, 2017.
  106. ^ Tamburin, Adam (August 16, 2016). "Daughters of the Confederacy reluctantly accepts Vanderbilt deal". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 17, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  107. ^ "How Six Flags Over Texas overreacted to the Confederate controversy". dallasnews.com. August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  108. ^ "Robert E. Lee Park – TX | The Cultural Landscape Foundation". tclf.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  109. ^ https://www.dallasnews.com/news/dallas-city-hall/2017/09/06/robert-e-lee-statue-dallas-removed-city-council-vote . Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  110. ^ https://twitter.com/NBCNews/status/908476613808893952 . Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  111. ^ Haag, Matthew (September 7, 2017). "Dallas Can Remove Robert E. Lee Statue, Judge Rules". New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  112. ^ "Dallas Task Force Votes to Keep Fair Park Confederate Images". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  113. ^ Leszcynski, Ray (August 11, 2015). "Superintendent removes Confederate symbols from South Garland High". Dallas News. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  114. ^ Smith, Corbett. "High school mascots are a point of pride". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  115. ^ Press, Associated (January 12, 2017). "Houston's Dowling Street To Be Renamed Emancipation Avenue | Houston Public Media". Houston Public Media. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  116. ^ Watkins, Matthew; Busch, Mallory; Daniel, Annie (July 1, 2015). "At Majority-Minority Schools, Confederate Names Remain". Big Country Homepag. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  117. ^ Mellon, Ericka (April 15, 2014). "Four Houston schools get new, non-offensive mascots". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  118. ^ "Sons of Confederate Veterans take UT statue case to Texas high court".
  119. ^ Haurwitz, Ralph K.M. (August 17, 2017). "UT removing Confederate statues from South Mall". American-Statesman. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  120. ^ Weber, Andrew (August 12, 2015). "The Long, Controversial History of UT's Confederate Statues". KUT 90.5. Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  121. ^ Bromwich, Jonah Engel (August 21, 2017). "University of Texas at Austin Removes Confederate Statues in Overnight Operation". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  122. ^ Allen, Paula (August 14, 2017). "Who paid to have the Confederate statue in Travis Park made and then placed in the park?". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  123. ^ "Confederate statue removed from Travis Park". KSAT. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  124. ^ Bradshaw, Kelsey (September 1, 2017). "San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  125. ^ Ravani, Sarah (September 1, 2017). "San Antonio removes Confederate statue in Travis Park - San Antonio Express-News". MySanAntonio.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  126. ^ Carmichael, Emma (October 25, 2010). "The Ugly, Racially Charged Fight Over A Confederate Mascot. In Vermont". Deadspin. Retrieved August 31, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  127. ^ "South Burlington's Rebel debate goes back decades". burlingtonfreepress.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  128. ^ "South Burlington school budget fails, again". burlingtonfreepress.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  129. ^ Leslie, Alexandra (August 14, 2017). "Wolves Logo, Name Unleashed at SBHS Athletic Facilities". mychamplainvalley.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  130. ^ Fortin, Jacey (August 13, 2017). "The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville's Storm". Nyrimes.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  131. ^ "Lee Statue Vandalized Ahead of KKK Rally in Charlottesville". Nbc29.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  132. ^ Brown, Emma (August 22, 2017). "Charlottesville City Council votes to shroud Confederate statues in black". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  133. ^ FOX. "Charlottesville's Confederate statues shrouded in black". fox5ny.com. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  134. ^ "Charlottesville Council votes to remove Confederate statue after tense hearing". NBC News. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  135. ^ Ellison, Sarah. "Why Charlottesville, Liberal College Town, Became Ground Zero for White Supremacy". Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  136. ^ Heim, Joe (September 15, 2017). "U-Va. board votes to remove Confederate plaques, ban open flames". The Guardian.
  137. ^ "Virginia university to remove Confederate flags from chapel". CNN Wire. July 9, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  138. ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (July 8, 2014). "Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests". Washington Post. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  139. ^ "Randolph College removes statue of Confederate solider," The Republic, August 25, 2017, http://www.therepublic.com/2017/08/25/va-confederate-monument-randolph-college/
  140. ^ Berger, Knute (June 22, 2015). "Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest". Crosscut. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  141. ^ "Jefferson Davis Park". Sons of Confederate Veterans Pacific NW Division. June 27, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  142. ^ a b Plutchak, Dan. "Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments from Forest Hill Cemetery". Wkow.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  143. ^ "Battle over Confederate history hits Madison". Isthmus.com. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  144. ^ "Madison Mayor Paul Soglin orders removal of Confederate monuments at Forest Hill Cemetery". Host.madison.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  145. ^ "Statement of Madison Mayor Paul Soglin on Removal of Confederate Memorials - City of Madison, City of Madison, Wisconsin". Cityofmadison.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  146. ^ "Plaque honouring Confederate leader Jefferson Davis removed from Montreal building - Toronto Star". thestar.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  147. ^ "Confederate plaque on Montreal Hudson's Bay store removed". Cbc.ca. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  148. ^ "Regime Change in Charlottesville". politico.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  149. ^ a b c Munshi, Neil (August 17, 2017). "Trump says it is 'foolish' to remove Confederate symbols". Financial Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  150. ^ Stoilas, Helen; Stapley-Brown, Victoria (August 17, 2017). "Charlottesville riot hastens removal of Confederate monuments throughout the US". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  151. ^ McKenney, Frank M., The Standing Army: History of Georgia’s County Confederate Monuments, WH Wolfe Associates, Alpharetta, Georgia, 1993 p. ix
  152. ^ McKenney 1993, p. 1.
  153. ^ McKenney 1993, p. 5.
  154. ^ Confederate monuments: What to do with them?. Grier, Peter. Christian Science Monitor, 22 August 2017
  155. ^ Seigler, Robert S., A Guide to Confederate Monuments in South Carolina: Passing the Cup, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1997 p. 10
  156. ^ "Toppling Monuments, a Visual History". Nytimes.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials&oldid=801971619"