Haplogroup I-M438: Difference between revisions
Historicar23 (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.6) |
||
Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
Haplogroup '''I-M26''' (or '''M26''') has previously and is still sometimes called ''Eu-8'', ''I1b2'' (YCC), ''I1b1a'', ''I2a1'' or ''I2a2''. |
Haplogroup '''I-M26''' (or '''M26''') has previously and is still sometimes called ''Eu-8'', ''I1b2'' (YCC), ''I1b1a'', ''I2a1'' or ''I2a2''. |
||
Haplogroup I-L158 (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rootsi | first1 = S. |
Haplogroup I-L158 (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rootsi | first1 = S. | year = 2006 | title = Y-chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe | url = http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf33/rootsi33.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Documenta Praehistorica | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 17–20 | doi = 10.4312/dp.33.3 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090306191441/http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf33/rootsi33.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-06 | df = }}</ref><ref>Francalacci et al. (2013), [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/565.abstract Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny]</ref> It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of [[Albanians]] living in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]<ref>{{cite journal | pmc =2947100 | pages = 820–30 | pmid=19107149 | doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 | volume=17 | issue=6 | title=Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe |date=June 2009 | journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. | last1 = Battaglia | first1 = V | last2 = Fornarino | first2 = S | last3 = Al-Zahery | first3 = N | display-authors = etal }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947100/figure/fig2/ figure 2: Phylogeny of Y-chromosome haplogroups and their frequencies (%) in the examined populations].</ref> and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of [[Czechs]].<ref name = "Luca2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Luca | first1 = F. | last2 = Giacomo | first2 = F. Di | last3 = Benincasa | first3 = T.| year = 2007 | title = Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic | url = | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 132 | issue = 1| pages = 132–39 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.20500 | pmid=17078035|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated at 8.0±4.0 kya.<ref name="familytreedna.com"/> |
||
====I-L178==== |
====I-L178==== |
||
Line 294: | Line 294: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v75_Semino.pdf Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I (Rootsi 2004)] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303065549/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v75_Semino.pdf Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I (Rootsi 2004)] |
||
* [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/FIG3 Frequency and Variance of I2 (called I1b)] |
* [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/FIG3 Frequency and Variance of I2 (called I1b)] |
||
* [http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup I] |
* [http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup I] |
Revision as of 21:06, 29 October 2017
![]() | This article needs attention from an expert in Human Genetic History. The specific problem is: Nomenclature of haplogroup(s) and subclades.(November 2015) |
Haplogroup I-M438 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 28–33,000 years ago[1] |
Possible place of origin | Balkans or Eastern Mediterranean |
Ancestor | I-M170 |
Descendants | I-L460, I-L1251 |
Defining mutations | M438/P215/S31 |
Highest frequencies | I2a1a: Sardinia[2]
I2a1b: Bosnia and Herzegovina,[3] I2a2: Britain, Germany, and Sweden[2] |
Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (and until 2007 as I1b), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of Haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE and has two primary subclades: I-L460 and I-L1251.
The haplogroup reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps in the Balkans,[4] where the men are on record as being the tallest in the world, with a male average height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in).[5]
Examples of basal I-M438* have been found in males from Crete and Sicily.
Origin & prehistoric presence
Basal I2* (I-M438*) has been found in ancient remains from Frankthi cave, in the eastern Peloponnese region of Greece. Along with its modern presence in Crete and Sicily, this may suggest that the haplogroup originated in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Haplogroup I2a may be the haplogroup of the first anatomically modern humans to inhabit Europe, Cro-Magnon. A 2015 study found haplogroup I2a in 13,000 year old remains from the Azilian culture (at modern Bichon, Switzerland).[6]
Subclades of I2a1 (I-P37.2), namely I-M423 and I-M26 have been found on remains dating from 10,000 to 8,000 years before present respectively.[7]
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017) |
Subclades
I-P37.2
The I-P37.2+, also known as I2a1 (or I-L68, is the SNP that defines I2a1. The subclade divergence for I-P37.2 occurred 10.7±4.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37.2 subclade is 8.0±4.0 kya.[2] It is the predominant Y-DNA lineage in Eastern Europe.[8] The I2a is further made up by sub-groups I-M26, I-M423, I-L1286, I-L880.
I-L158
Haplogroup I-M26 (or M26) has previously and is still sometimes called Eu-8, I1b2 (YCC), I1b1a, I2a1 or I2a2.
Haplogroup I-L158 (L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26) accounts for approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians.[9][10] It is also found at low to moderate frequency among populations of the Pyrenees (9.5% in Bortzerriak, Navarra; 9.7% in Chazetania, Aragon; 8% in Val d'Aran, Catalunya; 2.9% in Alt Urgell, Catalunya; and 8.1% in Baixa Cerdanya, Catalunya) and Iberia, and it has been found in 1.6% of a sample of Albanians living in the Republic of Macedonia[11] and 1.2% (3/257) of a sample of Czechs.[12] The age of YSTR variation for the M26 subclade has been calculated at 8.0±4.0 kya.[2]
I-L178
I-L178 is very rare, but has been found in two persons from Germany and one from Poland. The age of YSTR variation for the M423 subclade is 8.8±3.6 kya.[13]
I-L621
I-L621 is typical of the South Slavic populations of south-eastern Europe, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%) in Croats.[3] There is also a high concentration of I-L621 in north-east Romania and Moldova. Several groups have determined the common occurrence of this subclade in the South Slavic-speaking populations to be the result of "pre-Slavic" paleolithic settlement in the region. Peričić et al. for instance place its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the YD to Holocene transition and not later than the early Neolithic".[14][15][16] The Slavic population can be divided into two genetically distinct groups: one encompassing all West Slavic (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.), East Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc.) and a few South Slavic populations (north-western Croats and Slovenes), characterized by Haplogroup R1a, and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs (Serbs, Bosniaks, southern Croats, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Bulgarians) but also the non-Slavic Romanians, characterized by Haplogroup I2a1b2 (I-L621). According to Rebała et al., this phenomenon is explained by "contribution to the Y chromosomes of peoples who settled in the Balkan region before the Slavic expansion to the genetic heritage of Southern Slavs".[17] It is attributed to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in what is now Ukraine, Romania and Moldova. L69/S163 was removed from I in 2011 and IJK in 2012.[18]
I-M223
Haplogroup I2a2a (ISOGG 2014). The age of YSTR variation for the I-M223 subclade is 13.2±2.7 kya[2] and 12.3±3.1 kya.[13] I-M223 has a peak in Germany and another in eastern Sweden, but also appears in Romania/Moldova, Russia, Greece, Italy and around the Black Sea.[19] Haplogroup I2a2a has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Scotland, and England (excluding Cornwall) – also the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Mordovia in Eastern Europe. Of historical note, both haplogroups I-M253 and I-M223 appear at a low frequency in the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey. Haplogroup I2a2a also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians. The subclade divergence for M223 occurred 14.6±3.8 kya (Rootsi 2004).
Haplogroup I-M223 can be further subdivided in several subclades designated in the Y2012 ISOGG tree as follows:
- Haplogroup I-M223 with no further known polymorphisms,
- Haplogroup I-M284 defined by M284 polymorphism and including an undergroup Haplogroup I-L126 reserved for individuals derived for the L126/S165, L137/S166 polymorphisms, *Haplogroup I-L701 associated with L701 polymorphism, and Haplogroup I-Z161 denoting individuals derived for the Z161 polymorphism.[citation needed]
I-M284
Haplogroup I2a2a1a1 (ISOGG 2014). I-M284 has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, suggesting that the clade may have arisen in that island. I-M284 is comparatively rare in Ireland except in the north-east. In regard to north-east Ireland, the presence of this subclade "provides some tentative evidence of ancient flow with eastern areas that could support the idea that the La Tene culture was accompanied by some migration."[20] Where it is found in those of Irish descent with Gaelic surnames, this suggests an ancestor who arrived in Ireland from Celtic Britain.[20] Men with several Gaelic surnames such as McGuinness and McCartan bear this subclade, family groups that have a historically recorded 6th-century common ancestor, thus it is not the result of known recent gene flow between Britain and Ireland.[20] While subclades of I-M284 are atypical of Ireland they are relatively common in continental Europe.[20] The observed mutational divergence between men with this subclade suggests its foundation very approximately at 300 BC, thus dates and geography are circumstantially but not securely associated with Iron Age continental Europe.[20]
I-CTS10057
Continentals. Mother Haplogroup for group I-Z161 (Continental 1 and 2) and I-L701 group (Continental 3). Around 10.000 years old.
I-Z161
Haplogroup I2a2a1b2 (ISOGG 2014). Z161+ defines the I2 Continental clade (except Continental 3). Its age is estimated around 7,000 years old. It is mainly found in North Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. In Northwest Sicily it can also be found; this is believed to be due to remnants of a Norman settlement.
I-L701
Called Continental 3. Continental 3 has a wide distribution. Found in Central Europe from Germany, Austria to Poland, Romania and Ukraine, but also in lower frequencies in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, England, Ireland, and Armenia. It may have been disseminated in part by the Goths. It is nearly absent from Scandinavia and Scotland.
Subclades list
Subclades list
|
---|
|
See also
References
- ^ P.A. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. Otillar, R. King, L.A. Zhivotovsky, O. Balanovsky, A. Pshenichnov, K.H. Ritchie, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. Woodward, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Rethinking the Human Evolution (2007), pp. 33–42.
- ^ a b c d e Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (1): 128–37. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
- ^ a b Peričić, Marijana; et al. (October 2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. Figure 3
- ^ Grasgruber, Pavel; Popović, Stevo; Bokuvka, Dominik; Davidović, Ivan; Hřebíčková, Sylva; Ingrová, Pavlína; Potpara, Predrag; Prce, Stipan; Stračárová, Nikola (2017-04-01). "The mountains of giants: an anthropometric survey of male youths in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (4): 161054. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461054G. doi:10.1098/rsos.161054. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 28484621.
- ^ Pineau, JC; Delamarche, P; Bozinovic, S (2012-05-24). "Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps. They are also reputed to have the tallest males in Europe. Study claims it is not complete as yet". C. R. Biol. 328 (9): 841–46. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004. PMID 16168365.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151116/ncomms9912/full/ncomms9912.html
- ^ [1] Mesolithic Western Eurasian DNA
- ^ Stefano Goffredo; Zvy Dubinsky (9 September 2013). The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 538–. ISBN 978-94-007-6704-1.
With respect to the I2a-P37.2 lineage (Karafet et al. 2008), it is the predominant Y-chromosome lineage in Eastern Europe and the Balkans (31–40%), whereas its sub-clade I2a1-M26 (Karafet et al. 2008) is found in Western Europe at a very ...
- ^ Rootsi, S. (2006). "Y-chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe" (PDF). Documenta Praehistorica. 33: 17–20. doi:10.4312/dp.33.3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
- ^ Battaglia, V; Fornarino, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149. figure 2: Phylogeny of Y-chromosome haplogroups and their frequencies (%) in the examined populations.
- ^ Luca, F.; Giacomo, F. Di; Benincasa, T.; et al. (2007). "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–39. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. PMID 17078035.
- ^ a b Peter Underhill et al., New phylogenetic relationships for Y-chromosome haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in Rethinking the Human Evolution, ed. P. Mellars et al. (2007), pp. 33–42.
- ^ Rootsi; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75: 128–37.
- ^ Marjanovic, D; Fornarino, S; Montagna, S; et al. (November 2005). "The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups". Ann. Hum. Genet. 69 (Pt 6): 757–63. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x. PMID 16266413.
- ^ Marijana, Peričić; et al. (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Rebała, K.; et al. (2007). "Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin". J Hum Genet. 52 (5): 406–14. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6. PMID 17364156.
- ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html
- ^ Jacques Chiaroni et al., Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution, PNAS (2009), corrected supplementary information.
- ^ a b c d e McEvoy and Bradley, Brian P and Daniel G (2010). Celtic from the West: Chapter 5: Irish Genetics and Celts. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 117 They identify this haplogroup subclade as a mutation of I1c, using the old nomenclature. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.
External links
- Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I (Rootsi 2004)
- Frequency and Variance of I2 (called I1b)
- ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup I