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m Capitalizing "RAM" (as McCartney does - as cited on PaulMcCartney.com.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox album
{{Infobox album
| name = Ram
| name = RAM
| type = studio
| type = studio
| artist = [[Paul McCartney|Paul]] and [[Linda McCartney]]
| artist = [[Paul McCartney|Paul]] and [[Linda McCartney]]
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| prev_title =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| prev_year =
| title = Ram
| title = RAM
| year = 1971
| year = 1971
| next_title = [[Wide Prairie]]
| next_title = [[Wide Prairie]]
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}}
}}
{{Singles
{{Singles
| name = Ram
| name = RAM
| type = studio
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]
| single1 = [[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]
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}}
}}
}}
}}
'''''Ram''''' is a studio album by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]], released in May 1971 on [[Apple Records]]. ''Ram'' was recorded amid McCartney's legal action in the United Kingdom's [[High Court]] to dissolve [[the Beatles]]' partnership, following [[Break-up of the Beatles|the band's break-up]] the year before. It was recorded in New York with guitarists [[David Spinozza]] and [[Hugh McCracken]], and future [[Wings (band)|Wings]] drummer [[Denny Seiwell]]. Its release coincided with a period of bitter acrimony between McCartney and his former bandmate [[John Lennon]], who perceived verbal slights in the lyrics to songs such as "[[Too Many People]]".
'''''RAM''''' is a studio album by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]], released in May 1971 on [[Apple Records]].<ref>https://www.paulmccartney.com/albums/ram</ref> ''RAM'' was recorded amid McCartney's legal action in the United Kingdom's [[High Court]] to dissolve [[the Beatles]]' partnership, following [[Break-up of the Beatles|the band's break-up]] the year before. It was recorded in New York with guitarists [[David Spinozza]] and [[Hugh McCracken]], and future [[Wings (band)|Wings]] drummer [[Denny Seiwell]]. Its release coincided with a period of bitter acrimony between McCartney and his former bandmate [[John Lennon]], who perceived verbal slights in the lyrics to songs such as "[[Too Many People]]".


On release, ''Ram'' was unfavourably received by the majority of music critics, although opinion has become more positive in subsequent decades. The album was a commercial success nonetheless, topping the national albums charts in the UK, the Netherlands and Canada. Three singles were issued from ''Ram'': "[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]", which was McCartney's first number 1 hit in America as a solo artist, "[[The Back Seat of My Car]]" and "[[Eat at Home]]". The album was remastered on vinyl and CD and released as a deluxe box set in May 2012.
On release, ''RAM'' was unfavourably received by the majority of music critics, although opinion has become more positive in subsequent decades. The album was a commercial success nonetheless, topping the national albums charts in the UK, the Netherlands and Canada. Three singles were issued from ''RAM'': "[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]", which was McCartney's first number 1 hit in America as a solo artist, "[[The Back Seat of My Car]]" and "[[Eat at Home]]". The album was remastered on vinyl and CD and released as a deluxe box set in May 2012.


==Recording and structure==
==Recording and structure==
Paul McCartney and his family flew to New York City in October 1970 to begin working on the follow-up to ''[[McCartney (album)|McCartney]]''.<ref>Sounes, p. 273.</ref> While ''McCartney'' had featured him playing every instrument, for ''Ram'', Paul decided to hold auditions for musicians,<ref name=AGP147>Perone, p. 147.</ref> some of whom were brought in under the guise of conducting a session to record a commercial jingle.<ref name="Ram official">{{cite web|title=Album – Paul McCartney|url=http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/album-details?p_p_id=AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_tag=album-ram&|website=paulmccartney.com|accessdate=22 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722133435/http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/album-details?p_p_id=AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_tag=album-ram&|archivedate=22 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157">Madinger & Easter, p. 157.</ref> Auditions were held in an attic on [[45th Street (Manhattan)|45th Street]] for three days,<ref name="Diary">{{cite book|title=The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001|publisher=Music Sales Group|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6|editor1=Miles, Barry|edition=reprint|location=London|editor2=Badman, Keith}}</ref> where [[David Spinozza]] was tapped for guitar duties,<ref name=AGP147/> after being asked by Linda, before auditions moved to a basement,<ref name=Diary/> where Denny Seiwell was recruited on drums.{{#tag:ref|Seiwell would later become the drummer of the McCartneys' new band, [[Paul McCartney and Wings|Wings]].<ref name=AGP147/>|group="nb"}}<ref name=AGP147/> McCartney later claimed to have found Seiwell "lying on a mattress one day in [[The Bronx, New York|The Bronx]]".<ref name=autogenerated1/> Midway through these sessions, Spinozza was replaced by [[Hugh McCracken]] when Spinozza became unavailable.<ref name=AGP147/>
Paul McCartney and his family flew to New York City in October 1970 to begin working on the follow-up to ''[[McCartney (album)|McCartney]]''.<ref>Sounes, p. 273.</ref> While ''McCartney'' had featured him playing every instrument, for ''RAM'', Paul decided to hold auditions for musicians,<ref name=AGP147>Perone, p. 147.</ref> some of whom were brought in under the guise of conducting a session to record a commercial jingle.<ref name="Ram official">{{cite web|title=Album – Paul McCartney|url=http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/album-details?p_p_id=AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_tag=album-ram&|website=paulmccartney.com|accessdate=22 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722133435/http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/album-details?p_p_id=AlbumDetails_WAR_AlbumDetailsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_tag=album-ram&|archivedate=22 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157">Madinger & Easter, p. 157.</ref> Auditions were held in an attic on [[45th Street (Manhattan)|45th Street]] for three days,<ref name="Diary">{{cite book|title=The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001|publisher=Music Sales Group|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6|editor1=Miles, Barry|edition=reprint|location=London|editor2=Badman, Keith}}</ref> where [[David Spinozza]] was tapped for guitar duties,<ref name=AGP147/> after being asked by Linda, before auditions moved to a basement,<ref name=Diary/> where Denny Seiwell was recruited on drums.{{#tag:ref|Seiwell would later become the drummer of the McCartneys' new band, [[Paul McCartney and Wings|Wings]].<ref name=AGP147/>|group="nb"}}<ref name=AGP147/> McCartney later claimed to have found Seiwell "lying on a mattress one day in [[The Bronx, New York|The Bronx]]".<ref name=autogenerated1/> Midway through these sessions, Spinozza was replaced by [[Hugh McCracken]] when Spinozza became unavailable.<ref name=AGP147/>


The basic tracks for the album were taped at [[CBS Studio Building#Columbia Records|Columbia's Studio B]] from 12 October to 20 November 1970<ref>Luca Perasi, ''Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013)'', L.I.L.Y. Publishing, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-909122-1-4}}, pp.&nbsp;26–56.</ref> before the McCartneys returned to their Scottish farm for the Christmas holidays.<ref>Sounes, p. 275.</ref> Work continued at Studio B and [[A&R Recording|A&R Recording Studios]], New York,<ref name="Spizer p 128">Spizer, p. 128.</ref> from the second week of January 1971 through to February.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /> Playing guitar or piano and singing at the same time, Paul chose to overdub his bass later on.<ref name=AGP147/> Although it was a collaborative project, Linda's vocal duties were mostly limited to singing harmonies<ref name=AGP147/> and backing Paul, who sang almost all of the lead parts; however, Linda sang [[lead vocals|co-lead vocals]] on "Long Haired Lady".{{#tag:ref|This composition is made up of two songs: "Long Haired Lady" and "[[Love Is Long]]", making it the longest track on the album.<ref name=AGP152>Perone, p. 152.</ref>|group="nb"}} The [[New York Philharmonic]] was brought in by McCartney to play on "[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]", "Long Haired Lady" and "[[The Back Seat of My Car]]",<ref name=AGP147/><ref name=Diary/> as well as the McCartneys' forthcoming, non-album single "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]".<ref name=AGP154/> The couple's eldest daughter, [[Heather McCartney|Heather]], sang [[backing vocals]] on "Monkberry Moon Delight".<ref name=Diary/>
The basic tracks for the album were taped at [[CBS Studio Building#Columbia Records|Columbia's Studio B]] from 12 October to 20 November 1970<ref>Luca Perasi, ''Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013)'', L.I.L.Y. Publishing, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-909122-1-4}}, pp.&nbsp;26–56.</ref> before the McCartneys returned to their Scottish farm for the Christmas holidays.<ref>Sounes, p. 275.</ref> Work continued at Studio B and [[A&R Recording|A&R Recording Studios]], New York,<ref name="Spizer p 128">Spizer, p. 128.</ref> from the second week of January 1971 through to February.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /> Playing guitar or piano and singing at the same time, Paul chose to overdub his bass later on.<ref name=AGP147/> Although it was a collaborative project, Linda's vocal duties were mostly limited to singing harmonies<ref name=AGP147/> and backing Paul, who sang almost all of the lead parts; however, Linda sang [[lead vocals|co-lead vocals]] on "Long Haired Lady".{{#tag:ref|This composition is made up of two songs: "Long Haired Lady" and "[[Love Is Long]]", making it the longest track on the album.<ref name=AGP152>Perone, p. 152.</ref>|group="nb"}} The [[New York Philharmonic]] was brought in by McCartney to play on "[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]", "Long Haired Lady" and "[[The Back Seat of My Car]]",<ref name=AGP147/><ref name=Diary/> as well as the McCartneys' forthcoming, non-album single "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]".<ref name=AGP154/> The couple's eldest daughter, [[Heather McCartney|Heather]], sang [[backing vocals]] on "Monkberry Moon Delight".<ref name=Diary/>


In July 1971, [[Northern Songs]] and [[Maclen Music]] sued Paul and Linda McCartney for violating an exclusive rights agreement by collaborating on the song "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]", released three months before ''Ram''.<ref>"McCartney and Wife Sued on 'Another Day' Recording", ''[[New York Times]]'', 23 July 1971, p. 15.</ref> Although six of the eleven songs on ''Ram'' were also co-written with Linda, both parties agreed the issue of royalties for the album could be decided at a later date.<ref>McNicoll, Don. (AP) "McCartney album jumps legal snags, sure to be a hit" ''The Miami News'' 22 May 1971: 8-A</ref> In June 1972, ATV announced that "all differences between them have been amicably settled" and the McCartneys signed a new seven-year co-publishing contract between ATV and McCartney Music.<ref>Perry, Rupert. ''Northern Songs: The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire'' (2006)</ref> The sessions also produced songs such as <ref name=Fab290>Sounes, p. 290.</ref> "[[Little Woman Love]]", as well as tracks featured on Wings' 1973 album ''[[Red Rose Speedway]]'': "[[Get on the Right Thing]]", "[[Little Lamb Dragonfly]]"{{#tag:ref|Spinozza played lead guitar on "Get on the Right Thing", while McCracken played it on "Little Lamb Dragonfly".<ref name=WMPM45/>|group="nb"}}<ref name=WMPM45>Benitez, p. 45.</ref> and "[[Big Barn Bed]]".<ref name=JPGR>{{cite web |last=Calkin |first=Graham |title=Ram |url=http://www.jpgr.co.uk/pas10003.html |website=jpgr.com |year=2001 |accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It has recently surfaced that "[[I Lie Around]]", issued as the B-side to Wings' 1973 single "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]", was taped during these sessions.<ref>Luca Perasi, ''Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013''), LILY Publishing, {{ISBN|978-88-909122-1-4}}, 2013, p.56.</ref> Also recorded was the first incarnation of "[[Seaside Woman]]".<ref name=Diary/>
In July 1971, [[Northern Songs]] and [[Maclen Music]] sued Paul and Linda McCartney for violating an exclusive rights agreement by collaborating on the song "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]", released three months before ''RAM''.<ref>"McCartney and Wife Sued on 'Another Day' Recording", ''[[New York Times]]'', 23 July 1971, p. 15.</ref> Although six of the eleven songs on ''RAM'' were also co-written with Linda, both parties agreed the issue of royalties for the album could be decided at a later date.<ref>McNicoll, Don. (AP) "McCartney album jumps legal snags, sure to be a hit" ''The Miami News'' 22 May 1971: 8-A</ref> In June 1972, ATV announced that "all differences between them have been amicably settled" and the McCartneys signed a new seven-year co-publishing contract between ATV and McCartney Music.<ref>Perry, Rupert. ''Northern Songs: The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire'' (2006)</ref> The sessions also produced songs such as <ref name=Fab290>Sounes, p. 290.</ref> "[[Little Woman Love]]", as well as tracks featured on Wings' 1973 album ''[[Red Rose Speedway]]'': "[[Get on the Right Thing]]", "[[Little Lamb Dragonfly]]"{{#tag:ref|Spinozza played lead guitar on "Get on the Right Thing", while McCracken played it on "Little Lamb Dragonfly".<ref name=WMPM45/>|group="nb"}}<ref name=WMPM45>Benitez, p. 45.</ref> and "[[Big Barn Bed]]".<ref name=JPGR>{{cite web |last=Calkin |first=Graham |title=Ram |url=http://www.jpgr.co.uk/pas10003.html |website=jpgr.com |year=2001 |accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It has recently surfaced that "[[I Lie Around]]", issued as the B-side to Wings' 1973 single "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]", was taped during these sessions.<ref>Luca Perasi, ''Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013''), LILY Publishing, {{ISBN|978-88-909122-1-4}}, 2013, p.56.</ref> Also recorded was the first incarnation of "[[Seaside Woman]]".<ref name=Diary/>


The album was mixed at Sound Recorders in Los Angeles.<ref name=AGP147/> By early 1971, the project was completed, along with "Another Day" and its B-side, "[[Oh Woman, Oh Why]]".<ref name=JPGR/> In addition to the songs released on ''Ram'' and the first two Wings albums, McCartney recorded the following tracks during these sessions: "Hey Diddle", "A Love for You", "Great Cock and Seagull Race", "Now Hear This Song of Mine", "Rode All Night", "Sunshine Sometimes" and "When the Wind Is Blowing".<ref>''Lennon and McCartney, Together Alone: a Critical Discography of Their Solo Work'' {{ISBN|1-906-00202-9}} p. 59</ref>
The album was mixed at Sound Recorders in Los Angeles.<ref name=AGP147/> By early 1971, the project was completed, along with "Another Day" and its B-side, "[[Oh Woman, Oh Why]]".<ref name=JPGR/> In addition to the songs released on ''RAM'' and the first two Wings albums, McCartney recorded the following tracks during these sessions: "Hey Diddle", "A Love for You", "Great Cock and Seagull Race", "Now Hear This Song of Mine", "Rode All Night", "Sunshine Sometimes" and "When the Wind Is Blowing".<ref>''Lennon and McCartney, Together Alone: a Critical Discography of Their Solo Work'' {{ISBN|1-906-00202-9}} p. 59</ref>


==Songs==
==Songs==
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==Feud==
==Feud==
According to [[Peter Brown (music industry)|Peter Brown]], the Beatles' former business associate, John Lennon believed that several of the songs on ''Ram'' contained personal jibes directed at himself and [[Yoko Ono]], among them "[[Dear Boy (song)|Dear Boy]]" and, particularly, "[[Too Many People]]".<ref name="brown351">Brown, p. 351.</ref><ref name=AGP148>Perone, p. 148.</ref> McCartney later conceded that some of the lyrics of "Too Many People" had been "a little dig at John and Yoko", with "preaching practices" and "you took your lucky break and broke it in two" being direct references to Lennon.<ref name="Playboy1984">{{Cite magazine|magazine=[[Playboy]] |date=December 1984 |first=Joan |last=Goodman |title=Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney}} Posted at {{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesinterviews.org/db1984.pmpb.beatles.html |title=Playboy Interview With Paul and Linda McCartney |work=beatlesinterviews.org |accessdate=23 August 2008}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In the original version of the line "You took your lucky break and broke it in two", "You" was "Yoko".<ref name=AGP148/>|group="nb"}} Brown also described the picture of two beetles copulating on the back cover as symbolic of how McCartney felt the other Beatles were treating him.<ref name="brown351"/><ref name=AGP148/> [[George Harrison]] and [[Ringo Starr]] were said to interpret the track "3 Legs" as an attack on them and Lennon.<ref name=autogenerated1>Badman, p. 22.</ref> According to McCartney, "Dear Boy" was directed at Linda's ex-husband, and not Lennon.<ref name=AGP149>Perone, p. 149.</ref>
According to [[Peter Brown (music industry)|Peter Brown]], the Beatles' former business associate, John Lennon believed that several of the songs on ''RAM'' contained personal jibes directed at himself and [[Yoko Ono]], among them "[[Dear Boy (song)|Dear Boy]]" and, particularly, "[[Too Many People]]".<ref name="brown351">Brown, p. 351.</ref><ref name=AGP148>Perone, p. 148.</ref> McCartney later conceded that some of the lyrics of "Too Many People" had been "a little dig at John and Yoko", with "preaching practices" and "you took your lucky break and broke it in two" being direct references to Lennon.<ref name="Playboy1984">{{Cite magazine|magazine=[[Playboy]] |date=December 1984 |first=Joan |last=Goodman |title=Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney}} Posted at {{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesinterviews.org/db1984.pmpb.beatles.html |title=Playboy Interview With Paul and Linda McCartney |work=beatlesinterviews.org |accessdate=23 August 2008}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In the original version of the line "You took your lucky break and broke it in two", "You" was "Yoko".<ref name=AGP148/>|group="nb"}} Brown also described the picture of two beetles copulating on the back cover as symbolic of how McCartney felt the other Beatles were treating him.<ref name="brown351"/><ref name=AGP148/> [[George Harrison]] and [[Ringo Starr]] were said to interpret the track "3 Legs" as an attack on them and Lennon.<ref name=autogenerated1>Badman, p. 22.</ref> According to McCartney, "Dear Boy" was directed at Linda's ex-husband, and not Lennon.<ref name=AGP149>Perone, p. 149.</ref>


In addition to conducting a war of words in the British music press,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Lennon's response was to write the scathing "[[How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song)|How Do You Sleep?]]" about McCartney.<ref name="brown351"/><ref name=AGP148/><ref>Perone, p. 143.</ref> "[[Crippled Inside]]", another track on Lennon's ''[[Imagine (John Lennon album)|Imagine]]'' album, was also thought to be directed at McCartney.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=Fab290/> Early editions of ''Imagine'' included a postcard of Lennon pulling the ears of a pig in a parody of ''Ram''{{'}}s cover photograph of McCartney holding a ram by the horns.<ref name=Fab290/><ref name=AGP148/><ref name="norman672">Norman, p. 672.</ref>
In addition to conducting a war of words in the British music press,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Lennon's response was to write the scathing "[[How Do You Sleep? (John Lennon song)|How Do You Sleep?]]" about McCartney.<ref name="brown351"/><ref name=AGP148/><ref>Perone, p. 143.</ref> "[[Crippled Inside]]", another track on Lennon's ''[[Imagine (John Lennon album)|Imagine]]'' album, was also thought to be directed at McCartney.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=Fab290/> Early editions of ''Imagine'' included a postcard of Lennon pulling the ears of a pig in a parody of ''RAM''{{'}}s cover photograph of McCartney holding a ram by the horns.<ref name=Fab290/><ref name=AGP148/><ref name="norman672">Norman, p. 672.</ref>


==Release==
==Release==
"Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" was released that February and became a worldwide Top 5 hit.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Paul McCartney singles|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4865/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> In May, ''Ram'' was unveiled,<ref name=AGP147/> on 17th in the US and on the 21st in the UK.<ref name=Diary/> "The Back Seat of My Car" was excerpted as a UK single{{#tag:ref|UK Apple R 5914|group="nb"}} that August, only reaching number 39,<ref name=Rough139>Ingham, p. 139.</ref> but the US release{{#tag:ref|US Apple 1837|group="nb"}} of the ambitious "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" proved much more successful, giving McCartney his first number 1 single since leaving The Beatles.<ref name=AGP150>Perone, p. 150.</ref><ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name="super">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wggEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover|title=Billboard|date=28 February 1970|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref> The album reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US,<ref name="UKchart">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=37146 |title=Chart Stats – Paul And Linda McCartney – Ram |website=[[UK Albums Chart]] |accessdate=12 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68xmgq0Jt?url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=37146 |archivedate=6 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="USchart">{{cite web|title=allmusic ((( Ram > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))|website=AllMusic.com|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r12641/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}}|accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref> where it spent over five months in the Top 10 and went platinum. Despite the phasing-out of monaural albums by the late 1960s, ''Ram'' was pressed in mono with unique mixes that differ from the common stereo version. These were only made available to radio stations and are among the most valuable and sought-after of Paul McCartney's solo records.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /><ref>Spizer, p. 132.</ref> The album has sold over 2 million copies.<ref name="Spizer p 128" />
"Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" was released that February and became a worldwide Top 5 hit.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Paul McCartney singles|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p4865/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> In May, ''RAM'' was unveiled,<ref name=AGP147/> on 17th in the US and on the 21st in the UK.<ref name=Diary/> "The Back Seat of My Car" was excerpted as a UK single{{#tag:ref|UK Apple R 5914|group="nb"}} that August, only reaching number 39,<ref name=Rough139>Ingham, p. 139.</ref> but the US release{{#tag:ref|US Apple 1837|group="nb"}} of the ambitious "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" proved much more successful, giving McCartney his first number 1 single since leaving The Beatles.<ref name=AGP150>Perone, p. 150.</ref><ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name="super">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wggEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover|title=Billboard|date=28 February 1970|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref> The album reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US,<ref name="UKchart">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=37146 |title=Chart Stats – Paul And Linda McCartney – Ram |website=[[UK Albums Chart]] |accessdate=12 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68xmgq0Jt?url=http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=37146 |archivedate=6 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="USchart">{{cite web|title=allmusic ((( Ram > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))|website=AllMusic.com|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r12641/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}}|accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref> where it spent over five months in the Top 10 and went platinum. Despite the phasing-out of monaural albums by the late 1960s, ''RAM'' was pressed in mono with unique mixes that differ from the common stereo version. These were only made available to radio stations and are among the most valuable and sought-after of Paul McCartney's solo records.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /><ref>Spizer, p. 132.</ref> The album has sold over 2 million copies.<ref name="Spizer p 128" />


==Critical reception==
==Critical reception==
Upon its release, ''Ram'' was poorly received by [[music journalism|music critics]]. McCartney was particularly hurt by the harsh reviews − especially as he had attempted to address the points raised in criticism of his earlier album, ''McCartney'', by adopting a more professional approach this time around.<ref>Schaffner, p. 144.</ref> In his review for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Jon Landau]] called ''Ram'' "incredibly inconsequential" and "monumentally irrelevant", and criticised its lack of intensity and energy. He added that it exposes McCartney as having "benefited immensely from collaboration" with the Beatles, particularly John Lennon, who "held the reins in on McCartney's cutsie-pie [sic], florid attempts at pure rock [[Elevator music|muzak]]" and kept him from "going off the deep end that leads to an album as emotionally vacuous as ''Ram''".<ref name=RS1971>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[Rolling Stone]] |issue=86 |date=8 July 1971 |first=Jon |last=Landau |title=Paul McCartney ''Ram'' > Album Review |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/ram-19710708 |accessdate=13 June 2006 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001202739/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/paulmccartney/albums/album/231248/review/6067777/ram |archivedate=1 October 2007 }}</ref> ''[[Playboy]]'' accused McCartney of "substituting facility for any real substance", and compared it to "watching someone juggle five guitars: It's fairly impressive, but you keep wondering why he bothers."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Ram|journal=[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]]|date=September 1971}}</ref> [[Robert Christgau]], writing in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', called it "a bad record, a classic form/content mismatch", and felt that McCartney succumbed to "[[conspicuous consumption]]" by overworking himself and obscenely producing a style of music meant to be soft and whimsical.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|location=New York|title=Living Without the Beatles|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|date=September 1971|accessdate=10 July 2013|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-aow/beatles.php}}</ref> Writing four years later, [[Roy Carr]] and [[Tony Tyler]] from ''[[NME]]'' suggested that "it would be naive to have expected the McCartneys to produce anything other than a mediocre record&nbsp;... Grisly though this was, McCartney was to sink lower before rescuing his credibility late in 1973."<ref>Carr & Tyler, p. 95.</ref>
Upon its release, ''RAM'' was poorly received by [[music journalism|music critics]]. McCartney was particularly hurt by the harsh reviews − especially as he had attempted to address the points raised in criticism of his earlier album, ''McCartney'', by adopting a more professional approach this time around.<ref>Schaffner, p. 144.</ref> In his review for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Jon Landau]] called ''RAM'' "incredibly inconsequential" and "monumentally irrelevant", and criticised its lack of intensity and energy. He added that it exposes McCartney as having "benefited immensely from collaboration" with the Beatles, particularly John Lennon, who "held the reins in on McCartney's cutsie-pie [sic], florid attempts at pure rock [[Elevator music|muzak]]" and kept him from "going off the deep end that leads to an album as emotionally vacuous as ''RAM''".<ref name=RS1971>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[Rolling Stone]] |issue=86 |date=8 July 1971 |first=Jon |last=Landau |title=Paul McCartney ''RAM'' > Album Review |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/ram-19710708 |accessdate=13 June 2006 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001202739/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/paulmccartney/albums/album/231248/review/6067777/ram |archivedate=1 October 2007 }}</ref> ''[[Playboy]]'' accused McCartney of "substituting facility for any real substance", and compared it to "watching someone juggle five guitars: It's fairly impressive, but you keep wondering why he bothers."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review: Ram|journal=[[Playboy (magazine)|Playboy]]|date=September 1971}}</ref> [[Robert Christgau]], writing in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', called it "a bad record, a classic form/content mismatch", and felt that McCartney succumbed to "[[conspicuous consumption]]" by overworking himself and obscenely producing a style of music meant to be soft and whimsical.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|location=New York|title=Living Without the Beatles|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|date=September 1971|accessdate=10 July 2013|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-aow/beatles.php}}</ref> Writing four years later, [[Roy Carr]] and [[Tony Tyler]] from ''[[NME]]'' suggested that "it would be naive to have expected the McCartneys to produce anything other than a mediocre record&nbsp;... Grisly though this was, McCartney was to sink lower before rescuing his credibility late in 1973."<ref>Carr & Tyler, p. 95.</ref>


His fellow ex-Beatles, all of whom were riding high in the critics' favour with their recent releases,<ref>Woffinden, p. 52.</ref> were likewise vocal in their negativity. Lennon hated the album, dismissing his former songwriting partner's efforts as "''muzak to my ears''" in his song "How Do You Sleep?" Starr told the UK's ''[[Melody Maker]]'': "I feel sad about Paul's albums&nbsp;... I don't think there's one [good] tune on the last one, ''Ram''&nbsp;... he seems to be going strange."<ref>Badman, p. 39.</ref>
His fellow ex-Beatles, all of whom were riding high in the critics' favour with their recent releases,<ref>Woffinden, p. 52.</ref> were likewise vocal in their negativity. Lennon hated the album, dismissing his former songwriting partner's efforts as "''muzak to my ears''" in his song "How Do You Sleep?" Starr told the UK's ''[[Melody Maker]]'': "I feel sad about Paul's albums&nbsp;... I don't think there's one [good] tune on the last one, ''RAM''&nbsp;... he seems to be going strange."<ref>Badman, p. 39.</ref>


===Retrospect===
===Retrospect===
Line 99: Line 99:
| rev10Score = 8/10<ref name="Quantick">{{cite magazine|last=Quantick|first=David|authorlink=David Quantick|date=June 2012|page=96|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/paul-mccartney-ram-reissue-review|title=Paul McCartney – Ram [reissue]|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|location=London|issue=181|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref>
| rev10Score = 8/10<ref name="Quantick">{{cite magazine|last=Quantick|first=David|authorlink=David Quantick|date=June 2012|page=96|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/paul-mccartney-ram-reissue-review|title=Paul McCartney – Ram [reissue]|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|location=London|issue=181|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref>
}}
}}
Decades after the initial release of ''Ram'', critics have reviewed the album more favourably. Some commentators consider it to be one of McCartney's finest solo works. The 2012 reissue received an aggregate score of 86 out of 100 from [[Metacritic]], based on twelve reviews – a score that the website defines as indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/ram-deluxe-edition/paul-linda-mccartney|title=Ram [Deluxe Edition] by Paul & Linda McCartney|website=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref>
Decades after the initial release of ''RAM'', critics have reviewed the album more favourably. Some commentators consider it to be one of McCartney's finest solo works. The 2012 reissue received an aggregate score of 86 out of 100 from [[Metacritic]], based on twelve reviews – a score that the website defines as indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/ram-deluxe-edition/paul-linda-mccartney|title=Ram [Deluxe Edition] by Paul & Linda McCartney|website=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref>


Reviewing the 2012 reissue, ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' said that "today it sounds quintessentially McCartney".<ref name="Mojo"/> [[AllMusic]] editor [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] wrote: "in retrospect it looks like nothing so much as the first [[indie pop]] album, a record that celebrates small pleasures with big melodies".<ref name=AllMusic/> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'}}s Jayson Greene similarly felt McCartney was "inventing an approach to pop music that would eventually become someone else's indie pop," and called ''Ram'' "a domestic-bliss album, one of the weirdest, earthiest, and most honest ever made".<ref name="Greene"/> Simon Vozick-Levinson of ''Rolling Stone'' dubbed it a "daffy masterpiece" and "a grand psychedelic ramble full of divine melodies and orchestral frippery".<ref name="Vozick-Levinson" />
Reviewing the 2012 reissue, ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' said that "today it sounds quintessentially McCartney".<ref name="Mojo"/> [[AllMusic]] editor [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] wrote: "in retrospect it looks like nothing so much as the first [[indie pop]] album, a record that celebrates small pleasures with big melodies".<ref name=AllMusic/> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'}}s Jayson Greene similarly felt McCartney was "inventing an approach to pop music that would eventually become someone else's indie pop," and called ''RAM'' "a domestic-bliss album, one of the weirdest, earthiest, and most honest ever made".<ref name="Greene"/> Simon Vozick-Levinson of ''Rolling Stone'' dubbed it a "daffy masterpiece" and "a grand psychedelic ramble full of divine melodies and orchestral frippery".<ref name="Vozick-Levinson" />


[[David Quantick]] of ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' felt that, although it is not as "legendary" as publicised, the album is "occasionally brilliant and historically fascinating" as "post-Beatles mish-mash".<ref name="Quantick"/> [[Steven Hyden]], writing for ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', said that the "lightweight" style that was originally panned by critics is "actually (when heard with sympathetic ears) a big part of what makes it so appealing".<ref name="Hyden">{{cite news|last=Hyden|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Hyden|date=22 May 2012|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/paul-and-linda-mccartney-ram,75461/|title=Paul and Linda McCartney: Ram|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|location=Chicago|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> However, ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine still found ''Ram'' to be "frustratingly uneven".<ref name="Qmag"/> In a retrospective review, Robert Christgau panned McCartney's songs as pretentious "crotchets&nbsp;... so lightweight they float away even as Paulie layers them down with [[capriccio (music)|caprices]]".<ref name="CG"/>
[[David Quantick]] of ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' felt that, although it is not as "legendary" as publicised, the album is "occasionally brilliant and historically fascinating" as "post-Beatles mish-mash".<ref name="Quantick"/> [[Steven Hyden]], writing for ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', said that the "lightweight" style that was originally panned by critics is "actually (when heard with sympathetic ears) a big part of what makes it so appealing".<ref name="Hyden">{{cite news|last=Hyden|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Hyden|date=22 May 2012|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/paul-and-linda-mccartney-ram,75461/|title=Paul and Linda McCartney: Ram|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|location=Chicago|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> However, ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine still found ''RAM'' to be "frustratingly uneven".<ref name="Qmag"/> In a retrospective review, Robert Christgau panned McCartney's songs as pretentious "crotchets&nbsp;... so lightweight they float away even as Paulie layers them down with [[capriccio (music)|caprices]]".<ref name="CG"/>


==Re-releases==
==Re-releases==
In 1977, McCartney supervised the release of an instrumental interpretation of ''Ram'' (recorded in June 1971 and arranged by [[Richard Anthony Hewson|Richard Hewson]]) with the release of ''[[Thrillington]]'' under the pseudonym of Percy "Thrills" Thrillington.<ref>Sounes, p. 284.</ref> ''Thrillington'' was later released as part of the 2012 remaster of ''Ram''.<ref name="Paul site"/> The album, along with McCartney's ''[[Wings over America]]'' and ''[[Tug of War (Paul McCartney album)|Tug of War]]'' albums, was issued in the US on [[compact disc]] on 18 January 1988.{{#tag:ref|US Capitol CDP 7 46612 2|group="nb"}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|editor1=Miles, Barry |editor2=Badman, Keith |title=The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001|year=2001|publisher=Music Sales Group|location=London|isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6|edition=reprint}}</ref> In 1993, the album was remastered and reissued on CD as part of ''[[The Paul McCartney Collection]]'' series with "Another Day" and "Oh Woman, Oh Why" as bonus tracks.{{#tag:ref|Europe Parlophone CDPMCOL 2/0777 7 89139 2 4|group="nb"}}<ref name=AGP154>Perone, p. 154.</ref> That same year Digital Compact Classics released an audiophile edition prepared by [[Steve Hoffman (audio engineer)|Steve Hoffman]].{{#tag:ref|US DCC Compact Classics GZS-1037|group="nb"}}
In 1977, McCartney supervised the release of an instrumental interpretation of ''RAM'' (recorded in June 1971 and arranged by [[Richard Anthony Hewson|Richard Hewson]]) with the release of ''[[Thrillington]]'' under the pseudonym of Percy "Thrills" Thrillington.<ref>Sounes, p. 284.</ref> ''Thrillington'' was later released as part of the 2012 remaster of ''RAM''.<ref name="Paul site"/> The album, along with McCartney's ''[[Wings over America]]'' and ''[[Tug of War (Paul McCartney album)|Tug of War]]'' albums, was issued in the US on [[compact disc]] on 18 January 1988.{{#tag:ref|US Capitol CDP 7 46612 2|group="nb"}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|editor1=Miles, Barry |editor2=Badman, Keith |title=The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001|year=2001|publisher=Music Sales Group|location=London|isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6|edition=reprint}}</ref> In 1993, the album was remastered and reissued on CD as part of ''[[The Paul McCartney Collection]]'' series with "Another Day" and "Oh Woman, Oh Why" as bonus tracks.{{#tag:ref|Europe Parlophone CDPMCOL 2/0777 7 89139 2 4|group="nb"}}<ref name=AGP154>Perone, p. 154.</ref> That same year Digital Compact Classics released an audiophile edition prepared by [[Steve Hoffman (audio engineer)|Steve Hoffman]].{{#tag:ref|US DCC Compact Classics GZS-1037|group="nb"}}
On 21 May 2012 (in the UK) and 22 May (in the US), the album was reissued by McCartney's current label, [[Hear Music]] as part of the ''Paul McCartney Archive Collection''.<ref name="Paul site"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Marchese|first=Joe|title=Ram On: Paul McCartney Archive Collection's "Ram" Coming This Spring, Previewed on Record store Day|url=http://theseconddisc.com/2012/03/13/ram-on-paul-mccartney-archive-collections-ram-coming-this-spring-previewed-on-record-store-day/|website=The Second Disc|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref> This reissue included the mono mix, which had never been issued previously on compact disc, except by bootleggers.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /> The mono version was also released commercially in 2012, albeit as a limited edition LP.{{#tag:ref|Europe Hear Music HRM-33452-01|group="nb"}}<ref name="Paul site">{{cite web|title=Paul and Linda McCartney's Legendary Album RAM Set for Deluxe Reissue|url=http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/news/-/blogs/paul-and-linda-mccartney-s-legendary-album-ram-set-for-deluxe-reissue?_33_redirect=/web/guest&#p_33top|website=paulmccartney.com|accessdate=22 March 2012|date=22 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323202143/http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/news/-/blogs/paul-and-linda-mccartney-s-legendary-album-ram-set-for-deluxe-reissue?_33_redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest&#p_33top|archivedate=23 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2012 reissue was accompanied by the [[Record Store Day]] exclusive edition of "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]" single.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recordstoreday.com/SpecialRelease/5259|title=PAUL MCCARTNEY Another Day / Oh Woman Oh Why|website=recordstoreday.com |accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref>
On 21 May 2012 (in the UK) and 22 May (in the US), the album was reissued by McCartney's current label, [[Hear Music]] as part of the ''Paul McCartney Archive Collection''.<ref name="Paul site"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Marchese|first=Joe|title=Ram On: Paul McCartney Archive Collection's "Ram" Coming This Spring, Previewed on Record store Day|url=http://theseconddisc.com/2012/03/13/ram-on-paul-mccartney-archive-collections-ram-coming-this-spring-previewed-on-record-store-day/|website=The Second Disc|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref> This reissue included the mono mix, which had never been issued previously on compact disc, except by bootleggers.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 157" /> The mono version was also released commercially in 2012, albeit as a limited edition LP.{{#tag:ref|Europe Hear Music HRM-33452-01|group="nb"}}<ref name="Paul site">{{cite web|title=Paul and Linda McCartney's Legendary Album RAM Set for Deluxe Reissue|url=http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/news/-/blogs/paul-and-linda-mccartney-s-legendary-album-ram-set-for-deluxe-reissue?_33_redirect=/web/guest&#p_33top|website=paulmccartney.com|accessdate=22 March 2012|date=22 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323202143/http://www.paulmccartney.com/web/guest/news/-/blogs/paul-and-linda-mccartney-s-legendary-album-ram-set-for-deluxe-reissue?_33_redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest&#p_33top|archivedate=23 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2012 reissue was accompanied by the [[Record Store Day]] exclusive edition of "[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]" single.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recordstoreday.com/SpecialRelease/5259|title=PAUL MCCARTNEY Another Day / Oh Woman Oh Why|website=recordstoreday.com |accessdate=14 March 2017}}</ref>
Line 174: Line 174:


===2012 remaster===
===2012 remaster===
''Ram'' was reissued in several packages:<ref name="Paul site"/>
''RAM'' was reissued in several packages:<ref name="Paul site"/>
*'''Standard Edition'''{{#tag:ref|Europe Hear Music HRM-33448-02/0888072334489|group="nb"}} 1-CD; the original 12-track album
*'''Standard Edition'''{{#tag:ref|Europe Hear Music HRM-33448-02/0888072334489|group="nb"}} 1-CD; the original 12-track album
*'''Standard Edition''' [[Music download|digital download]]; the original 12-track album
*'''Standard Edition''' [[Music download|digital download]]; the original 12-track album
Line 202: Line 202:
#:''Tracks 4–8 are previously unreleased''
#:''Tracks 4–8 are previously unreleased''


'''Disc 3 – ''Ram'' mono'''
'''Disc 3 – ''RAM'' mono'''
The mono version of the original 12-song album.
The mono version of the original 12-song album.


Revision as of 17:38, 2 May 2019

For the Daft Punk album, see Random Access Memories.

RAM
Studio album by
Paul and Linda McCartney
Released17 May 1971 (US)
21 May 1971 (UK)
Recorded16 October 1970 – 1 March 1971
Studio
GenreRock
Length43:15
LabelApple
ProducerPaul McCartney, Linda McCartney
Paul McCartney chronology
McCartney
(1970) 		RAM
(1971) 		Wild Life
(1971)
Linda McCartney chronology
RAM
(1971) 		Wide Prairie
(1998)
Singles from RAM
  1. "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"
    Released: 2 August 1971 (US)
  2. "The Back Seat of My Car"
    Released: 13 August 1971 (UK)
  3. "Eat at Home"
    Released: 2 September 1971 (Europe only; except UK)

RAM is a studio album by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney, released in May 1971 on Apple Records.[1] RAM was recorded amid McCartney's legal action in the United Kingdom's High Court to dissolve the Beatles' partnership, following the band's break-up the year before. It was recorded in New York with guitarists David Spinozza and Hugh McCracken, and future Wings drummer Denny Seiwell. Its release coincided with a period of bitter acrimony between McCartney and his former bandmate John Lennon, who perceived verbal slights in the lyrics to songs such as "Too Many People".

On release, RAM was unfavourably received by the majority of music critics, although opinion has become more positive in subsequent decades. The album was a commercial success nonetheless, topping the national albums charts in the UK, the Netherlands and Canada. Three singles were issued from RAM: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey", which was McCartney's first number 1 hit in America as a solo artist, "The Back Seat of My Car" and "Eat at Home". The album was remastered on vinyl and CD and released as a deluxe box set in May 2012.

Recording and structure

Paul McCartney and his family flew to New York City in October 1970 to begin working on the follow-up to McCartney.[2] While McCartney had featured him playing every instrument, for RAM, Paul decided to hold auditions for musicians,[3] some of whom were brought in under the guise of conducting a session to record a commercial jingle.[4][5] Auditions were held in an attic on 45th Street for three days,[6] where David Spinozza was tapped for guitar duties,[3] after being asked by Linda, before auditions moved to a basement,[6] where Denny Seiwell was recruited on drums.[nb 1][3] McCartney later claimed to have found Seiwell "lying on a mattress one day in The Bronx".[7] Midway through these sessions, Spinozza was replaced by Hugh McCracken when Spinozza became unavailable.[3]

The basic tracks for the album were taped at Columbia's Studio B from 12 October to 20 November 1970[8] before the McCartneys returned to their Scottish farm for the Christmas holidays.[9] Work continued at Studio B and A&R Recording Studios, New York,[10] from the second week of January 1971 through to February.[5] Playing guitar or piano and singing at the same time, Paul chose to overdub his bass later on.[3] Although it was a collaborative project, Linda's vocal duties were mostly limited to singing harmonies[3] and backing Paul, who sang almost all of the lead parts; however, Linda sang co-lead vocals on "Long Haired Lady".[nb 2] The New York Philharmonic was brought in by McCartney to play on "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey", "Long Haired Lady" and "The Back Seat of My Car",[3][6] as well as the McCartneys' forthcoming, non-album single "Another Day".[12] The couple's eldest daughter, Heather, sang backing vocals on "Monkberry Moon Delight".[6]

In July 1971, Northern Songs and Maclen Music sued Paul and Linda McCartney for violating an exclusive rights agreement by collaborating on the song "Another Day", released three months before RAM.[13] Although six of the eleven songs on RAM were also co-written with Linda, both parties agreed the issue of royalties for the album could be decided at a later date.[14] In June 1972, ATV announced that "all differences between them have been amicably settled" and the McCartneys signed a new seven-year co-publishing contract between ATV and McCartney Music.[15] The sessions also produced songs such as [16] "Little Woman Love", as well as tracks featured on Wings' 1973 album Red Rose Speedway: "Get on the Right Thing", "Little Lamb Dragonfly"[nb 3][17] and "Big Barn Bed".[18] It has recently surfaced that "I Lie Around", issued as the B-side to Wings' 1973 single "Live and Let Die", was taped during these sessions.[19] Also recorded was the first incarnation of "Seaside Woman".[6]

The album was mixed at Sound Recorders in Los Angeles.[3] By early 1971, the project was completed, along with "Another Day" and its B-side, "Oh Woman, Oh Why".[18] In addition to the songs released on RAM and the first two Wings albums, McCartney recorded the following tracks during these sessions: "Hey Diddle", "A Love for You", "Great Cock and Seagull Race", "Now Hear This Song of Mine", "Rode All Night", "Sunshine Sometimes" and "When the Wind Is Blowing".[20]

Songs

The song "Ram On", from the album's first side, was reprised on the second side,[nb 4] before the album's final track, "The Back Seat of My Car".[nb 5][21] "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" is in a similar vein to the Abbey Road medley, as the song consisted of several unfinished songs combined into one.[23][24] Music videos were made for "3 Legs" and "Heart of the Country", from footage that was filmed on 2 January 1971, and edited together five months later, by Ray Benson.[nb 6]

Back cover of the Ram album

Feud

According to Peter Brown, the Beatles' former business associate, John Lennon believed that several of the songs on RAM contained personal jibes directed at himself and Yoko Ono, among them "Dear Boy" and, particularly, "Too Many People".[25][26] McCartney later conceded that some of the lyrics of "Too Many People" had been "a little dig at John and Yoko", with "preaching practices" and "you took your lucky break and broke it in two" being direct references to Lennon.[27][nb 7] Brown also described the picture of two beetles copulating on the back cover as symbolic of how McCartney felt the other Beatles were treating him.[25][26] George Harrison and Ringo Starr were said to interpret the track "3 Legs" as an attack on them and Lennon.[7] According to McCartney, "Dear Boy" was directed at Linda's ex-husband, and not Lennon.[21]

In addition to conducting a war of words in the British music press,[7] Lennon's response was to write the scathing "How Do You Sleep?" about McCartney.[25][26][28] "Crippled Inside", another track on Lennon's Imagine album, was also thought to be directed at McCartney.[7][16] Early editions of Imagine included a postcard of Lennon pulling the ears of a pig in a parody of RAM's cover photograph of McCartney holding a ram by the horns.[16][26][29]

Release

"Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" was released that February and became a worldwide Top 5 hit.[30] In May, RAM was unveiled,[3] on 17th in the US and on the 21st in the UK.[6] "The Back Seat of My Car" was excerpted as a UK single[nb 8] that August, only reaching number 39,[31] but the US release[nb 9] of the ambitious "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" proved much more successful, giving McCartney his first number 1 single since leaving The Beatles.[23][30][32] The album reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US,[33][34] where it spent over five months in the Top 10 and went platinum. Despite the phasing-out of monaural albums by the late 1960s, RAM was pressed in mono with unique mixes that differ from the common stereo version. These were only made available to radio stations and are among the most valuable and sought-after of Paul McCartney's solo records.[5][35] The album has sold over 2 million copies.[10]

Critical reception

Upon its release, RAM was poorly received by music critics. McCartney was particularly hurt by the harsh reviews − especially as he had attempted to address the points raised in criticism of his earlier album, McCartney, by adopting a more professional approach this time around.[36] In his review for Rolling Stone, Jon Landau called RAM "incredibly inconsequential" and "monumentally irrelevant", and criticised its lack of intensity and energy. He added that it exposes McCartney as having "benefited immensely from collaboration" with the Beatles, particularly John Lennon, who "held the reins in on McCartney's cutsie-pie [sic], florid attempts at pure rock muzak" and kept him from "going off the deep end that leads to an album as emotionally vacuous as RAM".[37] Playboy accused McCartney of "substituting facility for any real substance", and compared it to "watching someone juggle five guitars: It's fairly impressive, but you keep wondering why he bothers."[38] Robert Christgau, writing in The Village Voice, called it "a bad record, a classic form/content mismatch", and felt that McCartney succumbed to "conspicuous consumption" by overworking himself and obscenely producing a style of music meant to be soft and whimsical.[39] Writing four years later, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler from NME suggested that "it would be naive to have expected the McCartneys to produce anything other than a mediocre record ... Grisly though this was, McCartney was to sink lower before rescuing his credibility late in 1973."[40]

His fellow ex-Beatles, all of whom were riding high in the critics' favour with their recent releases,[41] were likewise vocal in their negativity. Lennon hated the album, dismissing his former songwriting partner's efforts as "muzak to my ears" in his song "How Do You Sleep?" Starr told the UK's Melody Maker: "I feel sad about Paul's albums ... I don't think there's one [good] tune on the last one, RAM ... he seems to be going strange."[42]

Retrospect

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[43]
American Songwriter[44]
Blender[45]
Christgau's Record GuideC+[46]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[47]
Mojo[48]
Pitchfork9.2/10[49]
Q[50]
Rolling Stone[51]
Uncut8/10[52]

Decades after the initial release of RAM, critics have reviewed the album more favourably. Some commentators consider it to be one of McCartney's finest solo works. The 2012 reissue received an aggregate score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic, based on twelve reviews – a score that the website defines as indicating "universal acclaim".[53]

Reviewing the 2012 reissue, Mojo said that "today it sounds quintessentially McCartney".[48] AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "in retrospect it looks like nothing so much as the first indie pop album, a record that celebrates small pleasures with big melodies".[43] Pitchfork's Jayson Greene similarly felt McCartney was "inventing an approach to pop music that would eventually become someone else's indie pop," and called RAM "a domestic-bliss album, one of the weirdest, earthiest, and most honest ever made".[49] Simon Vozick-Levinson of Rolling Stone dubbed it a "daffy masterpiece" and "a grand psychedelic ramble full of divine melodies and orchestral frippery".[51]

David Quantick of Uncut felt that, although it is not as "legendary" as publicised, the album is "occasionally brilliant and historically fascinating" as "post-Beatles mish-mash".[52] Steven Hyden, writing for The A.V. Club, said that the "lightweight" style that was originally panned by critics is "actually (when heard with sympathetic ears) a big part of what makes it so appealing".[54] However, Q magazine still found RAM to be "frustratingly uneven".[50] In a retrospective review, Robert Christgau panned McCartney's songs as pretentious "crotchets ... so lightweight they float away even as Paulie layers them down with caprices".[46]

Re-releases

In 1977, McCartney supervised the release of an instrumental interpretation of RAM (recorded in June 1971 and arranged by Richard Hewson) with the release of Thrillington under the pseudonym of Percy "Thrills" Thrillington.[55] Thrillington was later released as part of the 2012 remaster of RAM.[56] The album, along with McCartney's Wings over America and Tug of War albums, was issued in the US on compact disc on 18 January 1988.[nb 10][57] In 1993, the album was remastered and reissued on CD as part of The Paul McCartney Collection series with "Another Day" and "Oh Woman, Oh Why" as bonus tracks.[nb 11][12] That same year Digital Compact Classics released an audiophile edition prepared by Steve Hoffman.[nb 12]

On 21 May 2012 (in the UK) and 22 May (in the US), the album was reissued by McCartney's current label, Hear Music as part of the Paul McCartney Archive Collection.[56][58] This reissue included the mono mix, which had never been issued previously on compact disc, except by bootleggers.[5] The mono version was also released commercially in 2012, albeit as a limited edition LP.[nb 13][56] The 2012 reissue was accompanied by the Record Store Day exclusive edition of "Another Day" single.[59]

Tributes

In 2009, two tribute albums featuring all of the songs from the album were put together:

  • Ram On L.A was compiled by the website Aquarium Drunkard and released as a digital download, featuring Los Angeles-based acts.[60][61]
  • Tom: A Best Show on WFMU Tribute to Ram was put together by WFMU DJ Tom Scharpling for the New Jersey radio station's annual fundraising marathon as a CD made available exclusively to those who donated to his show. Artists included Aimee Mann, Death Cab for Cutie and Ted Leo, among others.[62]

In 2012, Danish rock singer/songwriter Tim Christensen, American singer/songwriters Mike Viola and Tracy Bonham, and Christensen's solo band The Damn Crystals did a one-off tribute show, performing Ram in full length along with other post-Beatles songs,[63] at Vega in Copenhagen, in celebration of McCartney's 70th birthday.[64] Vega's large concert hall, with a capacity of 1500, was sold out.[65] The concert was met with very positive reviews. In 2013 the concert was released as the DVD/CD and DVD/2-LP album Pure McCartney. In 2013, the collective held further performances playing McCartney songs.

Track listing

Side one
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Too Many People"Paul McCartney4:10
2."3 Legs"Paul McCartney2:44
3."Ram On"Paul McCartney2:26
4."Dear Boy"Paul & Linda McCartney2:12
5."Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey"Paul & Linda McCartney4:49
6."Smile Away"Paul McCartney3:51
Side two
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Heart of the Country"Paul & Linda McCartney2:21
2."Monkberry Moon Delight"Paul & Linda McCartney5:21
3."Eat at Home"Paul & Linda McCartney3:18
4."Long Haired Lady"Paul & Linda McCartney5:54
5."Ram On (Reprise)"Paul McCartney0:52
6."The Back Seat of My Car"Paul McCartney4:26
Bonus tracks
1993 The Paul McCartney Collection bonus tracks
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Another Day"Paul & Linda McCartney3:41
2."Oh Woman, Oh Why"Paul McCartney4:36

2012 remaster

RAM was reissued in several packages:[56]

  • Standard Edition[nb 14] 1-CD; the original 12-track album
  • Standard Edition digital download; the original 12-track album
  • Special Edition[nb 15][nb 16] 2-CD; the original 12-track album on the first disc, plus 8 bonus tracks on a second disc
  • Deluxe Edition Box Set[nb 17][nb 18] 4-CD/1-DVD; the original 12-track album, the bonus tracks disc, the original album in mono, Thrillington, DVD of films (including the documentary 'Ramming' narrated by Paul and directed by Ben Ib, as well as the original music videos for "Heart of the Country" and "3 Legs"), 112-page book, 5 prints, 8 facsimiles of lyric sheets, photograph book, and download link to all of the material
  • Remastered vinyl[nb 19] 2-LP version of the Special Edition and a download link to the material
  • Remastered mono vinyl[nb 20] limited edition LP of the mono mixes
  • Remastered (Record Store Day 2012 exclusive) vinyl single of "Another Day" and "Oh Woman, Oh Why"[66]

Personnel

Charts

Weekly charts

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Seiwell would later become the drummer of the McCartneys' new band, Wings.[3]
  2. ^ This composition is made up of two songs: "Long Haired Lady" and "Love Is Long", making it the longest track on the album.[11]
  3. ^ Spinozza played lead guitar on "Get on the Right Thing", while McCracken played it on "Little Lamb Dragonfly".[17]
  4. ^ Near the end of the reprise version of "Ram On" McCartney sings lyrics from Wings' "Big Barn Bed".[21]
  5. ^ An early version of "The Back Seat of My Car" was premiered during the Beatles' Get Back/Let It Be sessions in January 1969.[22]
  6. ^ Both videos had an airing on the 24 June 1971 edition of the BBC TV show Top of the Pops, while the "3 Legs" video had an extra airing, albeit a 20-second clip on VH-1's One to One on 3 May 1993.[6]
  7. ^ In the original version of the line "You took your lucky break and broke it in two", "You" was "Yoko".[26]
  8. ^ UK Apple R 5914
  9. ^ US Apple 1837
  10. ^ US Capitol CDP 7 46612 2
  11. ^ Europe Parlophone CDPMCOL 2/0777 7 89139 2 4
  12. ^ US DCC Compact Classics GZS-1037
  13. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33452-01
  14. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33448-02/0888072334489
  15. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33449-02/0888072334496
  16. ^ US Hear Music HRM-33449-02
  17. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33450-00
  18. ^ US Hear Music HRM-33450-00
  19. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33451-01
  20. ^ Europe Hear Music HRM-33452-01

Citations

  1. ^ https://www.paulmccartney.com/albums/ram
  2. ^ Sounes, p. 273.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Perone, p. 147.
  4. ^ "Album – Paul McCartney". paulmccartney.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Madinger & Easter, p. 157.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith, eds. (2001). The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001 (reprint ed.). London: Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
  7. ^ a b c d Badman, p. 22.
  8. ^ Luca Perasi, Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013), L.I.L.Y. Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-88-909122-1-4, pp. 26–56.
  9. ^ Sounes, p. 275.
  10. ^ a b Spizer, p. 128.
  11. ^ Perone, p. 152.
  12. ^ a b Perone, p. 154.
  13. ^ "McCartney and Wife Sued on 'Another Day' Recording", New York Times, 23 July 1971, p. 15.
  14. ^ McNicoll, Don. (AP) "McCartney album jumps legal snags, sure to be a hit" The Miami News 22 May 1971: 8-A
  15. ^ Perry, Rupert. Northern Songs: The True Story of the Beatles Song Publishing Empire (2006)
  16. ^ a b c Sounes, p. 290.
  17. ^ a b Benitez, p. 45.
  18. ^ a b Calkin, Graham (2001). "Ram". jpgr.com. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  19. ^ Luca Perasi, Paul McCartney: Recording Sessions (1969–2013), LILY Publishing, ISBN 978-88-909122-1-4, 2013, p.56.
  20. ^ Lennon and McCartney, Together Alone: a Critical Discography of Their Solo Work ISBN 1-906-00202-9 p. 59
  21. ^ a b c Perone, p. 149.
  22. ^ Perone, p. 153.
  23. ^ a b Perone, p. 150.
  24. ^ Raymer & Colebrook, pp 48–49.
  25. ^ a b c Brown, p. 351.
  26. ^ a b c d e Perone, p. 148.
  27. ^ Goodman, Joan (December 1984). "Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney". Playboy. Posted at "Playboy Interview With Paul and Linda McCartney". beatlesinterviews.org. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  28. ^ Perone, p. 143.
  29. ^ Norman, p. 672.
  30. ^ a b "Paul McCartney singles". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  31. ^ Ingham, p. 139.
  32. ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 28 February 1970. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  33. ^ a b c "Chart Stats – Paul And Linda McCartney – Ram". UK Albums Chart. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b "allmusic ((( Ram > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  35. ^ Spizer, p. 132.
  36. ^ Schaffner, p. 144.
  37. ^ Landau, Jon (8 July 1971). "Paul McCartney RAM > Album Review". Rolling Stone. No. 86. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Review: Ram". Playboy. September 1971.
  39. ^ Christgau, Robert (September 1971). "Living Without the Beatles". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  40. ^ Carr & Tyler, p. 95.
  41. ^ Woffinden, p. 52.
  42. ^ Badman, p. 39.
  43. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Ram – Paul McCartney / Linda McCartney". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  44. ^ Dayal, Raj (22 May 2012). "Paul McCartney: Ram". American Songwriter. Nashville. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  45. ^ Rosen, Jody. "Paul McCartney: Ram". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  46. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: M". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 7 March 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
  47. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "McCartney, Paul". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
  48. ^ a b "Paul & Linda McCartney: Ram". Mojo. No. 223. London. June 2012. p. 100.
  49. ^ a b Greene, Jayson (24 May 2012). "Paul McCartney / Linda McCartney: Ram". Pitchfork. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  50. ^ a b "Paul & Linda McCartney: Ram". Q. No. 311. London. June 2012. p. 118.
  51. ^ a b Vozick-Levinson, Simon (22 May 2012). "Ram: Deluxe Edition". Rolling Stone. New York. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  52. ^ a b Quantick, David (June 2012). "Paul McCartney – Ram [reissue]". Uncut. No. 181. London. p. 96. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  53. ^ "Ram [Deluxe Edition] by Paul & Linda McCartney". Metacritic. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  54. ^ Hyden, Steven (22 May 2012). "Paul and Linda McCartney: Ram". The A.V. Club. Chicago. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  55. ^ Sounes, p. 284.
  56. ^ a b c d "Paul and Linda McCartney's Legendary Album RAM Set for Deluxe Reissue". paulmccartney.com. 22 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith, eds. (2001). The Beatles Diary After the Break-Up: 1970–2001 (reprint ed.). London: Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
  58. ^ Marchese, Joe. "Ram On: Paul McCartney Archive Collection's "Ram" Coming This Spring, Previewed on Record store Day". The Second Disc. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  59. ^ "PAUL MCCARTNEY Another Day / Oh Woman Oh Why". recordstoreday.com. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  60. ^ Bronson, Kevin (18 March 2009). "11 L.A. artists honour Paul McCartney's 'Ram'". Pop & Hiss. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  61. ^ "RAM On L.A. :: A Los Angeles Music Sampler". Aquarium Drunkard. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  62. ^ Jam, Billy (9 September 2009). "Tom Scharpling on his Paul McCartney Ram album tribute". Amoeba Music. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  63. ^ Christensen, Tim (22 January 2013). "DVD-release: The Pure McCartney-tribute show". The Official Tim Christensen Blog.
  64. ^ Bertelsen, Mikkel Drejer (22 March 2012). "Tim C hylder Paul McCartney" (Tim C celebrates Paul McCartney). GAFFA. Template:Da icon
  65. ^ Viola, Mike (2012). Been quiet in the tour update front Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Tumblr. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  66. ^ "Paul McCartney – Another Day / Oh Woman, Oh Why (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  67. ^ "Sir Paul McCartney 'RAM' tracklisting, reissue details revealed". paulmccartney.com. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 978-0-646-11917-5.
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  70. ^ a b "dutchcharts.nl Paul & Linda McCartney – Ram". Hung Medien, dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  71. ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste". infodisc.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ a b "Hit Parade Italia – Gli album più venduti del 1971". hitparadeitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  73. ^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 978-4-87131-077-2.
  74. ^ a b "norwegiancharts.com Paul & Linda McCartney – Ram". VG-lista. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  75. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 978-84-8048-639-2.
  76. ^ "Swedish Charts 1969 – 1972 (in PDF-files)" (PDF) (in Swedish). Hitsallertijden. Retrieved 13 June 2012.Note: Ram peaked at number-three on the Kvällstoppen best-selling records list in June 1971, behind "Funny Funny" by The Sweet and "Going Back to Indiana" by Jackson 5.
  77. ^ a b McGee, Garry (2003). Band on the Run: A History of Paul McCartney and Wings. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-87833-304-2.
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  82. ^ "lescharts.com Paul & Linda McCartney – RAM" (ASP). Hung Medien (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  83. ^ ポール&リンダ・マッカートニー-リリース-ORICON STYLE-ミュージック "Highest position and charting weeks of Ram by Paul & Linda McCartney". oricon.co.jp. Oricon Style (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  84. ^ "spanishcharts.com – Paul & Linda McCartney – RAM" (ASP). Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  85. ^ "swedishcharts.com Paul & Linda McCartney – RAM" (ASP) (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  86. ^ Caulfield, Keith (1 June 2012). "Chart Moves: Kimbra Debuts in Top 20 on Billboard 200, McCartney's 'Ram' Returns". billboard.biz. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  87. ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1971" (ASP) (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  88. ^ "Les Albums (CD) de 1971 par InfoDisc" (in French). infodisc.fr. Archived from the original (PHP) on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  89. ^ "The Official UK Charts Company : ALBUM CHART HISTORY". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
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  92. ^ "American album certifications – Paul McCartney – Ram". Recording Industry Association of America.

Sources

  • Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
  • Benitez, Vincent P. (2010). The Words and Music of Paul McCartney: The Solo Years. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-34969-0.
  • Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. New York: New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-20735-7.
  • Carr, Roy; Tyler, Tony (1978). The Beatles: An Illustrated Record. London: Trewin Copplestone Publishing. ISBN 978-0-450-04170-9.
  • Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1976). All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25680-5.
  • Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8.
  • Ingham, Chris (2003). The Rough Guide to The Beatles. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-140-1.
  • Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. ISBN 978-0-615-11724-9.
  • Norman, Philip (2008). John Lennon: The Life. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-075401-3.
  • Perone, James E. (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37907-9.
  • Raymer, Miles; Colebrook, Claire (2010). How to Analyze the Music of Paul McCartney. ABDO. ISBN 978-1-61758-784-9.
  • Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4.
  • Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-055087-2.
  • Sounes, Howard (2010). Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-723705-0.
  • Spizer, Bruce (2005). The Beatles Solo on Apple Records. New Orleans, LA: 498 Productions. ISBN 978-0-9662649-5-1.
  • Woffinden, Bob (1981). The Beatles Apart. London: Proteus. ISBN 978-0-906071-89-2.
Further reading
  • McGee, Garry (2003). Band on the Run; A History of Paul McCartney and Wings. New York: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87833-304-2.

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