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=== Verses 5:72 – 73 ===
=== Verses 5:72 – 73 ===
{{Main Article| Shirk (Islam)}}
''The Quran: An Encyclopedia'' says, ''The Quran's objection to Christian practice is Christianity's [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], its worship of Jesus, Mary and the saints "in derogation of Allah". There is no justification in believing in the Trinity, for Jesus never would have condoned such a concept''.<ref name="IslamEncyclopedia">{{cite web|url=https://ahmadladhani.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/21470616-the-qur-an-an-encyclopedia.pdf |title=The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia |pages =144–145| editor=Leaman, Oliver |date=2006|work=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-415-32639-7|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> In Sahih International: "(72) They have certainly disbelieved who say, " Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary" while the Messiah has said, "O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." Indeed, he who associates others with Allah - Allah has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. (73) They have certainly disbelieved who say, Allah is the third of three. And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment." <ref name="qurandotcom">[https://quran.com/5:51 Sahih International]</ref>{{cite quran|5|72|e=73}}
''The Quran: An Encyclopedia'' says, ''The Quran's objection to Christian practice is Christianity's [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], its worship of Jesus, Mary and the saints "in derogation of Allah". There is no justification in believing in the Trinity, for Jesus never would have condoned such a concept''.<ref name="IslamEncyclopedia">{{cite web|url=https://ahmadladhani.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/21470616-the-qur-an-an-encyclopedia.pdf |title=The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia |pages =144–145| editor=Leaman, Oliver |date=2006|work=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-415-32639-7|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> In Sahih International: "(72) They have certainly disbelieved who say, " Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary" while the Messiah has said, "O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." Indeed, he who associates others with Allah - Allah has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. (73) They have certainly disbelieved who say, Allah is the third of three. And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment." <ref name="qurandotcom">[https://quran.com/5:51 Sahih International]</ref>{{cite quran|5|72|e=73}}


Revision as of 07:56, 7 February 2020

Sura 5 of the Quran
ٱلْمَائِدَة‎
Al-Māʾidah
The Table Spread with Food
ClassificationMedinan
Other namesThe Feast
PositionJuzʼ 6 to 7
Hizb no.11 to 13
No. of Rukus16
No. of verses120
No. of Sajdahsnone
Quran
History
Manuscripts
Divisions
Content
Reading
Translations
Exegesis
Characteristics
Related

Al-Ma'idah (Arabic: ٱلْمَائِدَة Al-Māʾidah, "The Table" or "The Table Spread with Food", likely a word of Ethiopic origin)[1] is the fifth chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, with 120 verses (āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (Asbāb al-nuzūl), it is a Medinan surah, which means it is believed to have been revealed in Medina, instead of Mecca.

The chapter's topics include animals which are forbidden, the missions of Isa (Jesus) and Musa (Moses). Verse 5:90 prohibits "the intoxicant", and likewise, Q2:219 and Q4:43 mention it.[2]

Exegesis

Verse 5:3

See also: Verse of Ikmal al-Din

Quran 5:3 is a Parenthetical Sentence: "This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so fear them not, and fear Me. This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion".[Quran 5:3] This verse was revealed at Arafat as reported in an authentic hadith.[3]

Verse 5:8

Quran 5:8 strongly encourages Muslims to volunteer their testimonies and be just regardless of their personal feelings.[4][5] "O ye who believe! Stand out firmly for Allah, as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety and fear Allah. For Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do."[6]

Verses 27–31

See also: Cain and Abel in Islam

Verse 5:32

See also Hirabah - an Arabic word for "piracy", or "unlawful warfare"

See also Fasad - an Arabic word which can refer to "spreading mischief"

Verse 5:32 says:

Because of that, We ordained for the Children of Israel that if anyone killed a person not in retaliation of murder, or (and) to spread mischief in the land - it would be as if he killed all mankind, and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.[1]

This verse is used in Islamic jurisprudence to condemn and denounce killing.[7][8]

The spread of fasad (فساد‎ /fasād meaning rottenness, corruption, or depravity) is a major theme in the Quran.[9] Classical Quranic commentators commonly interpreted "corruption in the land" as open disobedience against God, its result or any disturbance of public peace.[9][10] In certain contexts, classical jurists took it to refer to the legal category of Hirabah, comprising armed assault, rape and murder.[11] Some contemporary Muslims view destruction of the natural environment to be among the central meanings of verses referring to fasad.[9]

Verse 5:33

Main article: Hirabah

Verse 5:33 says:

The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified, or their hands and their feet be cut off on opposite sides, or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafter.[1]: 5:33 

This verse known as "the hirabah verse" (ayat al-hiraba)[12] is understood by the Islamic jurisprudence, particularly the wording "those who do mischief in the land" as a reference to acts that defy universal codes such as killing civilians, terrorism, poisoning water wells etc. In this regard, crimes that were extremely serious, so much so that the perpetrators were "not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere".[13][14][15] Muslim scholar Muhammad Asad argues that this phrase is to be understood metonymically asserting that "cutting off of one's hands and feet is often synonymous with destroying one's power".[16]

Verse 5:38

See also: Hudud

Verse 5:38 says:

And (as for) the male thief and the female thief, cut off their hands as a recompense for that which both committed, a punishment by way of example from Allah. And Allah is All-Powerful, All-Wise.[1]: 5:38 

Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded that Aishah said that the Messenger of Allah said, "The hand of the thief shall be cut off if he steals a quarter of a Dinar or more".[1]: 5:38 

Verse 5:47

Verse 5:47 says:

Let the people of the Injil judge by what Allah has revealed therein. And whosoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, such are the rebellious.[1][17]

This verse is an injunction to observe the Injil Gospel.[1] Islamic commentators[18] rebut issues raised (as they see it) by Christian commentators.[19][20][21]

Verse 5:51

See also: Al Maida 51 case

Verse 5:51 says:

O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians (naṣārā) as allies. They are [in fact] allies of one another. And whoever is an ally to them among you - then indeed, he is [one] of them. Indeed, Allah guides not the wrongdoing people.[1]

Muslim scholar Dr. Mustafa Khattab remarks on this instance that this "verse forbids Muslims from allying with the Jews and Christians conspiring to persecute Muslims", coming to the conclusion that "as long as non-Muslims are not at war with Muslims or persecuting them, the Quran (60:8) commands Muslims to be kind and gracious to them".[22]

Nevertheless, an interpretation of Verse 51 has resulted in repercussions in modern politics. For example, criticism and violent protests ensued against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, the Chinese-Christian governor of Jakarta, Indonesia, after his declaration that Indonesians should not be deceived by those people who are using the verse to not elect non-Muslims as their leaders. This resulted in large protests against him demanding his arrest on charges of blaspheming the Quran.[23][24]

Verse 5:54

In Sahih International:

O you who have believed, whoever of you should revert from his religion Allah will bring forth [in place of them] a people He will love and who will love Him [who are] humble toward the believers, powerful against the disbelievers; they strive in the cause of Allah and do not fear the blame of a critic. That is the favor of Allah; He bestows it upon whom He wills. And Allah is all-Encompassing and Knowing.[25]

Verse 5:54 is also interesting in relation to who the "beloved" are; some hadith view it as being Abu Musa al-Ashari.[26][Quran 5:54]

Shi'ite view

Tahir ul Qadri writes regarding this verse:[27] A hadith attributed to Ammar bin Yasir reports:[citation needed]

A beggar came up to 'Ali and stood beside him. He was kneeling in prayer. He ('Ali) pulled out his ring and he gave the ring to the beggar. Then 'Ali called on the Prophet and told him the news. At this occasion, this verse was revealed to him: (Surely your (helping) friend is Allah and His Messenger and (along with them) are the believers who establish prayers, pay zakah and bow down (in humility before Allah). Allah's Messenger read out the verse and said: One who has me as his master has 'Ali as his master. O Allah! Be his friend who befriends him ('Ali) and be his enemy who is his enemy.

Verses 5:59 – 60

5:59-60 Say: "O people of the Book! Do ye disapprove of us for no other reason than that we believe in God, and the revelation that hath come to us and that which came before (us), and (perhaps) that most of you are rebellious and disobedient?" Say: "Shall I point out to you something much worse than this, (as judged) by the treatment it received from God? those who incurred the curse of God and His wrath, those of whom some He transformed into apes and swine, those who worshipped evil;- these are (many times) worse in rank, and far more astray from the even path!" Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938) [28]

These verses conclude "whom Allah has cursed and with whom He became angry and made of them apes and pigs",[1] a reference to the alleged divine punishment for Jews not keeping the Sabbath. However, the transgressions of the Jews transformed into "apes and pigs" are not indicative of the entire community.[29]

Verse 5:67

Verse 5:67 is relevant to the Farewell Pilgrimage and Ghadir Khumm.[Quran 5:67]

Verses 5:72 – 73

The Quran: An Encyclopedia says, The Quran's objection to Christian practice is Christianity's shirk, its worship of Jesus, Mary and the saints "in derogation of Allah". There is no justification in believing in the Trinity, for Jesus never would have condoned such a concept.[30] In Sahih International: "(72) They have certainly disbelieved who say, " Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary" while the Messiah has said, "O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." Indeed, he who associates others with Allah - Allah has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. (73) They have certainly disbelieved who say, Allah is the third of three. And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment." [25][Quran 5:72–73]

Verse 5:90

See also: Khamr

Quran 5:90 says:

O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful.

This is a clear ruling in The Quran for Muslims to avoid alcohol and gambling.[31]

Verse 5:116

See also: Shirk (Islam)

Verse 5:116 says:

And behold! Allah will say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Didst thou say unto men, worship me and my mother as gods in derogation of Allah'? He will say: "Glory to Thee! never could I say what I had no right (to say). . ." Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1985)[32]

Ibn Kathir in his commentary on 'Surah Al Ma'ida' says:

This Ayah also shows the crime of the Christians who invented a lie against Allah and His Messenger, thus making a rival, wife and son for Allah.[1] : 5:116 

When questioned by Allah, Jesus apologizes:

In fact, not only he negates this meaning from himself, but also he says that basically he has not such a right, and a statement like that does not apt to his rank and his situation at all.[33]: 5:116 

Regarding the verse 5:116, some scholars have written that this Islamic view of the Trinity, which criticizes what appears to be God, Jesus, and Mary; is not a description of orthodox Christian belief, wherein the third part of the Trinity is the Holy Spirit.[34] However recent research in the field of Islamic studies by Angelika Neuwirth (2016), Sidney H. Griffith, Gabriel Reynolds & David Thomas emphasize that this verse is to be understood as a "rhetorical statement" to warn from the dangers "against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary."[35][36][37] Additionally, Neuwirth offers also the possibility of a heretical christian sect (see Collyridianism).[38]

Verse 5:117

Main articles: Islamic views on Jesus' death and Jesus in Islam

5:117 "Never said I to them aught except what Thou didst command me to say, to wit, 'worship God, my Lord and your Lord'; and I was a witness over them whilst I dwelt amongst them; when Thou didst take me up Thou wast the Watcher over them, and Thou art a witness to all things. Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938) [39]

Quran 5:117 is interpreted by most Muslims as referring to Jesus entering heaven alive at the end of his life. According to the scholar Muhammad Asad the crucifixion of Jesus did not take place.[40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ibn Kathir. "Surah Al Ma'ida". Quran 4 U. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  2. ^ Gerhard Böwering, Chronology and the Quran, Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an Brill, 2001
  3. ^ "Sunnah Bakhari".
  4. ^ Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed. Al-Bayan.
  5. ^ Shafi, Muhammad. Ma'ariful Qur'an. pp. 84–88.
  6. ^ "Quran 5:8".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ The message of the Quran, M. Asad, Commentary on 5:32. This moral truth is among those to which the first sentence of verse {15} of this surah alludes, and its succinct formulation fully explains the reason why the story of Cain and Abel is mentioned in this context. The expression "We have ordained unto the children of Israel" does not, of course, detract from the universal validity of this moral: it refers merely to its earliest enunciation.
  8. ^ The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Commentary on 5:32. To kill or seek to kill an individual because he represents an ideal is to kill all who upold the ideal. On the other hand, to save an individual life in the same circumstances is to save a whole community. What could be stronger condemnation of individual assassination and revenge?
  9. ^ a b c The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). 2015. p. Loc. 3292 (Commentary to 2:11-12). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture, Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker, ISBN 978-1610691772, p. 59. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 92 (help)
  11. ^ The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). 2015. p. Loc. 3292 (Commentary to 5-32). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Amin, ElSayed (2014). Reclaiming Jihad: A Qur'anic Critique of Terrorism. Kube Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 9780860375982. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  13. ^ Bahrampur, Abolfazl (2 December 2019). "Iranian Quran Expert Bahrampur On National TV: Protesters Should Be Slaughtered Or Have Their Feet And Hands Chopped Off On Alternate Sides; If We Kill 10,000 Of Them, It Will Not Be An Exaggeration". MEMRI. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  14. ^ Fadl, Khaled Abou El (2005-10-04). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. Harper Collins. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-06-056339-4.
  15. ^ Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed. Al-Bayan.
  16. ^ Asad, Muhammad. The Message of the Quran, Commentary on Surah Māʼidah (PDF). p. 216.
  17. ^ "AYAH al-Ma`idah 5:47". Islam Awakened. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  18. ^ Zawadi, Bassam. "James White and Surah 5, Verse 47: Willful Ignorance or a Severe Memory Lapse?". Call to Monotheism.
  19. ^ James White (25 November 2016). Dr. James White Makes A Great Point: (Quran 5:47).
  20. ^ Cable, Steve (4 October 2017). "The Qur'an From a Christian Perspective". Probe. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  21. ^ Wing J. "Muslim Dilemma". Biblical Foundations. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  22. ^ Khattab, Mustafa (2015). The Clear Quran. Book of Signs Foundation. ISBN 978-0977300969. Wali means guardian, caretaker, protector, provider, ally, etc. The Prophet (ﷺ) for example says, "A woman should not get married without a wali."—that is a guardian such as her father to represent her in the marriage and make sure she receives her full rights. The verse forbids Muslims from allying with the Jews and Christians (or anyone else) conspiring to persecute Muslims. On the other hand, as long as non-Muslims are not at war with Muslims or persecuting them, the Quran (60:8) commands Muslims to be kind and gracious to them. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |quote= at position 5 (help)
  23. ^ Durie, Mark (November 2016). "Violent Protests in Indonesia Blow an Ill Will for Religious Tolerance". New English Review. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  24. ^ McBeth, John (8 November 2016). "Blasphemy probe rocks Indonesia's secular foundations". The National. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  25. ^ a b Sahih International
  26. ^ Ahadith In Praise Of The Ash`Aris
  27. ^ The Ghadir Declaration, By Dr. Tahir al-Qadiri, Page 48 & 49 [1] Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine [2]
  28. ^ "Quran 5:59-60 Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938)". Islam Awakened. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  29. ^ Between heaven and hell : Islam, salvation, and the fate of others. Khalil, Mohammad Hassan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. p. 231. ISBN 9780199945412. OCLC 793726652.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  30. ^ Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). "The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia" (PDF). Routledge. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-415-32639-7. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  31. ^ "Surah Maidah Transliteration". My Islam. April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  32. ^ "Quran 5:116 Translation Yusuf Ali (1985)". Islam Awakened. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  33. ^ "An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an vol. 5". Al Islam.org. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  34. ^ Edward Hulmes: Qur'an and the Bible, The; entry in the Oxford Companion to the Bible.
  35. ^ Qur'ānic Studies Today, Angelika Neuwirth, Michael A Sells. p. 302: „[...] the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement.“. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 60 (help)
  36. ^ David Thomas, Section: Trinity, in Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 14 (help)
  37. ^ Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, von Mun'im Sirry. 2014, p. 47 ff. "In more recent scholarship of the Quran, as represented by the works of Hawting, Sidney Griffith and Gabriel Reynolds, there is a shift from the heretical explanation to the emphasis on the rhetorical language of the Quran. When the Quran states that God is Jesus the son of Mary [...] it should be understood as [...] statements. Griffith states, 'the Quran's seeming missstatement, rhetorically speaking, should therefore not thought to be a mistake, but rather [...] a caricature, the purpose of which is to in Islamic terms highlight the absurdity and wrongness of christian belief, from an islamic perspective.' [...] Reynolds persuasively arguments that 'in passages involving christianity in the Quran, we should look for the Quran's creative use of rhetoric and not for the influence of christian heretics.'“. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 77 (help)
  38. ^ Ibid. Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped.“. {{cite book}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 6 (help)
  39. ^ "Quran 5:117 Translation Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938)". Islam Awakened. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  40. ^ Asad, Mohammad (1980). The Message of the Quran. pp. Commentary on Surah 4:157. Thus, the Qur'an categorically denies the story of the crucifixion of Jesus. There exist, among Muslims, many fanciful legends telling us that at the last moment God substituted for Jesus a person closely resembling him (according to some accounts, that person was Judas), who was subsequently crucified in his place. However, none of these legends finds the slightest support in the Qur'an or in authentic Traditions, and the stories produced in this connection by the classical commentators must be summarily rejected. They represent no more than confused attempts at "harmonizing" the Qur'anic statement that Jesus was not crucified with the graphic description, in the Gospels, of his crucifixion. The story of the crucifixion as such has been succinctly explained in the Qur'anic phrase wa-lakin shubbiha lahum, which I render as "but it only appeared to them as if it had been so" - implying that in the course of time, long after the time of Jesus, a legend had somehow grown up (possibly under the then-powerful influence of Mithraistic beliefs) to the effect that he had died on the cross in order to atone for the "original sin" with which mankind is allegedly burdened; and this legend became so firmly established among the latter-day followers of Jesus that even his enemies, the Jews, began to believe it - albeit in a derogatory sense (for crucifixion was, in those times, a heinous form of death-penalty reserved for the lowest of criminals). This, to my mind, is the only satisfactory explanation of the phrase wa-lakin shubbiha lahum, the more so as the expression shubbiha li is idiomatically synonymous with khuyyila li, "[a thing] became a fancied image to me", i.e., "in my mind" - in other words, "[it] seemed to me" (see Qamus, art. khayala, as well as Lane II, 833, and IV, 1500).
  41. ^ Ibid. pp. Surah 4:157 {Note 171}.
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