Đại Việt

Coordinates: 21°01′N 105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E / 21.017; 105.850
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by MarkH21 (talk | contribs) at 19:06, 14 January 2021 (link to the modern country doesn't make sense; link to Nguyễn dynasty instead). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the political party, see [[:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam]]. For the Chinese kingdom initially called Great Yue/Viet, see [[:Southern Han]].
Kingdom of Đại Việt
Đại Việt Quốc (大越國)
968–1804
Flag of Đại Việt
Flag of the Tây Sơn Dynasty in 1778
Royal Standard of Đại Việt
Royal Standard
CapitalHoa Lư (968–1010)
Thăng Long (Hanoi) (1010–1789)
Thanh Hóa (1397–1407)
Common languagesOfficial
Vietnamese
Regional
Religion
Buddhism (State religion from 968 to 1400)
Taoism
Confucianism (State ideolody from 1428 to 1883)
Vietnamese folk religion
Catholicism
Islam
Minority
GovernmentMonarchy
King or Emperor 
• 968–979
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
• 1802–1820
Gia Long
Historical eraPostclassical era to Late modern period
905
968
• Lý Thánh Tông shortened Vietnam's name from Đại Cồ Việt to Đại Việt
1054
• Emperor Gia Long changed Đại Việt to Việt Nam
17 February 1804
Area
1480 est.620,000 km2 (240,000 sq mi)
CurrencyVietnamese văn, banknote
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tĩnh Hải quân
Việt Nam under the Nguyễn dynasty
Today part of
Nước Đại Việt[2][3]
Vietnamese name
VietnameseNước Đại Việt
Hán-Nôm渃大越
This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.
History of Vietnam
(by names of Vietnam) 		Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến, 1069-1757).
~2879–2524 BC Xích Quỷ (mythological)
~2524–258 BC Văn Lang
257–179 BC Âu Lạc
204–111 BC Nam Việt
111 BC – 40 AD Giao Chỉ
40–43 Lĩnh Nam
43–299 Giao Chỉ
299–544 Giao Châu
544–602 Vạn Xuân
602–679 Giao Châu
679–757 An Nam
757–766 Trấn Nam
766–866 An Nam
866–968 Tĩnh Hải quân
968–1054 Đại Cồ Việt
1054–1400 Đại Việt
1400–1407 Đại Ngu
1407–1427 Giao Chỉ
1428–1804 Đại Việt
1804–1839 Việt Nam
1839–1945 Đại Nam
1887–1954 Đông Dương
1945– Việt Nam
Main template
History of Vietnam

Đại Việt (大越, IPA: [ɗâjˀ vìət]; literally Great Viet), often known as Annam, was a Vietnamese kingdom in Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century. Its early name, Đại Cồ Việt, was established in 968 by Vietnamese ruler Đinh Bộ Lĩnh after he ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054–1072), the third emperor of the Lý dynasty. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of Gia Long (r. 1802–1820), the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, when he changed the name to Việt Nam.[4][5]

Đại Việt is the second-longest used name for Vietnam after "Văn Lang".[6] Its history is divided into the seven royal dynasties of the Đinh (968–980), Early Lê (980–1009), Lý (1009–1226), Trần (1226–1400), and Later Lê (1428–1789); the Mạc dynasty (1527–1677); and the brief Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802). It was briefly interrupted by the Hồ (1400–1407), which used the name Đại Ngu,[7][8] and the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (1407–1427) when the region was administered as Jiaozhi.[9]: 181 

Etymology

Further information: Names of Vietnam

The term "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4; Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".[10] At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[11] In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south.[11] Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[10][11]

From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular states or groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; "Hundred Yue/Viet"; ).[10][11] The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.[12]

Đại Việt is the Sino-Vietnamese word 大越.

History

Main article: History of Việt Nam

Origins and formation: Han-Tang dynasties

Main articles: Vietnam under Chinese rule, Jiaozhou (region), and Jiaozhi

For a thousand years, the area of what is now Northern Vietnam was ruled by a succession of Chinese regimes as Giao Châu (交州, Jiaozhou) and Giao Chỉ (交趾, Jiaozhi).

The indigenous inhabitants in Northern Vietnam of ancient kingdom of Nanyue (c. 204 – 111 BC) were known as the Lạc Việt (Luoyue).[2] In 111 BC, Western Han dynasty (c. 202 BC – 9 AD) conquered Nanyue and incorporated the kingdom into Chinese rules, as known as Giao Chỉ. However until the 7th century, the region's population were largely indigenous people.[13]

In 679, the Tang dynasty created Protectorate General to Pacify the South and a military government. In late 9th century, the collapsing Tang dynasty was unable to retain control of the area, then known as Jinghai Jun. Local Viet chieftains and highland people in central Vietnam, in an attempt to overthrow the Tang Chinese influences in the region, allied with Nanzhao.[14] Repeated Nanzhao attack and local rebels from 854 to 866 in Annan ousted the Chinese until Gao Pian recaptured it in 866.[15] In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, took the city of Đại La, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee, ending de facto Chinese control in Vietnam.[16][17]

Dinh, Ly dynasties

Main articles: Đinh dynasty and Lý dynasty

In 905, a local Vietnamese chieftain Khúc Thừa Dụ was elected as jiedushi (military governor) of Tĩnh Hải circuit amid the collapsing of Tang Empire. This notable event was widely regarded by Vietnamese historians as the reclaim of Vietnamese Independence after a thousand years of Imperial Chinese rules.[18] This independence was more secured by the naval battle on Bạch Đằng river in 938 and the kingdom of Tĩnh Hải under Ngô monarchs (939–965). However, the royal rule remained weak. From 948 to 968, Vietnamese warlords began fighting each other to take control the country, as known as Anarchy of the 12 Warlords period.

The indigenous Viet people centered around the Red River Delta became de facto independent under the rule of the local Khúc clan,[3][19] and then the kingdom of the Ngô family. However, the royal power remained weak, resulting in a period of civil war between 12 war lords. In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh reunited the country[20] under the name of Đại Cồ Việt and claimed the title Hoàng Đế (emperor).[21] In 1010, King Lý Thái Tổ relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi).[22]

Trần dynasty

Main article: Trần dynasty

During the 13th century, the Trần dynasty of Đại Việt successfully repelled multiple Mongol invasions and ushered in an era of flourishing Vietnamese Buddhism, peace and prosperity until the rise of the Neo-Confucian scholar class and administrative bureaucracy in the late 14th century.[22]

Hồ dynasty and Ming rule

In 1400, the Trần was then succeeded by the Hồ dynasty, who claimed descent from the Trần and changed the name of the country to Đại Ngu.[7][8] The Hồ was then conquered by the Chinese Ming dynasty in the Ming–Hồ War of the early 15th century. The region was administered as Giao Chi (Jiaozhi).[9]: 181 

Lê dynasty

Main article: Lê dynasty

In 1427, Lê Lợi led the Lam Sơn Uprising and then started the Lê dynasty, which would serve as a Ming vassal for several centuries. After Lê Thánh Tông died in 1497, the kingdom swiftly declined, and entered a period of destabilization known as the Southern and Northern courts which began in 1533 and ended in 1592. Đại Việt was again divided from 1627 to 1775 when two rival families, Trịnh and Nguyễn fought and competed against each other to contest control of the court.

Tây Sơn dynasty

Main article: Tây Sơn dynasty

In late 18th century, the Tây Sơn uprising led by the Nguyễn brothers overthrew the Lê dynasty and repelled the invading Qing armies in the Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa, considered one of the greatest military victories in Vietnamese history.

In 1802, the Tây Sơn was then overthrown by Gia Long, who founded the Nguyễn dynasty and renamed the country Việt Nam in 1804.[23]

Expansion

Main article: Nam tiến

From the Trần to the Nguyễn dynasty, Đại Việt's borders expanded to encompass territory that resemble modern-day Vietnam, which lies along the South China Sea from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Gulf of Thailand.

Throughout its long existence from 968 to 1804, Đại Việt flourished and acquired significant power in the region. The kingdom slowly annexed Champa's and Cambodia's territories, expanded Vietnamese territories to the south and west.

Culture

Further information: Culture of Vietnam

Traditional beliefs, Confucian study, literature, trade and commerce flourished in Đại Việt and the capital in modern-day Hanoi was a center of trade and industry; its ruins, Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long is the major UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam. The kingdom created great achievements in Vietnamese art and culture, it has left a substantial legacy to modern Vietnam; much of modern Vietnamese culture, language, customs, social norms and nationalism.

Religion

Maps

Art

  • 10th-century terracotta brick with inscription: "Đại Việt quốc quân thành chuyên" brick to build Great Viet kingdom in Hoa Lư archaeological site
    10th-century terracotta brick with inscription: "Đại Việt quốc quân thành chuyên" brick to build Great Viet kingdom in Hoa Lư archaeological site
  • Amitabha statue of Phat Tich temple, date 1057 AD
    Amitabha statue of Phat Tich temple, date 1057 AD
  • Garuda playing the drum, 10-11th century
    Garuda playing the drum, 10-11th century
  • Buddha resting statue, Bac Ninh, 17th century
    Buddha resting statue, Bac Ninh, 17th century
  • Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvar statue, 17-18th century
    Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvar statue, 17-18th century
  • Pho Minh pagoda, built in 1262 AD
    Pho Minh pagoda, built in 1262 AD
  • The ruins of Thang Long royal palaces
    The ruins of Thang Long royal palaces
  • Thien Mu Pagoda, Hue, completed in 1601
    Thien Mu Pagoda, Hue, completed in 1601
The Mahasattva of Truc Lam leaves the Mountain. Scroll, Ink on paper. Located in the Liaoning Provincial Museum, China. Completed in 1363.

Timeline (dynasties)

Started in 968 and ended in 1804.

                Ming domination       Nam–Bắc triều * Bắc Hà–Nam Hà     French Indochina  
Chinese domination Ngô   Đinh Early Lê Lý Trần Hồ Later Trần   Lê Mạc Revival Lê Tây Sơn Nguyễn Modern time
                                 
                          Trịnh lords        
                          Nguyễn lords        
939       1009 1225 1400     1427 1527 1592 1788 1858 1945


See also

Notes

References

Citations

  1. ^ Hall 1981, p. 203.
  2. ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 51.
  3. ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 131.
  4. ^ Cordier 1875, p. 3.
  5. ^ Hall 1981, p. 456.
  6. ^ Dai Viet - Historical Kingdom, Việt Nam.
  7. ^ a b Trần, Xuân Sinh (2003). Thuyết Trần. p. 403. ...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu...
  8. ^ a b Trần, Trọng Kim (1919). "I.III.XI.". Việt Nam sử lược. Vol. Vol.I. Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh 保寧大王, and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ 胡. Originally the surname Hồ [胡 Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [虞 Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu 大虞. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ a b Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80022-6.
  10. ^ a b c Norman, Jerry; Mei, Tsu-lin (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. doi:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121.
  11. ^ a b c d Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the Hundred Yue". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 93–100. doi:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537. Archived from the original on 2014-02-28.
  12. ^ The Annals of Lü Buwei, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510. ISBN 978-0-8047-3354-0. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes."
  13. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 101.
  14. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 118.
  15. ^ Walker 2012, p. 183.
  16. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 124.
  17. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 114.
  18. ^ "Khúc Thừa Dụ". Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in Vietnamese).[permanent dead link]
  19. ^ Taylor 2013, p. 44.
  20. ^ Cotterell 2014, p. 83.
  21. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 144.
  22. ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 133.
  23. ^ Alexander Woodside (1971). Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.

Sources

  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190053796.
  • Taylor, Keith W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107244351.
  • Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 9789747534993.
  • Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.
  • Cordier, Henri (1875). A Narrative of the Recent Events in Tong-King. American Presbyterian Mission Press. ISBN 9780371549506.
  • Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of Southeast Asia. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited. ISBN 9789814634700.
  • Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan Education, Limited. ISBN 9781349165216.
  • Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521663724.
  • Peterson, Willard J. (2016). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316445044.
  • Reid, Anthony; Nhung Tuyet, Tran, eds. (2016). Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316445044.
  • Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Trans: Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  • Taylor, Keith W. (2018). Whitmore, John K. (ed.). Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501718991.
  • Nguyen, Tai Thu (2008). The History of Buddhism in Vietnam. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 9781565180970.
  • Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (2011). The Tongking Gulf Through History. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9780812205022.
  • Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1998). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
  • Li, Tana (2018). Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501732577.
  • Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077719.
  • Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015). A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521889926.
  • Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. ISBN 978-1477265161.
  • Reid, Anthony, ed. (2018). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501732171.
  • Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107118737.
  • Kang, David C.; Haggard, Stephan, eds. (2020). East Asia in the World: Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108479875.
  • Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51110-0.
  • Boudarel, Georges; Nguyen, Van Ky; Nguyễn, Văn Ký (2002). Duiker, Claire (ed.). Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742516557.
  • Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316531310.
  • Hoang, Anh Tuấn (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637-1700. Brill. ISBN 978-9-04-742169-6.
  • Miksic, John (2009). Southeast Asian Ceramics: New Light on Old Pottery. Southeast Asian Ceramic Society. ISBN 9789814260138.
  • Bielenstein, Hans (2005). Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276. Brill. ISBN 9789047407614.
  • Hall, Kenneth R. (2019). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824882082.
  • Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107018686.
  • Baron, Samuel; Borri, Christoforo; Dror, Olga; Duiker, Keith W. (2018). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501720901.

Further reading

External links


21°01′N 105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E / 21.017; 105.850

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