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Hong Kong Canadians

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Hong Kong Canadians
Total population
616,000 (2001)[1][note 1]
215,775 (2016)[2][note 2]
Regions with significant populations
Greater Toronto Area[3]
Metro Vancouver[3]
Languages
English, Cantonese
Religion
Anglicanism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Non-religious
Related ethnic groups
Chinese Canadians, Taiwanese Canadians

Hong Kong Canadians (Chinese: 加拿大港人 or 香港裔加拿大人) are Canadians who were born in Hong Kong, hold permanent residency in Hong Kong, or may trace their ancestry back to the city. In Canada, the majority of Hong Kong Canadians reside in the metropolitan areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Many Hong Kong Canadians continue to maintain their status as Hong Kong permanent residents.

The largest wave of immigration to Canada from Hong Kong occurred during the late 1980s and early 1990s, as a result of the uncertainties concerning the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from Britain to China in 1997. In the decades that followed the handover of Hong Kong, a number of Hong Kong Canadians have moved back to the city. As of 2014, Hong Kong has the highest concentration of Canadian citizens in Asia, with approximately 300,000 Canadian citizens of all ethnic backgrounds living in the city.[4]

History

Most Hong Kong Canadians are immigrants or are descendants of Chinese migrants who have settled in Canada from the late 1970s. However, earlier immigrants could be traced back to the early 19th Century when Hong Kong became a British crown colony, when a number of Hongkongers migrated to North America, including Canada. In addition, a minority of Hongkongers also migrated to Canada during the 1950s and 1960s.[5]

In 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed, finalizing an agreement between the British and Chinese governments to transfer and reorganize Hong Kong as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997. Anxiety over the impending handover sparked a large wave of emigration from Hong Kong to the Anglosphere between 1984 to 1997. One of the most popular destinations chosen by Hong Kong emigrants of the time was Canada, where thousands of Hongkongers settled in Greater Toronto and Metro Vancouver.[3][6] According to the Canadian International Council, approximately 335,646 Hongkongers moved to Canada between 1984 and 1997. The immigration of Hongkongers to Canada peaked in 1994, with 44,271 Hongkongers migrating to the country in that year alone.[2]

A number of Hong Kong family units that moved to Canada during the 1990s were examples of an astronaut family, where most of the family unit was based in Canada, but one parent continued to live and work in Hong Kong.[3]

21st century

The early 21st century saw a "reverse migration" of Hongkongers, with a number of Hongkongers who migrated to Canada prior to the handover returning to the city during the late 1990s and early 2000s.[2] Many of those who returned to the city did so for financial opportunities.[2] The resulting "reverse migration" saw the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians drop from 1996 and 2011.[2]

However the trend reversed again during the 2010s, with the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians living in Canada increasing between 2011 and 2016 Canadian census.[2] Hong Kong-born Canadians who moved back to Canada in the 2010s cited several reasons for returning to Canada, which include a variety of personal reasons, as well as political reasons relating to the Hong Kong-Mainland China conflict.[2] The increase in the number of returning Hong Kong-Canadians has also been attributed to those who are returning to retire in Canada, after they moved back to Hong Kong for employment in the late 1990s. [2] In addition to returning Hong Kong-born Canadians, the 2016 Canadian Census also reported an increase in the number of new migrants from Hong Kong that became permanent residents in Canada.[2] According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, new visa applications from Hongkongers increased by 20 per cent to 10,819 in 2020.[3]

On November 12, 2020, Marco Mendicino, the Canadian Minister of Immigration, increased measures to expediate the process for Hong Kong residents to resettle in Canada as students, workers, and permanent residents.[7] A new work-permit scheme was introduced in Canada in February 2021, that targeted young professionals who earned a postsecondary degree or diploma in the past five years from an institution recognized in Canada.[8]

For the 2021 Canadian census, a group of Hong Kong Canadians launched a campaign across Canada to encourage the Canadian government to recognize Hongkongers as an official identity, and for Hong Kong Canadians to write-in Hongkonger as their ethnic origin and Cantonese as one of their spoken language.[9][10] Earlier censuses did not provide Hongkonger as an option, and anyone who noted it on the census form was grouped as Chinese. Hongkonger was later included in the 2021 Canadian census as an ethnicity.[9]

Demographics

According to the Canadian Consulate General in Hong Kong, there are 500,000 people of Hong Kong descent in Canada.[11][failed verification] The 2016 Canadian census reported that only 215,775 Canadians residing in Canada were born in Hong Kong.[2] The number of Hong Kong-born Canadians living in Canada peaked in 1996, with 241,095 Hong Kong-born Canadians reported in that year's census.[2] Between 1996 and 2011, the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians dropped as many Hong Kong-Canadians chose to return to Hong Kong during the 2000s.[2] From 2011 to 2016, the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians residing in Canada increased again.[2]

In 2006, among the 790,035 speakers of any of the varieties of Chinese, 300,590 were speakers of Cantonese.[12] According to 2001 statistics, 44% of the Cantonese speakers were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong, the Chinese province where most[quantify] Hongkongers have their ancestral roots, and 18% were Canadian-born.[13] Among the Cantonese speakers who were born in Guangdong, a large percentage are Hong Kong immigrants.

This community, along with the Canadians living in Hong Kong, plays a dynamic role in building vibrant bilateral relations between Canada and Hong Kong.

Canadians expatriates in Hong Kong

Main article: Canadians in Hong Kong

Hong Kong boasts the second-largest community of Canadians living abroad, second only to Canadians residing in the United States.[6] There were approximately 300,000 Canadians living in Hong Kong in 2011.[4][6][14] A number of these Canadian expatriates originated from the Hongkongers who migrated to Canada prior to the handover of the city.[4] A number of Hongkongers eventually returned to the city after acquiring Canadian citizenship.[6]

A 2011 report from the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, found that the majority of Canadians living in Hong Kong have only resided in Canada for four or five years.[6] However, seven in 10 Canadians living in Hong Kong have family living in Canada; with more than 60 per cent of Canadians living in the city stating they have plans to return to Canada at some point in the future.[6] The same study also found that 46 per cent of Canadians living in Hong Kong considered Canada their home "sometimes" or "all the time," while 37 per cent of Hong Kong-born Canadians stated they would "never" consider Canada home.[5]

Canada's presence in Hong Kong is also reflected by the presence of Hong Kong-Canadian associations, such as the Chinese Canadian Association, established in 1989 and the Canadian University Association, which now acts as an umbrella group for some twenty Canadian university alumni associations active in Hong Kong today.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Includes Hong Kong Canadians living in Canada and abroad.
  2. ^ The following is the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians residing in Canada.

References

  1. ^ "僑委會全球資訊網" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Young, Ian (June 13, 2019). "Thousands of Hong Kong-born people move back to Canada, once again reversing a migration that has shaped cities across the Pacific". South China Morning Post. SCMP Publishers. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e Wu, Sarah (February 9, 2021). "For Hong Kongers, Canada is beaten path out of China's grip". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Keung, Nicholas (February 24, 2011). "Hong Kong: Asia's most Canadian city". The Toronto Star.
  5. ^ a b Quan, Douglas (August 22, 2019). "Unrest in Hong Kong fuels speculation of spike in 're-return migration' to Canada". The Financial Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Li, Waynee (August 19, 2019). "Why are there so many Canadians in Hong Kong?". The Toronto Star. Torstar Corporation. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  7. ^ McKinsley, Sean (November 12, 2020). "Breaking: Immigration Canada Announces Immediate Measures to Support Hong Kong Residents in Immigrating to Canada". Canada Immigration & Visa Services. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  8. ^ Ewing, Kent (February 18, 2021). "Canada offers Hongkongers a welcome mat compared to Britain's obstacle course". hongkongfp.com. Hong Kong News. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Uguen-Csenge, Eva (May 9, 2021). "Online campaign encourages Hong Kongers in Canada to recognize their identity in 2021 census". www.cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  10. ^ Young, Ian (April 16, 2021). "Declare yourself a Hongkonger, not simply Chinese, Canadian census campaign urges". www.scmp.com. South China Morning Post. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  11. ^ "Canada-Hong Kong Relations". canadainternational.gc.ca. February 19, 2009.
  12. ^ The 790,035 figure includes 300,590 persons listed as speaking Cantonese, 143,385 listed as speaking Mandarin, 4,580 listed as speaking Taiwanese, and 341,480 speaking other varieties or else simply filling out the relevant question on their census forms by noting "Chinese" without being more specific. See Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, p. 8 and note no. 1 on p. 503.
  13. ^ Chui, Tina; Tran, Kelly; Flanders, John (Spring 2005). "Chinese Canadians: Enriching the cultural mosaic" (PDF). Canadian Social Trends (76). Statistics Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2008.
  14. ^ "中國評論新聞：香港住了30萬加拿大人 成加國第16大城市". chinareviewnews.com.

Further reading

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