Executive Council of Alberta
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edmonton_leg.jpg/220px-Edmonton_leg.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alberta_wordmark_2009.svg/220px-Alberta_wordmark_2009.svg.png)
The Executive Council of Alberta, or more commonly the Cabinet of Alberta, is the Province of Alberta's equivalent to the Cabinet of Canada. The government of the province of Alberta is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy with a unicameral legislature—the Legislative Assembly, which consists of 87 members elected first past the post (FPTP) from single-member constituencies.[1] The premier is normally a member of the Legislative Assembly, and usually draws the members of Cabinet from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The legislative powers in the province however, lie with the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Its government resembles that of the other Canadian provinces. The capital of the province is Edmonton, where the Alberta Legislative Building is located. Government is conducted after the Westminster model.
Honorifics
Executive councillors are styled "the Honourable". Prior to 2022, this style was not used after leaving the Executive Council, but a change was made to the protocol that year. Former members who were living on February 6, 2022 (the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II) are honorary members of the council and are styled "the Honourable" for life (unless removed from membership for an indictable offence). After the establishment of honorary membership, members and honorary members can use the postnominal letters "ECA".[2]
Government of Alberta
![Image looking west down Jasper Avenue showing the major financial centre in Edmonton](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JasperRoadEdmt.jpg/220px-JasperRoadEdmt.jpg)
The executive powers in the province lie with the premier of Alberta and the Cabinet of Alberta or the Executive Council of Alberta. The legislative powers in the province lie with the Legislature, which consists of two components: the lieutenant governor, carrying out the functions of the Queen, and the Legislative Assembly.
The Executive Council of Alberta is officially headed by the lieutenant governor, as representative of the Queen in Right of Alberta and is referred to as the Governor-in-Council. Although technically the most powerful person in Alberta, the lieutenant governor is in reality a figurehead whose actions are restricted by custom and constitutional convention. The government is therefore headed by the premier. The current premier is Danielle Smith, who was sworn in as the 19th premier on October 11, 2022.
Legislative powers
The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is the deliberative assembly of the Alberta Legislature for the province of Alberta, Canada, and is seated at the Alberta Legislature Building in the provincial capital of Edmonton. The Legislative Assembly is a unicameral assembly of 87 members, elected first past the post from single-member electoral districts.[3] Bills passed by the legislature are given Royal Assent by the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta, representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.[4] The current Legislature is the 30th, since Alberta entered Confederation under the Alberta Act in 1905, and is composed of members elected in the April 16, 2019 general election, and returned a majority parliament controlled by the United Conservative Party commonly abbreviated to 'UCP'.
Executive powers
Typically, although not necessarily, consisting of members of the Legislative Assembly, the Cabinet of Alberta is similar in structure and role to the Cabinet of Canada. As federal and provincial responsibilities differ there are a number of different portfolios between the federal and provincial governments.
The lieutenant Governor, as representative of the King of Canada, heads the council, and is referred to as the Governor-in-Council. Other members of the Cabinet, who advise, or minister to, the vice-regal representative, are selected by the premier and appointed by the lieutenant governor. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a ministry, but this is not always the case. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding, although the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown, not to any of the ministers.[5]
As at the federal level the most important Cabinet post after that of the leader is minister of finance. Today the next most powerful position is certainly the health portfolio which has a vast budget and is of central political import. Other powerful portfolios include Education and Energy.
Current executive council
The current Government has been in place since October 11, 2022, following the swearing-in of Premier Danielle Smith.
Portfolio | Minister | Tenure | |
---|---|---|---|
Start | End | ||
Premier of Alberta | Danielle Smith | October 11, 2022 | Present |
Deputy Premier of Alberta | Kaycee Madu | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Nathan Neudorf | October 21, 2022 | Present | |
Minister of Advanced Education | Demetrios Nicolaides | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Affordability and Utilities | Matt Jones | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation | Nate Horner | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Children's Services | Mickey Amery | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Culture | Jason Luan | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Education | Adriana LaGrange | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Energy | Peter Guthrie | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Environment and Protected Areas | Sonya Savage | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Finance and President of Treasury Board | Travis Toews | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Forestry, Parks and Tourism | Todd Loewen | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Health | Jason Copping | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Indigenous Relations | Rick Wilson | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Jobs, Economy and Northern Development | Brian Jean | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Justice | Tyler Shandro | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Mental Health and Addictions | Nicholas Milliken | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Municipal Affairs | Rebecca Schulz | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Public Safety | Mike Ellis | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Seniors, Community and Social Services | Jeremy Nixon | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Service Alberta and Red Tape Reduction | Dale Nally | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Technology and Innovation | Nate Glubish | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Trade, Immigration and Multiculturalism | Rajan Sawhney | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Minister of Transportation and Economic Corridors | Devin Dreeshen | October 21, 2022 | Present |
Former Cabinets
- Klein Ministry (1992–2006)
- Stelmach Ministry (2006–2011)
- Redford Ministry (2011–2014)
- Hancock Ministry (2014–2014)
- Prentice Ministry (2014–2015)
- Notley Ministry (2015–2019)
- Kenney Ministry (2019–2022)
Ministries
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(March 2021) |
In Alberta, the ministries' names have two forms, often coexisting. The usual one is "Alberta X", (e.g. Alberta Education) the older style is "Ministry of X" (e.g. Ministry of Finance). The newer style without the word "ministry" resembles the federal government's Federal Identity Program and the federal naming scheme, except in reverse order. Federal ministries and departments are usually "X Canada" (e.g. Environment Canada).
With every new cabinet, ministries can be created or disbanded, renamed or gain or lose responsibilities. Some ministries such as finance or health are common to all provincial governments and are comparable to similar ministries or departments at the federal level or indeed even in other countries. However, some ministries are quite distinct to Alberta, such as the Ministry of Sustainable Resource Development which oversees the management of public lands.
These are the current ministries as of 2015[update], listed alphabetically, with a short description and any notes to changes to that ministry's mandate.
Ministry | Notes |
---|---|
Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development | Responsible for agriculture, forestry; responsibility for rural development added 2008. |
Culture and Tourism | Responsible for culture, community development, the voluntary sector, museums, heritage sites, and tourism. Also responsible for Human Rights and Citizenship Commission; Human Rights Citizenship and Multiculturalism Fund; Foundation for the Arts; Alberta Historical Resources Foundation; Wild Rose Foundation; and Government House Foundation. |
Economic Development and Trade | Responsible for economic growth and diversification in Alberta. Created October 22, 2015[6] |
Education | Responsible for Education in Alberta. |
Energy | Responsible for energy policy. |
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development | Responsible for environmental policy and Crown land. |
Executive Council | The ministry which organizes, and reports directly to, cabinet. |
Finance | Responsible for economic policy. Gained responsibility for the Regulatory Review Secretariat, the Alberta Economic Development Authority, and the Northern Alberta Development Council in 2008. |
Health | Responsible for health policy. |
Human Services | |
Indigenous Relations | Created 2008. Responsible for Aboriginal affairs. Also responsible for the Métis Settlements Appeals Tribunal, the Métis Settlements Ombudsman and the First Nations Development Fund. Renamed from Aboriginal Relations. |
Infrastructure | Created 2008. Responsible for infrastructure planning, and building and managing government-owned infrastructure. Also responsible for the administration of water/wastewater and other municipal infrastructure grants and the Natural Gas Rebate Program. |
Innovation and Advanced Education | Responsible for economic development and post-secondary education. |
International and Intergovernmental Relations | Responsible for relations with other governments in Canada and internationally In 2008 it lost responsibility for Aboriginal relations and added responsibility for investment attraction. |
Labour | Responsible for labour laws, immigration, and employment programs. |
Justice and Solicitor General | Responsible for the justice system. |
Municipal Affairs | Responsible for local government in Alberta. In 2008 lost responsibility for housing and the voluntary sector. |
Parks and Recreation | Responsible for provincial parks. In 2008, lost responsibility for culture and community development, museums, heritage sites, and reporting entities now in Culture and Community Spirit, as well as the First Nations Development Fund now in Aboriginal Relations. |
Seniors | |
Service Alberta | Responsible for services including registries, land titles, consumer protection and the Alberta King's Printer.[7] |
Solicitor General and Public Security | Responsible for public security. |
Status of Women | Leads government's work to improve gender equality in Alberta.[7] |
Transportation | Created 2008. Responsible for planning, building and managing the provincial highway network, including the administration of municipal transportation grants. Also responsible for the Transportation Safety Board. |
Treasury Board |
Finance
Albertans are the lowest-taxed people in Canada, mostly because of the province's considerable oil and gas income as well as the more conservative financial philosophies of successive governments. It is also the only province in Canada where there is no provincial sales tax.[8] Alberta is one of few provinces that consistently has not received equalization payments from the federal government since 1962[9] (the others being British Columbia and (until 2008) Ontario, the original benchmark provinces). Alberta is now the largest net contributor to the program.
Budget
The 2016-2017 budget contained a $10.4 billion deficit, with $41.1 billion in revenue and $51.1 billion in expenditures. The budget also contained a $700 million risk adjustment, which was intended to reflect "volatility of Alberta’s resource revenue."[10]
Budgets of the Government of Alberta | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year[a] | Date | Name | Bill | Minister of Finance | Budget (Billions CAD)[b][c] | Actual (Billions CAD)[b][c][d] | Notes | |||||||||
Minister | Party | Revenue | Expenditure | Other (Provinsion/ Allowance) |
Deficit | WTI (USD)[e] |
Revenue | Expenditure | Deficit | WTI (USD)[e] | ||||||
2020 | February 27, 2020 | A plan for jobs and the economy | Travis Toews | UCP | 50.0 | 56.1 | -0.8 | -6.8 | 58.00 | [11] | ||||||
2019 | October 24, 2019 | A plan for jobs and the economy | Travis Toews | UCP | 50.0 | 56.5 | -2.2 | -8.7 | 57.00 | 46.2 | 58.4 | -12.2 | 62.77 | [12][13] | ||
2018 | March 22, 2018 | A recovery built to last | Joe Ceci | NDP | 47.9 | 56.2 | -0.5 | -8.8 | 59.00 | 49.6 | 56.3 | -6.7 | 53.69 | [14][15] | ||
2017 | March 16, 2017 | Working to make life better | Joe Ceci | NDP | 45.0 | 54.9 | -0.5 | -10.3 | 55.00 | 47.3 | 55.3 | -8.0 | 53.69 | [16][17] | ||
2016 | April 14, 2016 | The Alberta jobs plan | Joe Ceci | NDP | 41.4 | 51.1 | -0.7 | -10.4 | 42.00 | 42.3 | 53.1 | -10.8 | 47.93 | [18] | ||
2015[f] | October 27, 2015 | Supporting jobs, supporting families. The Alberta way. | Joe Ceci | NDP | 43.8 | 49.9 | -6.1 | 50.00 | 42.5 | 48.9 | -6.4 | 45.00 | [19] | |||
March 16, 2015 | N/A | Robin Campbell | PC | 43.4 | 48.4 | -5.0 | 54.84 | [20] | ||||||||
2014 | March 6, 2014 | The building Alberta plan | Doug Horner | PC | 43.1 | 40.4 | 2.6 | 95.22 | 49.5 | 48.4 | 1.1 | 80.48 | [21] | |||
2013 | March 7, 2013 | Responsible change | Doug Horner | PC | 37.6 | 38.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 92.50 | 45.3 | 44.5 | 0.8 | 99.05 | [22][23] | ||
2012 | February 9, 2012 | Investing in people | Ron Liepert | PC | 40.3 | 41.1 | -0.9 | 99.25 | 38.7 | 41.6 | -2.8 | 92.07 | [24] | |||
2011 | February 24, 2011 | Building a better Alberta | Lloyd Snelgrove | PC | 35.6 | 39.0 | -3.4 | 89.40 | 39.2 | 39.3 | -0.02 | 97.33 | [25][26] | |||
2010 | February 9, 2010 | Striking the right balance | Ted Morton | PC | 34.0 | 38.7 | -4.7 | 78.75 | 35.0 | 38.4 | -3.4 | 83.38 | [27] |
Taxation
The provincial government's revenue, although often described as predominantly coming from the province's resource base, actually is derived from a variety of sources. Non-renewable resource revenue provided the government with 24 percent of its revenue in 2010–11 with about the same coming from individual income tax, 14 per cent from grants from the federal government, and about eight percent coming from both corporations and the government's own business activities. (source: the Government of Alberta website) Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax (see also Sales taxes in Canada).
Government revenue comes mainly from royalties on non-renewable natural resources (30.4%), personal income taxes (22.3%), corporate and other taxes (19.6%), and grants from the federal government primarily for infrastructure projects (9.8%).[28] Albertans are the lowest-taxed people in Canada, and Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax (but residents are still subject to the federal sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax of 5%). It is also the only Canadian province to have a flat tax for personal income taxes, which is 10% of taxable income.[29]
The Alberta personal income tax system maintains a progressive character by granting residents personal tax exemptions of $16,977, in addition to a variety of tax deductions for persons with disabilities, students, and the aged.[30] Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments which (usually) work in co-operation with the provincial government.
Alberta also privatized alcohol distribution. The privatization increased outlets from 304 stores to 1,726; 1,300 jobs to 4,000 jobs; and 3,325 products to 16,495 products.[31] Tax revenue also increased from $400 million to $700 million.
Politics of Alberta
Alberta's elections from 1948 to 2014 tended to yield results that were much more conservative than those of other Canadian provinces. Alberta has traditionally had three political parties, the Progressive Conservatives ("Conservatives" or "Tories"), the Liberals, and the social democratic New Democrats (and its predecessors, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party and the United Farmers of Alberta). A fourth party, the Social Credit Party, which began as a radical monetary reform movement and government but after 1944 governed in a right-wing Christian fundamentalist style, was a power in Alberta for many decades, but fell into powerlessness and disfavour after Progressive Conservatives came to power in 1971. Progressive Conservatives were in government until 2015, when the NDP was elected with a large majority of the seats.
Only five parties have governed Alberta in the 110 years of its existence as a province: the Liberals, from 1905 to 1921; the United Farmers of Alberta, from 1921 to 1935; the Social Credit Party, from 1935 to 1971, the Progressive Conservative Party, from 1971 to 2015, and the NDP, (one term) from 2015 until 2019. The United Conservative Party was elected in 2019.
Alberta has had occasional surges in separatist sentiment. There are several currently active groups promoting the independence of Alberta.
In the 2008 provincial election, held on March 3, 2008, the Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected as a majority government with 72 of 83 seats, the Alberta Liberal Party was elected as the Official Opposition with nine members, and two Alberta New Democratic Party members were elected.[32]
April 23, 2012 election returned the Progressive Conservative Party to government, making leader Alison Redford Alberta's first female premier.[33] In the 2012 provincial election, held on April 23, 2012, the Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected as a majority government and party leader Alison Redford retained as premier with 43.9% of the vote and 61 of 87 seats (The Legislative Assembly had added 4 seats, increasing the total to 87), the Wildrose Party led by Danielle Smith was elected as the Official Opposition with 34.3% of the vote and 17 members (replacing the Liberal Party), five Liberals were elected with 9.9% of the vote and four NDP members were elected with 9.8% of the vote.[34]
The May 5, 2015 election saw the Alberta New Democrats elected to government, making leader Rachel Notley Alberta's second female premier and its first leftist premier since 1935.
After a single term the NDP was defeated by the United Conservative Party, who won the general election on April 16, 2019. This made leader Jason Kenney the 18th Premier of Alberta.
Federal-provincial governance: decentralization and devolution
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, the federal government became more centralist, and Canada entered a stage of "conflictual federalism" that lasted from 1970 to 1984. The National Energy Program sparked a great deal of bitterness against the federal government in Alberta; as well, the federal government involved itself in disputes over oil with Newfoundland and Saskatchewan.[35] With the passage of the Constitution Act, 1982 through the addition of section 92A to the Constitution Act, 1867, the provinces were given more power with respect to their natural resources.
Between 1982 and 1992 the federal government favoured devolution of powers to the provinces, culminating in the failed Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords. After a merger with the heavily devolutionist Canadian Alliance, the new Conservative Party of Canada under Stephen Harper has continued the same stance.[36]
Post-nominal letters
In March 2022, the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Recognition Act was passed and given Royal Assent, establishing the use of the post-nominal letters "ECA" for members and honorary members of the Executive Council of Alberta. Section 6 of the legislation states that every former living member as of February 6, 2022, and anybody who becomes a former member of the Executive Council, is designated as an honorary member and is entitled to use these post-nominal letters.[37]
See also
- List of premiers of Alberta
- List of Alberta general elections
- Politics of Canada
- Council of the Federation
- List of Alberta provincial ministers
References
- ^ Elected Members of the Assembly.
- ^ "Bill". www.assembly.ab.ca. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ "Legislative Assembly of Alberta". www.assembly.ab.ca.
- ^ The Alberta Act, 4-5 Edw. VII [1905], c. 3 (Canada), s. 12 .
- ^ Neitsch, Alfred Thomas (2008). "A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 30 (4). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ Bennett, Dean (October 22, 2015). "Notley shuffles cabinet to focus on Alberta's economic diversification". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ a b Alberta, Government of. "Ministries". www.alberta.ca. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
- ^ Taxation – provincial sales tax
- ^ "A Short History of Equalization, part 1: 1930–2006". thoughtundermined.com. May 12, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ "Alberta Fiscal Plan Overview (2016)" (PDF).
- ^ Budget 2020: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4601-4717-7. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2019: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2019. ISBN 978-1-4601-4596-8. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Government of Alberta 2019–20 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4601-4812-9. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2018: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4601-3834-2. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Government of Alberta 2018–19 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2019. ISBN 978-1-4601-4523-4. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2017: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2017. ISBN 978-1-4601-3251-7. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Government of Alberta 2017–18 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2018. ISBN 9781460140581. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2016: The Alberta Jobs Plan - Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4601-2866-4. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2015: Supporting Jobs. Supporting Families. The Alberta Way. Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4601-2595-3. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2015: Fiscal Plan (March) (PDF). Government of Alberta. March 2015. ISBN 978-1-4601-2179-5. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ The Building Alberta Plan - Budget 2014, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4601-1585-5. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2013: Responsible Change, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4601-0680-8. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Government of Alberta 2013–14 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4601-1722-4. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2012: Investing in People, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2012. ISBN 978-0-7785-9865-7. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Budget 2011: Building a Better Alberta, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7785-5930-6. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Government of Alberta 2011-12 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4601-0340-1.
- ^ Budget 2010: Striking the Right Balance, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7785-5808-8. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ "Budget 2009, Building on Our Strength". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "What are the income tax rates in Canada for 2009?". Canada Revenue Agency. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "Alberta Tax and Credits". Government of Alberta. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "The Right Way to Sell Booze in New Brunswick". Taxpayer. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "2008 Alberta Election Results". CTV. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ "2012 Alberta Election Results". CTV. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Provincial General Election April 23, 2012 Archived April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dyck 2012, pp. 416–420
- ^ Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard (1983). And no one cheered: federalism, democracy, and the Constitution Act. Toronto: Methuen. pp. 14, 16. ISBN 0-458-95950-2.
- ^ "Bill 1: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Recognition Act ($)". Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
Notes
- ^ Fiscal year is April 1 to March 31
- ^ a b Numbers across different fiscal years are not strictly comparable due to numerous accounting policy changes over time.
- ^ a b Totals may not add up due to rounding
- ^ Actual expenses taken from reporting in future year budgets or Annual Reports
- ^ a b West Texas Intermediate is used a benchmark in North America and serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil
- ^ The Progressive Conservative government under Premier Jim Prentice introduced a budget for the 2015-16 fiscal year prior to calling the 2015 Alberta general election. The New Democratic Party under Premier Rachel Notley introduced a new budget for the 2015-16 fiscal year upon forming government.
Further reading
- Connors, Richard; John M. Law (2005). Forging Alberta's constitutional framework. University of Alberta – Centre for Constitutional Studies. ISBN 0-88864-457-4. Retrieved October 21, 2012.