Jump to content

Wallenberg family

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Broski.tajik (talk | contribs) at 19:00, 27 July 2023 (Somone practically took away evreything i dont believe his edit was right.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Wallenberg
Banking Industry
André Oscar Wallenberg by Gustav Uno Troili
CountrySweden
Place of originLinköping, Lund, Stockholm
Founded1856; 168 years ago (1856)
FounderAndré Oscar Wallenberg
Members
Connected families
TraditionsLutheranism
Motto
Esse non videri[1]

("to act, not to seem to be")
Estate(s)
Websitewww.wallenberg.com

The Wallenberg family (Swedish pronunciation: [vallenbærj] ⓘ) is a prominent Swedish family, Europe's most powerful business dynasty.[2][3][4][5] Wallenbergs are noted as bankers, industrialists, politicians, bureaucrats, diplomats and military officials.

The Wallenberg empire, also known as the Wallenberg sphere, consists of 16 Wallenberg Foundations, Foundation Asset Management AB (FAM), Investor AB, and Wallenberg Investments AB. (see Wallenberg family § Business Empire)

In the 1970s, the Wallenberg family businesses employed 40% of Sweden's industrial workforce and represented 40% of the total worth of the Stockholm Stock Exchange.[6] As of 2015, the family still owned a third of Sweden's entire stock exchange.[7] As of 2023, the Wallenberg sphere comprises roughly 370 companies.[8][9][10] The holdings in the Wallenberg sphere employ about 1 million people,[11] and the market capitalisation of the holdings in the Wallenberg sphere combined amount to roughly $800bn. [12][13][14][15][16][17]

Wallenbergs, through the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, allocate annually SEK 2 billion to science and research, which makes the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation one of the largest private research foundations in Europe, and has, until 2020, awarded SEK 31.2 billion in grants. [citation needed]

Raoul Wallenberg, a diplomat, worked in Budapest, Hungary, during World War II to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. Between July and December 1944, he issued protective passports and housed Jews, saving tens of thousands.[18]

Early history

Jacob Wallenberg smoking a pipe on board the Swedish East Indiaman Finland.
Raoul Wallenberg Memorial Statue, Great Cumberland Place, London

The earliest known member patrilineally of the Wallenberg family is maintaining farmer Per Hansson (1670–1741) of Herseberga farm in the parish of Skärskind outside Linköping in Östergötland,[19] who, in 1692, married Kerstin Jacobsdotter Schuut (1671–1752). The couple had three sons; one of the sons, Anders, a vicar, adopted the name Hertzman, and became the progenitor of the Hertzman family, whereas their other two sons, the county sheriffs Jacob and Hans, adopted the name Wallberg. Jacob Wallberg married twice, first Märta Christina Kiuhlman, daughter of inspector Erik Kiuhlman, and then Anna Kristina Tillberg, daughter of vicar Marcus Joannis Tillberg. The children of the second marriage adopted the surname Wallenberg.[20][21]The eldest son was the lector of theology and vicar of Slaka parish, Marcus Wallenberg. His younger brother, Jacob Wallenberg, was a naval chaplain of the Swedish East India Company, and author of the Swedish travelogue My Son on the Galley (Min son på galejan).[22]

The eldest son of lector and vicar Marcus Wallenberg, and the only child in his marriage to Sara Helena Kinnander, was Marcus Wallenberg (1774–1833). Marcus Wallenberg studied at Uppsala University in the early 1790s and was promoted Master of Philosophy in 1797 and in the same year graduated juris utriusque. He became an associate professor of Roman eloquence in 1800, but was forced to leave Uppsala the same year after the so-called music process and moved to Lund where he married Anna Laurentia Barfoth, daughter of professor of anatomy at Lund university, Andreas Barfoth, and Elsa Maria Bager, of the famous merchant family Bager of Malmö. In 1802, he became a notarius publicus in Linköping, and in 1805, an associate professor of Greek at Linköping University where he translated the Illiad and Odyssey from Greek to Swedish. He was ordained in 1817, promoted doctor of theology around the time of Karl XIV Johan's ascension to the throne, and between 1819 and 1833, held the position as bishop of Linköping diocese. He attended the Riksdags in 1823 and between 1828 and 1830. In 1801, Wallenberg was elected a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music and in 1821, he became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.

Marcus Wallenberg was also engaged in freemasonry and a member of the masonic lodges in Malmö and Lund in the province of Scania.[23] He was also one of the initiators behind one of the masonic lodges in Linköping and later became its Grand Master.[24][25]

André Oscar Wallenberg

André Oscar Wallenberg was born on the 19th of November, 1816, in Linköping where his father held the position as bishop in Linköping Cathedral. Between 1825 and 1832, he attended Linköping trivial school and high school, and in 1832, traveled as a young man to the Caribbean and became a sea cadet on his return. After graduating as a naval officer in Karlskrona in 1835, he served for a few years as a sailor on North American trunk ships, and in 1837, he became an officer in the Swedish navy and served as commander of Sweden's first propeller ship Linköping. Four years later, he accompanied the Oxehufvudian expedition to South America. However, due to the fact that the expedition was poorly led, he left it in Lisbon. He then spent a year in Spain and France studying languages and law at Grenoble University and a long time in Brest studying their shipyards and workshops.

Wallenberg Mausoleum

In 1850, Wallenberg was commanded to Sundsvall as first lieutenant and head of a boatman company. He swore the Burgess Oath in Sundsvall and became a Burgess of the said city. He resigned from the military service in 1851 as first lieutenant. He became friends with the sawmill owner and industrialist Fredrik Bünsow and mediated loans to him at the acquisition of Skönvik in 1856, which became Skönvik Sawmill AB, and later a cornerstone of SCA (company). In 1858, Wallenberg and Bünsow also founded the city's first brewery, Sundsvall Brewery. Wallenberg also represented the city as a Member of Parliament.

Wallenberg Mausoleum, Lovön, Stockholm

Wealth is his banner. Profit is his watchword. He has not an ounce of patriotism. For him, his own gain is everything!

— Director of Rörstrand factory and author Gustaf Holdo Stråle af Ekna on André Oscar Wallenberg

As a banker, he was a pioneer in Europe. Already during his stay in the United States in 1837, at the time of the Panic of 1837, he wanted to become a banker. He had learned how banks should not be run. He participated in the establishment of the Filialbanken in Sundsvall and Hudiksvall and became its first manager. In 1856, he founded Stockholms Enskilda Bank at Lilla Nygatan 23 in the Old Quarters of Stockholm, which was modelled after the Scottish banking system, and was until his death its president. He introduced the postal exchange, which simplified the possibilities of transferring money between different locations, ―still almost unknown outside Sweden―, a comparatively high deposit rate, which led to an increase in the deposit, depreciation and amortisation business ― the bank's capital was made up of deposits from the public and not, as with previous banks, through private banknote issuance. The business idea was, that if the savers left the money tied up in an account for a longer period of time, they would receive a higher interest rate. In 1861, he founded Stockholms Hypotekskassa, Stockholm's mortgage bank. In 1863, he participated in founding Skandinaviska kreditaktiebolaget with Oscar Ekman, Oscar Dickson, Olof Wijk the Younger and the Dane Carl Frederik Tietgen (which later would become Skandinaviska Banken in 1937 and finally merged with Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank in 1972), and in 1867, he was Sweden's representative at the International Monetary Conference in Paris, at which conference he was introduced to Napoleon III and befriended people in the political and financial circles of France, and afterwards maintained close relations with them, among others, Félix Esquirou de Parieu, Eugène Rouher, Lionel de Moustier, Michel Chevalier, Léon Say, Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu.[26]

Internationally, he was well-connected and established a network with bankers in foreign countries which proved faithful later in life when the public opinion of him in Sweden was very negative. He often visited his foreign friends during his travels to France, Germany and United Kingdom; in Paris, he met with the banking firms Mallet Frères et Cie and Crédit Lyonnais, in London, with the German-Danish-British banking firms Frederick Huth & Co, C. J. Hambro &. Son and Frühling & Göschen, and in Hamburg, with Joh. Berenberg, Gossler & Co.[27]

The old headquarter of Enskilda Banken in Old Town of Stockholm.
Stockholms Enskilda Bank in Gamla Stan, Stockholm, in 1870.

He was also a member of several national committees, including the committee regarding proposals for laws of prospecting, the committee on constitutions concerning weights and measures (which introduced the meter system), the banking committee, the committee on laws concerning companies, and a chairman of Stockholm's trade and shipping board. In addition to the modernisation of banking legislation, Wallenberg contributed to the increased rights for women, among other things, by being the first in Europe to allow women to work in banks (see Alida Rossander), and allow women to open their own bank accounts.[28]

Wallenberg Mausoleum, Lovön, resting place of André Oscar Wallenberg, his wife Anna, son Marcus Laurentius and his wife Amalia, and great-grandson Marc Wallenberg, inter alia

A.O., which he is called in the family, also became involved in many industries, including Atlas Diesel (which later would become Atlas Copco), Hofors AB, several railway companies such as Gefle-Dala järnväg, Bergslagernas järnväg, shipping companies, breweries such as Münchenbryggeriet.[29] He was a co-owner of Bore newspaper, and provided both pecuniary support and articles for Stockholmsposten. He wrote articles on economic issues on a weekly basis for Aftonbladet.

It is in bad times profitable business is done.

—André Oscar Wallenberg, in a letter in 1879

He died in January 1886 in Stockholm and was buried in the Wallenberg Mausoleum at Malmvik. He was married twice; first to Wilhelmina Catharina Andersson, and in his second to Anna Eleonora Charlotte von Sydow, born 1835, died 1910 in Stockholm, daughter of Rear Admiral Johan Gustaf von Sydow and his second wife Eleonora Juliana Wiggman. He had a total of twenty children with three different women.

Late 19th and early 20th century — 2nd generation Wallenbergs

Knut Agathon Wallenberg

Knut Agathon Wallenberg, like his father André Oscar Wallenberg, was trained as a naval officer, at Naval School of Warfare.[30] In 1876, he attended Georgiis' Banking Institution,[31] and then gained an early banking internship in Paris at Credit Lyonnais.[32] Upon his father's death in 1886, Knut Agathon became President of Stockholms Enskilda Bank.[33] This took place at the same time as an intensive investment period in Swedish business began. During this time, Stockholms Enskilda Bank played an innovative role by connecting the French capital market with the demand for credit in the rapidly expanding Swedish industry. The bank played an important role in financing Sweden's breakthrough as an industrial nation. Knut Agathon Wallenberg created a very large fortune and a leading position in Swedish society. He was involved in everything from reconstructions in the mining industry and engineering companies to the exploitation of the ore fields in Norrbotten.

Wallenberg was intensely involved in various societal issues, not least in Stockholm's development. For more than 30 years, he was active in municipal politics in the capital, as a member of the Stockholm City Council 1883–1914. He was also a Member of the Riksdag in the First Chamber for more than a decade, 1907–1919, and Minister of Foreign Affairs during the war years 1914–1917. In his position as Foreign Minister, he was seen, especially by the left, as a counterweight to the German-oriented forces in government. He was the initiator, lender, donor and driving force behind a large number of contemporary construction projects, mainly in Stockholm, including the Royal Swedish Opera, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm City Hall, Stockholm City Library, Swedish Maritime History Museum and the Swedish Institute in Rome. He was also the initiator and driving force behind the development of the community Saltsjöbaden, its residential town, railway,[34] Grand Hotel Saltsjöbaden, the Church of Revelation where he and his wife Alice are buried in a sarcophagus, and the Observatory.

Grand Hotel Saltsjöbaden built by Knut Agathon Wallenberg and host of three Bilderberg meetings

In 1903, following a proposal from businessmen in the Swedish business community, Knut Agathon Wallenberg donated a large sum to the founding of a business school in Stockholm. The money was used by the School of Business, Economics and Law, which was established in 1906 to found the Stockholm School of Economics in 1909, which is still financed and controlled by the Wallenbergs today and has, since then, sister schools in Riga, Latvia, and St.Petersburg, Russia. Wallenberg was chairman of the Swedish School of Economics 'Association, the Swedish School of Economics' highest decision-making body, 1906–1938. He was also vice chairman of the board of the Stockholm School of Economics, the university's highest executive body, 1909–1938. He donated funds for the establishment of André Oscar Wallenberg's professorship in economics and banking at the university in 1917. He also made large donations to finance the university's new main building at Sveavägen 65 in Stockholm.

British Bank of Northern Commerce was founded in February 1912 by Knut Agathon Wallenberg and Emil Glückstadt of Landmandsbanken together with several other banks including Centralbanken of Norway in Oslo, Banque de Commerce de l'Azoff-Don in St.Petersburg, and Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas in Paris. The purpose of the bank was to facilitate trade between the United Kingdom and northern Europe. The bank financed Finland after the country achieved its independence from Russia in 1917–18.[35] In 1919 the bank offered the chairmanship of its board to John Maynard Keynes with the assurance that in return for a salary of £2000 the job would only take a morning a week. Keynes had met Knut Agathon Wallenberg and Glückstadt during World War I and believed the offer was attractive. However, Keynes consulted with several bankers in the city and turned the offer.[36] In 1920 British Bank of Northern Commerce merged with C.J. Hambro & Sons, rebranded Hambros Bank of Northern Commerce. In August 1921 the bank shortened its name to Hambros Bank.

In 1938, Knut Agathon Wallenberg died. Knut and his wife Alice had no issue, apart from an adopted daughter, Jeanne, born out of wedlock to Jean Karadja Pasha, and thus half-sister to Constantin Karadja, and therefore chose to bequeath his enormous fortune to the already formed Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

Marcus Wallenberg Sr.

Marcus Wallenberg Sr. by Anders Zorn

Knut Agathon Wallenberg's younger brother Marcus Wallenberg Sr. carried on the tradition and took over as the bank's CEO in 1911, replacing his older brother who was appointed Stockholms Enskilda Bank chairman of the board.

I see my investments in a company as my children and I am not inclined to want to see them in the hands of others.

Marcus Wallenberg Sr.[37]

Marcus Wallenberg Sr., commonly called häradshövdingen, the circuit judge, due to his law degree, was the great initiative force in the family's industrial commitments; founding, reorganising and reconstructing companies, banks and institutes. He founded Centralbanken of Norway, AB Emissionsinstitutet, Papyrus AB, Swedish Diesel Company, Swedish-Russian-Danish Telephone Aktiebolaget, Mexican Telephone AB Ericsson, reorganising of Nordiska trävaru AB, Kopparbergs & Hofors AB, and of Wifstavarfs AB.[38] He founded, together with Sam Eyde and Kristian Birkeland, Norsk Hydro,[39] and saved ASEA (ABB) from bankruptcy,[40][41] and not the least founded the Federation of Swedish Industries. He was the main representative in Sweden of the modern pursuit of industry concentration under the leadership of the major banks.

In addition to this, he had an active career on the world stage as an active member of many international committees. During World War I, he was repeatedly called upon to bring about trade agreements with England and its allies vis-à-vis the Russian Revolution, the Sykes-Picot agreement and the Balfour Declaration.[42] In the winter of 1919, Wallenberg had to monitor Sweden's interests on financial matters on behalf of the Swedish government during the Paris Peace Conference, and in 1920 was Sweden's representative at the Brussels Finance Conference.[43] In 1920, he became a member of the League of Nations' newly established Financial Committee, of which he was chairman. In 1921, Wallenberg founded the Swedish Taxpayers' Association. Wallenberg participated in leading positions in the implementation of the Dawes Plan. He was Chairman of the Committee on the German Industry's encumberment, a Chairman of the Committee for the Arrangement of Germany's Natural Supplies, the arbitrator in disputes between the German government and the Repair Committee, which was responsible for the Allies' establishment of a functional infrastructure between 1925 and 1930. He was responsible for the interpretation of the Young Plan in 1930. Between 1931 and 1934, Marcus Wallenberg Sr. was the Chairman of the Arbitration Court, which dealt with short-term German credits in the establishment of the German moratorium, established in 1932 in Lausanne. In 1931, Marcus Wallenberg Sr., along with Hjalmar Schacht, was also appointed expert by the German government to reconstruct the German banking system in order to adapt it to the Bank of International Settlements.

The tribunal at Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank. Sitting from left to right: Franz Urbig, Marcus Wallenberg Sr. and Thomas H. McKittrick. Standing from left to right: Rolf Calissendorff, W. Jordan, G. Lachlan

Marcus Wallenberg Sr. sat on the Credits Arbitration Committee with Thomas H. McKittrick and Franz Urbig,[44] which solved disputes between German commercial banks. Marcus Wallenberg Sr. taught McKittrick about the complicated international finances, and was an important mentor to the American throughout his presidency of the Bank for International Settlements, teaching him to play both sides simultaneously in the war, which would guarantee the banks and business empires future existence regardless of the outcome. According to the former SVT journalist and authority on Ivar Kreuger, Nikola Majstrovic, in his book, the Truth Behind the Kreuger Crash, Marcus Wallenberg Sr. and the banker J. P. Morgan Jr. paid Josef Stalin to orchestrate the assassination of Ivar Kreuger.[45]

Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg

Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg and Viceroy Duanfang in Nanjing, China, in 1907.

Marcus's brother Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg, grandfather of Raoul Wallenberg, became a lieutenant in 1882 and a captain in the Swedish navy in 1892. He left the active military service in 1891 to devote himself to business. He was particularly concerned with traffic issues and the improvement of Sweden's shipping connections. He was the managing director of the shipping company, which, in 1897, managed the ferry traffic between Trelleborg in Sweden and Sassnitz in Germany, and was active on the trade and shipping committee to increase the shipping industry, and, in particular, worked to establish direct Swedish relations with more important transoceanic countries. In 1892, he became the first managing director of Järnvägs AB Stockholm – Saltsjön, but left this post in 1896. Between 1900 and 1907, he belonged to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber as a representative of the city of Stockholm. At first, he was independent, but from 1902 he belonged to the Liberal Coalition Party.

After the dissolution of the Union between Sweden and Norway, there was a question of reorganising Sweden's diplomacy. Wallenberg was used for these tasks, and in 1906 Wallenberg was appointed envoy to Tokyo, and in 1907, accredited to Beijing. Wallenberg thus became the first permanently stationed Swedish career diplomat in East Asia.

Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg

At the same time, he was promoted to commander of the 1st degree. In 1908, Wallenberg concluded a Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Shipping with the Chinese Qing Court. The Treaty reaffirmed the extensive privileges Sweden had secured with the Treaty of Canton, which went beyond that of other European nations. Wallenberg's return from Tokyo attracted considerable attention in early 1918. Due to the precarious conditions caused by the war and especially the Russian Revolution, Wallenberg was stopped in Siberia, where he was detained for a long time, and then had to return to Japan, only to travel across the United States. He first arrived in Sweden in February 1919. In 1920, Wallenberg was transferred to Istanbul, Turkey, as Minister. He was accredited in Sofia, Bulgaria, and held the position until 1930.

He became well known for his stern refusal to let his daughter Nita Wallenberg marry the artist Nils von Dardel to whom she became secretly engaged in 1917[46] Dardel was told by her family that he "dithed not meet the requirements to be married into the Wallenberg family".[47] The risk that Dardel would take advantage of being married into the family was considered very high. Nita Wallenberg was forced to burn all of Dardel's letters and forget her romance.[48]

Mid 20th century — 3rd generation Wallenbergs

Jacob Wallenberg

Jacob Wallenberg (1892-1980)

Jacob Wallenberg (1892–1980), eldest son of Marcus Wallenberg Sr., became the CEO of Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken in 1927, joined by his younger brother Marcus Wallenberg Jr. as the deputy CEO.

World War II

During World War II, the Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank collaborated with the German government and other German corporations, including Bosch and IG Farben, by acting as a purchasing agent, and assisted Nazi-Germany in a variety of ways through Wallenberg multinationals. Jacob Wallenberg dealt with the Germans in Berlin, while Marcus dealt with the British and Americans in London and New York, in which cities he was friends with the banking elite.[49] Jacob was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Berlin in 1941.[50]

Bosch and IG Farben affair ― the Art of Cloaking

The swastika logo of ASEA (today ABB) which was removed in 1933
Illustration of the cloaking ownership by Stockholms Enskilda Bank of IG Farben.[51]
American Bosch

Stockholms Enskilda Bank functioned as a purchasing agent for the Bosch corporation, a company that was one of the largest suppliers to Hitler. In its facility outside Berlin, it relied on prisoners of war and concentration camp prisoners as workforce. Beginning in 1939, Stockholms Enskilda Bank had bought eight Bosch companies in neutral countries and a majority of the shares in the American Bosch company, American Bosch Corporation, ABC. The business settlement was such that the parent company was awarded the right to designate buyers if the companies were to be resold. In return, Bosch had promised to help Stockholms Enskilda Bank with the German government securities worth 15 million, the Kreuger bonds, which remained after the Kreuger crash. In addition to this, Bosch gave a premium of 2.7 million to Stockholms Enskilda Bank. The acquisition of ABC was by far the largest deal and the purchase price was the equivalent of 12.4 million. In practice, the Bosch Group gained full control of the subsidiary through the business settlement.

European Bosch
Stockholms Enskilda Bank and IG Farben

Wallenbergs also did business with IG Farben and owned large number of shares in the parent company, which owned the concentration camp Monowitz, Auschwitz III. The IG Farben patent was hidden in Sweden.[52]

Hollandsche Koopmans Bank - Securities and Gold

Hollandsche Koopmans Bank was founded by Gerhard Fritze in the mid 1920s, and the majority owners were Ivar Kreuger, through Kreuger & Toll, IG Farben and the Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank. After Kreuger's death in 1932, the bank was jointly controlled by IG Farben and Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank.[53] Wallenbergs owned roughly 20% of the shares in the bank.[54]

Hollandsche Koopmans Bank was a hub in IG Farben's international financial operations. In 1936, the shares, apart from the shares held by Wallenbergs' Stockholms Enskilda Bank, were sold to an internatinoal banking syndicate which Stockholms Enskilda Bank was part of, which owned Internationale Bank, and which finally merged with Hollandsche Koopmans Bank.[55]

Wallenbergs Stockholms Enskilda Bank was involved in buying up bonds and looted securities through Hollandsche Koopmans Bank, shortened HKB. In 1942, HKB started to do business with looted Jewish securities, which was sold to Deutsche Golddiskkontbank, subsidiary of the German Reichsbank. Stockholms Enskilda Bank's representative on the board of directors of HKB was Maurice Philipson.[56]

World War II Epilogue - Safehaven Negotiations

After the war, the US authorities subjected the bank to a blockade that was lifted in 1947 after the Safehaven-negotiations in Washington, DC, at which the Wallenbergs were defended by friends of the family, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles.[57]

Björn Lundvall, President of Ericsson, and Marcus Wallenberg at the island of Armnö, in 1970
Marcus Wallenberg Jr., Curt Nicolin and Åke Vrethem in an airplane over the Andes

Post-war Period ― Marcus Wallenberg Jr.

Bilderberg Steering Committee Meeting 1972, at which Marcus Wallenberg Jr. was one of the attendees.

During the 1950s, Marcus Wallenberg Jr. gradually advanced his positions in industry at the expense of his brother Jacob, becoming the King of Industry, the most active person in industrial projects of the 20th century, and the man who laid the foundation for the Swedish industrial miracle.[58] He was involved in everything from civil aviation, military aviation, nuclear power, telecommunication and computer industry to appliances, mining, forestry, banking sector, steel industry, bearing, cars and trucks. In a speech held in Falun in 1954, in which he laid out his visions, he spoke of supersonic planes, expressways, huge parking areas on the outskirts of cities, transistors on metal plates which would enable "pocket phones", three-dimensional colour television, fully automatic factories, mathematics machines, atomic power, radiation sterilisation of fresh produce, synthetic materials and medicines.[59] In the late 50s, he was chairman of 33 company boards and also an ordinary member of 31 other boards. In his industrial activities, Marcus Wallenberg worked in symbiosis with the country's political leadership. He was a frequent guest at Finance Minister Gunnar Sträng, not least as an adviser. Sträng was aware of the fact that there was no one with the same insight and network of contacts within neither the Swedish nor the international financial world.[60]

His great interest in technological advancements had made him gravitate towards the industrial sphere. In the previous decades, he had carried out significant change. As chairman of the board of Atlas Diesel, today Atlas Copco, Wallenberg made the decision to slowly wind down the company's engine manufacturing and instead invest in compressed air technology, a decision that led the company to a world-leading position.[61] In the area of production and distribution of strong current, he had met the head of ASEA Sigfrid Edström and presented plans for a collaboration. A company, Electro-Invest, was formed with the aim of acquiring concessions to build power plants mainly in Eastern Europe.[62] Wallenberg took a seat on the company's board in 1930 and Investor became the single largest owner. Wallenberg was actively involved in the reconstruction of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson. In 1931, in violation of Swedish law, Ivar Kreuger had sold class A voting shares to the American telephone company ITT, to such an extent that the company thought it controlled the voting majority in LM Ericsson. Through Wallenberg's negotiating efforts and through the Swedish government approving an increase in the upper voting rights limit for foreign ownership to 35 percent, the dispute with ITT could be resolved in June 1933 and LM Ericsson could be maintained as an independent Swedish company. Wallenberg, known as Mr. Ericsson, became a chairman of the board and turning it into the largest telecommunication company in the world.[63]

He took the initiative of founding new railway lines and the Scandinavian airline SAS.[64] He supported the father of the wrench Johan Petter Johansson and August Stenman, thus laying the foundation for companies such as Bahco and Assa (today world's largest lock and access company Assa Abloy).[65] Moreover, Marcus Wallenberg financially reconstructed AB Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna and developed an aviation department, ASJA, whose competitor, Bofors, was owned by Axel Wenner-Gren, which had founded the Swedish Aeroplanaktiebolaget. The two companies were merged by Wallenberg and the chairman of the Bofors group, Sven Wingquist, to create a competitive company, hence Saab was formed, which, thanks to Wallenberg, also spun into vehicle production (Saab auto) and computer systems (Datasaab, Stansaab). The venture was characteristic of Marcus Wallenberg's boldness and drive towards technological innovation. He was the main initiator of an efficient Swedish aircraft industry, which could keep pace with the leading foreign ones, making the air force of Sweden the fourth-largest worldwide. In 1968, he would take over the chairmanship of the company.[66] Wallenberg merged Saab AB and Scania-Vabis into Saab-Scania. At the same time, Wallenberg, through Separator AB (today Alfa Laval), became the largest owner of Electrolux.

He was the first banker to introduce computers, video phones and ATMs.[67] He introduced Eurocard (credit card) in 1964.

Marcus Wallenberg Jr. organised the secret peace talks between the Soviet ambassador Alexandra Kollontai and the future president of Finland, Paasikivi at the Grand Hotel Saltsjöbaden.[68] During World War II, the Finnish government could keep contact with the Western powers thanks to Marcus Wallenberg Jr.. Marcus Wallenberg Jr. was a door-opener for Finnish President Urho Kekkonen.[69][70] The Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Henrik Ramsay, was a close friend of Wallenberg. Ramsay bequeathed his yacht Regina to Wallenberg.[71]

Marcus Wallenberg Jr. in a discussion at the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) headquarters, in Paris in 1981.

He managed the finances of the Swedish royal family and the Swedish Academy.[72]

One among many anecdotes of Marcus Wallenberg Jr is when the legendary pilot "Ghost" would fly him over the Norwegian mountain Kölehagen. The pilot is supposed to have said, "sorry, but I'm not allowed to fly over that mountain, it's Norwegian territory." Wallenberg is said to have replied, "just fly, I've done so much for Norway!"[73]

Late 20th century — 4th generation Wallenbergs

The two sons of Marcus Wallenberg Jr., Marc and Peter, joined the Wallenberg sphere in 1953. The mother of the two, as well as their sister, Ann-Mari, was the Scotswoman, Dorothy Mackay, daughter of the Dundee-based businessman Alexander Mackay of Glencruitten (1856-1937), chairman and director of, among other companies, the Matador Land and Cattle Company, Shell Oil Corporation, The Anglo-Egyptian Oil Company, Toreador Royalties, Mackay Estates,[74] and his wife Edith Helen Burns. In 1935, the marriage ended, and as a consequence, the sons were brought up by their father in Sweden, whereas their sister Ann-Mari, was brought up in United Kingdom by her mother. Dorothy later married the London banker and intelligence officer Charles Jocelyn Hambro, a friend of the Wallenberg family.[75]

Marc Wallenberg

Marc Wallenberg studied at Harvard Business School and practiced in Geneva, at Crédit Lyonnais and Paribas in Paris, Hambros in London and in New York, at Morgan Stanley, National City (Citibank) and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.. In 1955, Marc married Olga Wethje of the Scanian Wehtje family, founders of Skanska, daughter of director of Atlas Copco Walter Wehtje and his wife Gurli Bergström, the daughter of Paul Urbanus Bergström, founder of Pub department store. Marc Wallenberg became a deputy CEO at Stockholms Enskilda Bank the same year, and upon his uncle's, Jacob Wallenberg, resignation, a CEO in 1958. The resignation by Jacob Wallenberg opened a seat on the bank's board of directors to Peter Wallenberg Sr., younger son of Marcus Wallenberg Jr., who, against his father's will, turned down the offer and instead entered the industry and the Wallenbergs' Atlas Copco, spending significant time abroad in South Africa, US and UK.

Merger and Suicide

Lake Orlången where Marc's body was found by the relatives Jacob Palmstierna and Peder Bonde af Björnö.

In 1971, Marcus Wallenberg Jr. pushed for a merger between Stockholms Enskilda Bank and rival Skandinaviska Banken against the will of his brother Jacob. Marcus Wallenberg Jr. won the rivalry and it fell on the son Marc "Boy-Boy" Wallenberg to execute the merger. Previously, he had tried to persuade his uncle, Jacob Wallenberg, to support the plan. The 47-year-old vice chairman of the family bank, a hard worker who served on some 60 boards, was expected to become vice-president of the merged S-E Banken. Before the merger was completed, however, Marc's body was found in a snow-covered forest near lake Orlången in the south of Stockholm with a bullet through his head. He had committed suicide by shooting himself with his hunting rifle. Observers suggested that the act came possibly due to the fact that Marc Wallenberg felt little enthusiasm for the merger and having been under much pressure from his stern father on the one side, and his uncle, Jacob Wallenberg and Lars-Erik Thunholm on the other. Others speculated, including his father, that the prolonged cold and medication with sulfa drugs might have been fatal and resulted in his gun inflicted suicide. The merger went through in 1972.[76]

Peter Wallenberg Sr.

After the death of Marcus Wallenberg Jr. in 1982, Peter Wallenberg Sr. took over the management. Peter Wallenberg Sr. focused his interests on the family's investment companies, Investor and Providentia. In the early 80s, Peter bought out Volvo from Wallenbergs' Atlas Copco and Stora Kopparberg (Stora Enso) and increased Wallenbergs' voting share in seven of the sphere's eight most important companies.[77]

Early 21st century — 5th generation Wallenbergs

In 2006, the fifth generation took over the Wallenberg sphere. Marcus Wallenberg, son of Marc Wallenberg, Jacob Wallenberg and Peter Wallenberg Jr. sons of Peter Wallenberg Sr.

Marcus Wallenberg and a business delegation to India to meet Prime Minister Modi.

In May 2006, Wallenbergs' bank SEB arranged a meeting in Stockholm together with World Economic Forum where experts and policymakers discussed the financial instabilities and the reformation of IMF and World Bank. The hosts were President Marcus Wallenberg and CEO Annika Falkengren.[78]

In 2012, massmedia revealed the so-called Saudi affair, Project Simoom, in which the politicians gave into the pressure of the Wallenbergs. The Saudis were going to purchase the Swedish airborne surveillance system Erieye - produced by Saab Electronic Defense Systems, formerly Ericsson Microwave Systems, on the condition that Sweden and Swedish Defence Research Agency helped build a propellant and explosives factory in Saudi Arabia to modify anti-tank weapon systems.[79]

In August, 2013, people from companies such as Academedia, EQT and Aleris in the Wallenberg sphere, and the top eschelon of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation had a secret meeting at Kommunal's course center in Marholmen to reach an agreement regarding profits in welfare.[80]

President Barack Obama in Stockholm, 2013. Jacob Wallenberg in the background.

In 2016, Marcus Wallenberg and a delegation consisting of among others Prime Minister Stefan Löfven visited Saudi Arabia.[81]

In 2016, Jacob Wallenberg was one of the guests at the Nordic state dinner at the White House.[82]

In March 2018, Jacob Wallenberg and Marcus Wallenberg, along with Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, Mikael Damberg, and CEOs of the Wallenberg sphere, Börje Ekholm of Ericsson, Håkan Buskhe of SAAB, Pascal Soriot of Astra Zeneca visited President Donald Trump in the White House. Afterwards Marcus Wallenberg described Trump as being "very inquisitive and curious". Wallenberg commented, "Trump mostly asked us questions about how we looked at doing business in the US and how we looked at the future."[83]

In 2018, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation decided to grant Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology, WACQT, at Chalmers University in Gothenburg, SEK 1.2bn to develop a quantum computer.[84]

In 2018, Wallenbergs announced that, they will invest in Symposium, the company behind the annual Brilliant Minds Conference in Stockholm, founded by the founder of Spotify, Daniel Ek, and manager of Avicii, Ash Pournouri, with the intention to build a creative Davos. Marcus Wallenberg commented that, "Daniel Ek wants to put Sweden on the map in this new world and in the new economy. This is not about a family or an entrepreneur - it's about Sweden."[85][86] In June, 2019, the Wallenbergs hosted a party at their Villa Täcka Udden, Stockholm, in connection to the annual Brilliant Minds Conference. The conference was hosted by the Wallenbergs at their Grand Hotel Stockholm. One of the guests at the after party at Villa Täcka Udden was former President Barack Obama.[87]

In 2021, the Berzelius supercomputer for artificial intelligence, developed by Linköping University with donations of SEK 300 million from Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, was installed. The researchers who will primarily work with the supercomputer are associated with the research programmes funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, such as the Wallenberg AI Autonomous Systems and Software Program,[88] WASP.[89]

In late February 2022, it was reported in the media that, Ericsson had bribed the terror organisation ISIL in Iraq.[90]

Jacob Wallenberg at the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm City Hall, 2022

In late March, 2022, it became known that technology and equipment from Wallenberg-owned Atlas Copco and SKF had been sold to twelve of the Russian state's nuclear weapons manufacturers.[91]

In April, 2022, Jacob Wallenberg participated in a secret meeting in Helsinki, Finland, with Swedish Minister of Finance Mikael Damberg and the President of Finland, Sauli Niinistö and high military officers, on the issue of NATO membership.[92]

In September, 2022, Ericsson continued to export telecommunication equipment to Russia after the sanctions, which, according to some sources, could be used for military as well as civilian purposes.[93]

In October, 2022, Jacob Wallenberg, CEOs from the Wallenberg sphere, and the Swedish and Dutch royal families, met at Wallenbergs Grand Hotel Stockholm to discuss the sale of submarine A26 by Saab Group to Netherlands.[94]

Media reported in November, 2022, that, the Wallenberg family played a central role when Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson visited Turkish President Erdogan. CEOs of the Wallenberg sphere, in total CEOs of 6 multinationals in the Wallenberg sphere, were part of the delegation to Turkey, including Håkan Buskhe of Saab Group.[95][96]

In July, 2023, Swedish media reported that Wallenbergs' Epiroc, supplier of mining equipment, did business with Russian company Logli after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war.[97]

Wallenbergare

A Wallenbergare.

A Wallenbergare (a Wallenberger) is a Swedish dish named after Marcus Wallenberg Sr. or his wife, Amalia Wallenberg née Hagdahl, daughter of dr.med and famous cookbook author, Charles Emil Hagdahl. There are various theories regarding the origin of the dish. The credit is generally given to chef de cuisine Julius Carlsson at restaurant Cecil in Stockholm.

Jönssonligan

In the Swedish 80s and 90s comedy film series, Jönssonligan, the arch-enemy of the Jönssonligan is Wall-Enberg, Jacob Morgan Rockefeller Wall-Enberg, played by Per Grundén, a cross between a business magnate and a mob boss, a name that alludes to the Wallenberg family and businessman Anders Wall.

References

  1. ^ Luisa Greco (22 May 2015). "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela". Toctoc.
  2. ^ Milne, Richard (5 June 2015). "Meet the Wallenbergs". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  3. ^ Larsson, Therese (27 May 2011). "Peter – En Wallenbergare Med Tyngd". Svenska Dagbladet.
  4. ^ Landes, David S. (2007). Dynasties: Fortunes and Misfortunes of the World's Great Family Businesses. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143112471.
  5. ^ Bartal, David (1996). The Empire: Rise of the House of Wallenberg - how the Wallenbergs built Europe's mightiest private industrial family (Imperiet: hur Wallenbergarna byggde Europas mäktigaste familjedynasti). Dagens Industri. ISBN 9176301281.
  6. ^ "A Nordic pyramid". The Economist. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Meet the Wallenbergs". Financial Times. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  8. ^ "Our Holdings". Investor AB.
  9. ^ "Current portfolio". EQT Partners. 13 June 2023.
  10. ^ "Våra innehav". FAM.
  11. ^ Svensson, Anders (8 December 2022). "Finansklanerna – Wallenberg del 2". Svenssons Nyheter - Ekonomi, Storfinans, Monopol.
  12. ^ "EQT AB (publ) Year-end Report 2022". EQT AB. EQT AB. 18 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Market capitalization of AstraZeneca (AZN)". Companies Market Cap. Companies Market Cap.
  14. ^ "Electrolux Professional AB". Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance.
  15. ^ "Stora Enso". Companies Market Cap. Companies Market Cap.
  16. ^ "SKF". Companies Market Cap. Companies Market Cap.
  17. ^ "Investor AB". Companies Market Cap. Companies Market Cap.
  18. ^ "Yad Vashem database". Yad Vashem. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2007. [...] who saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest during World War II ... and put some 15,000 Jews into 32 safe houses.
  19. ^ "Här är Wallenbergs okända Norrköpingsbakgrund". Folkbladet. Folkbladet.
  20. ^ "Wallenberg – Adelsvapen-Wiki".
  21. ^ The Swedish family calendar 1989, red. Elisabeth Thorsell, Almqvist & Wiksell Internationell, Stockholm 1989 ISBN 91-22-01318-0 s.360
  22. ^ Wallenberg, Jacob (1994). My Son on the Galley. ISBN 1-870041-23-2.
  23. ^ Nilsson, Bo G. (2005). Founder: Andre Oscar Wallenberg 1816-1886 Swedish Banker, Politician & Journalist. Almqvist & Wiksell Intl. p. 25. ISBN 9122021027.
  24. ^ Klingström, Lars (2019). Frimuraren (33 ed.). p. 37.
  25. ^ Nilsson, Bo G. (2005). Founder: Andre Oscar Wallenberg 1816-1886 Swedish Banker, Politician & Journalist. Almqvist & Wiksell Intl. p. 26. ISBN 9122021027.
  26. ^ Key, Helmer. A.O. Wallenberg - En Minnsteckning. Stockholm AB Nordiska Bokhandeln.
  27. ^ Key, Helmer. A.O. Wallenberg Minnesteckning. Stockholm AB Nordiska Bokhandeln.
  28. ^ "Our History". SEB Group. SEB Group.
  29. ^ Lindahl, Carl Fredrik. Svenska millionärer. MINNEN OCH ANTECKNINGAR AF LAZARUS. KÖRRSNERS BOKTRYCKERI-AKTIEBOLAG 1900.
  30. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon II:687. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
  31. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon II:687. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
  32. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon II:687. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
  33. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon II:687. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
  34. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon II:687. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
  35. ^ Wechsberg, Joseph (1966). The Merchant Bankers. p. 65.
  36. ^ Moggridge, Donal Edward (1995). Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography. Taylor & Francis. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-415-12711-0.
  37. ^ "De tidiga åren". Investor.
  38. ^ Lagerheim, G.; Leche, V.; Nordensvan, G.; Westrin, Th. (1921). Nordisk familjebok - Uggleupplagan. 31. Ural - Vertex. Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. pp. 481–482.
  39. ^ Hydro, Norsk. "1905: Three remarkable men". www.hydro.com.
  40. ^ Qviberg, Lisa (30 January 2019). "När ASEA skulle räddas". Företagskällan. Företagshistoria (2004:2).
  41. ^ Lagerheim, G.; Leche, V.; Nordensvan, G.; Westrin, Th. (1921). Nordisk familjebok - Uggleupplagan. 31. Ural - Vertex. Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. pp. 481–482.
  42. ^ Lagerheim, G.; Leche, V.; Nordensvan, G.; Westrin, Th. (1921). Nordisk familjebok - Uggleupplagan. 31. Ural - Vertex. Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. pp. 481–482.
  43. ^ Lagerheim, G.; Leche, V.; Nordensvan, G.; Westrin, Th. (1921). Nordisk familjebok - Uggleupplagan. 31. Ural - Vertex. Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. pp. 481–482.
  44. ^ Toniolo, Gianni (16 May 2005). Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1973. ISBN 978-0-521-84551-9.
  45. ^ Majstrovic, Nikola (2014). Sanningen Bakom Kreugerkraschen. Stockholm: Sirgium bok och film dokument. ISBN 9789163736087.
  46. ^ Erik Näslund, Dardel, Författarförlaget 1988, page 1223, 167.
  47. ^ Thora Dardel, Jag for till Paris, Bonniers 1941, page 23
  48. ^ Erik Näslund, Dardel, Författarförlaget 1988, page 137.
  49. ^ Nowinski, Gregor. Wallenbergs – A Documentary.
  50. ^ Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland; WNRC, RG 84, Stockholm Legation Confidential files 1946-1947, Box 4, American Legation, Stockholm, to Department of State (No. 7447), 1946-10-09.
  51. ^ Aalders, Gerard; Wiebes, Cees (1985). Stockholms Enskilda Bank, German Bosch and IG Farben. A short history of cloaking, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 33:1, 25-50. p. 44.
  52. ^ "Statens offentliga utredningar 1999:20". Riksdagen.
  53. ^ Aalders, Gerard; Wiebes, Cees. Stockholms Enskilda Bank, German Bosch and IG Farben. A short history of cloaking. p. 41.
  54. ^ Wiebes, Cees; Aalders, Gerard (1996). The Art of Cloaking Ownership: The Secret Collaboration and Protection of the German War industry by the Neutrals: the Case of Sweden. Amsterdam: Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press : Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation. p. 59. ISBN 978-9053561799.
  55. ^ Aalders, Gerard; Wiebes, Cees. Stockholms Enskilda Bank, German Bosch and IG Farben. A short history of cloaking. p. 41.
  56. ^ Wiebes, Cees; Aalders, Gerard (1996). The Art of Cloaking Ownership: The Secret Collaboration and Protection of the German War industry by the Neutrals: the Case of Sweden. Amsterdam: Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press : Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation. p. 100. ISBN 978-9053561799.
  57. ^ Nowinski, Gregor. "Wallenbergs".
  58. ^ Nowinski, Gregor (2006). Wallenbergs - A Documentary Part II.
  59. ^ "Family Members" (PDF). Wallenberg.
  60. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  61. ^ Atlas Copco 1873-1973, Historien om ett världsföretag i tryckluft, T. Gårdlund m fl, Stockholm 1973
  62. ^ Asea under hundra år 1883-1983, IEHF, Stockholm, 1983.
  63. ^ Marcus Wallenberg, 1899-1982, Att förvalta sitt pund, Ulf Olsson, 2000.
  64. ^ Fagerfjäll, Ronald (6 July 2022). "Historien om SAS Från prestigefyllt företagsbygge till krisbolag". Dagens Industri. Dagens Industri. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  65. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  66. ^ SAAB, Företag i utveckling, T. Holm, Stockholm, 1969.
  67. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  68. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  69. ^ Nisula, Katrina; Flythström, Christer (29 October 2021). "Marcus Wallenberg hemlig budbärare för Finland under kriget". Sveriges Radio. Sveriges Radio.
  70. ^ Rautkallio, Hannu (2021). Pohjoinen liitto: Wallenbergit ja Suomi. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 9789511319795.
  71. ^ Stenlund, Peter. "Wallenbergarna värdefulla för Finland". HBL. HBL.
  72. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  73. ^ Karlsson, Petter; Ekdal, Niklas (11 June 2009). Historiens 100 viktigaste svenskar. Bokförlaget Forum. ISBN 9789143500721.
  74. ^ "Alexander Mackay 1856-1937". THE GLENCRUITTEN CATHEDRAL OF TREES – SCIO. THE GLENCRUITTEN CATHEDRAL OF TREES – SCIO. 12 May 2016.
  75. ^ Ohlsson, Ulf (2000). Att Förvalta Sitt Pund: Marcus Wallenberg 1899-1982. Stockholm: Ekerlids Förlag. p. 138. ISBN 9188595757.
  76. ^ "MARC WALLENBERG, SWEDISH BANKER, 47". The New York Times. 20 November 1971.
  77. ^ "En ny Wallenberg tar över". Chef. Chef. 18 January 2015.
  78. ^ Hirdman-Ryberg, Viveka. "SEB - Pressinbjudan" (PDF). www.seb.se.
  79. ^ Rundquist, Solveig. "Sweden 'caved to banker' in Saudi arms deal". Local. Local.
  80. ^ Karlsson, Pär (13 October 2016). "Aftonbladet avslöjar: LO:s hemliga möten med Wallenberg". Aftonbladet. Aftonbladet.
  81. ^ Andrén, Simon. "Löfven och Wallenberg till Saudiarabien". Sveriges Radio. Sveriges Radio.
  82. ^ "Complete guest list for the Nordic state dinner". Washington Post.
  83. ^ Hedlin, Emma. "Marcus Wallenberg: "Trump var väldigt frågvis"". Omni. Omni.
  84. ^ Dahlberg, Carina. "The Goal is to Make Sweden Front Player in Quantum Technology". www.kaw.wallenberg.org/.
  85. ^ Karlsson, Johannes (22 May 2018). "Wallenberg och Stenbeck går in som delägare i Daniel Eks techkonferens". Dagens Industri. Dagens Industri.
  86. ^ Milne, Richard (21 May 2018). "Spotify chief wins backing of business families for 'creative Davos'". Financial Times. Financial Times.
  87. ^ Eriksson, Carl-Fredrik; Israelsson, Linette (13 June 2019). "Barack Obama at a party after Brilliant Minds Conference". Expressen. Expressen.
  88. ^ "Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program". www.wasp-sweden.org/.
  89. ^ "Sweden's fastest supercomputer for AI now online". www.kaw.wallenberg.org/.
  90. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (2 March 2022). "Detta har hänt: Ericssons mutor till IS". SVT Nyheter. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  91. ^ Charles, Szumski (31 March 2022). "Russian nuclear weapon manufacturers use Swedish technology". EURACTIV. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  92. ^ Sara, Torvalds. "Svenska Expressen: Hemligt Natomöte i Finland förra veckan". svenska.yle.fi. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  93. ^ "Ericsson fortsätter exportera till Ryssland – produkter kan användas militärt". NyTeknik.
  94. ^ Lindgren, Martin (12 October 2022). "Wallenberg och kungaparet lobbade för svenska ubåtar". www.di.se. Dagens Industri.
  95. ^ Öhrn, Linda (15 November 2022). "Wallenbergsfären med på statsministerns resa till Turkiet". Dagens Industri. Dagens Industri.
  96. ^ Klugman, Olof (23 November 2022). "Wallenbergs direktörer hängde med statsministern till Erdogan". ETC. ETC.
  97. ^ Sadikovic, Adrian; Lindkvist, Hugo; Constantini, Daniel. "DN avslöjar: Wallenbergs gruvjätte gjorde affärer med ryskgrundat bolag – efter krigsutbrottet". DN. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wallenberg, släkt.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallenberg_family&oldid=1167436174"