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1964–1965 New York City
Unisphere viewed from observation towers of the New York State Pavilion
Overview
BIE-classUnrecognized exposition
Name1964–1965 New York World's Fair
MottoPeace through Understanding[1]
Building(s)Unisphere[1]
Area646 acres (2.61 km2)
Invention(s)140 pavilions
Visitors51,607,307[1]
Organized byRobert Moses
Participant(s)
Countries80 [1] (hosted by 37 nations)
Organizations15
BusinessGeneral Electric, Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Disney, IBM, Bell Telephone, US Steel, Pepsi Cola, Seven Up, Dupont, RCA, Westinghouse
Location
CountryUnited States
CityNew York City
VenueFlushing Meadows–Corona Park
Timeline
Bidding1959
AwardedNever
Opening
  • April 22, 1964 (1964-04-22)
  • April 21, 1965 (1965-04-21)
Closure
  • October 18, 1964 (1964-10-18)
  • October 17, 1965 (1965-10-17)
Universal
PreviousCentury 21 Exposition in Seattle
NextExpo 67 in Montreal
Internet
Websitewww.nywf64.com

The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair was a world's fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The World's Fair included exhibits, performances, art, and cuisine from 66 nations, 30 U.S. states, and over 50 corporations

Several businessmen conceived the idea for the fair in the late 1950s, and the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959 to develop the fair. Although U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the fair, the Bureau International des Expositions never recognized it.

Background

The first world's fair in New York City was the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, which took place in the borough of Manhattan from 1853 to 1854.[2] The site of the 1964 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, was originally a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.[3] The site was then converted into the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century[4] before it was selected for the 1939–1940 World's Fair in 1935.[5] The first fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow"[6][7] and was highly unprofitable, recouping only 32% of its original cost.[7][8] After the fair, the site was used as a park.[9][10]

Development

Planning

World's Fair Corporation

The idea for the 1964 fair was conceived by a group of businessmen who reminisced about the 1939 fair.[11][12] Among them was the lawyer Robert Kopple, who himself had been a concessionaire during the earlier fair.[12] Kopple first discussed the idea of a 1964 fair at a family dinner in 1958[12][13] and suggested it at a meeting of the Mutual Admiration Society the following year.[14] The year 1964 was nominally selected to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the conquest of New Netherland.[6][11][15] Kopple and two friends, Charles Preusse and Thomas J. Deegan, met with 35 potential financiers at the 21 Club restaurant to ask for funding.[16] New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and parks commissioner Robert Moses formally endorsed the proposal in August 1959,[17][18] and seventy-five businessmen formed the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) that month.[19] Moses offered to let the WFC use Flushing Meadows for a nominal fee.[16] The fairground would include not only the 1939 World's Fair site but also part of the nearby Kissena Corridor Park.[20]

The bid still needed approval from the United States Congress and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the French organization that was in charge of approving world's fairs.[21] With Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., submitting competing bids,[22][23] U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed a committee to review the 1964 world's fair bids in October 1959,[24][25] and Eisenhower approved the New York bid later that month.[26][27] Seventy-five nations had informally indicated an intention to attend the fair by late 1959,[28] and the WFC began looking for a president and three additional managers in early 1960.[29] Moses was tentatively selected as the WFC's president that March,[30] despite Koppel's objections that Moses was too old.[6][31] In turn, Moses would not take the job unless Kopple resigned,[32][33] as the two men had disagreed bitterly over the canceled Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway.[32][34] After Kopple quit the WFC,[33][35] Moses formally became the WFC's president that May.[36]

Moses wanted the fair to run for two years,[37] and consultants for the WFC reported that the fair would have 70 million visitors during that time.[38][39] He traveled to Paris to ask that the BIE recognize the fair.[40] Although the BIE had allowed the WFC to begin planning the fair in November 1959,[41] BIE officials would not give the fair formal recognition.[42] Under BIE rules, world's fairs could run for one 6-month period,[43][44] though the WFC had tried to request an exemption for the 1964 fair.[45] The New York fair would also charge rent to foreign governments, contravening another BIE rule that prevented rent from being charged to exhibitors.[43] In addition, the BIE allowed only one exposition per country every ten years.[44][46] After Moses refused to negotiate with BIE officials and treated them derisively,[47] the organization voted to approve the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, thereby preventing them from approving a New York fair for 1964.[44][46] Moses belittled the BIE as a "bunch of clowns in Paris",[44][42] but without formal recognition, the fair could not host official exhibits from BIE member states.[42][48] Several BIE members explicitly refused to attend because the BIE had not recognized the fair,[49][50] although some BIE members did host unofficial exhibits.[51]

Financing and initial exhibitors

Republic of China pavilion

The WFC planned to issue $500 million in bonds[17][52] (later decreased to $150 million).[53] Moses proclaimed that the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby Shea Stadium.[54] The WFC leased nearly 650 acres (260 ha) from the city government in May 1960.[55] Moses hired former lieutenant governor Charles Poletti and military engineer William Everett Potter to organize the exhibits.[56] A design committee had proposed that the fair be one massive pavilion,[33][57] but the committee had quit by the end of the year.[57][58] Moses wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions.[33][59] The city government instead implemented a building code and health code,[60] which Potter was tasked with enforcing.[59] Nearly all buildings were to be destroyed after the fair as a cost-saving measure.[37][38] By that August, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair.[61][62] The WFC had sent its first delegation abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair,[63][64] and architectural blueprints had been submitted for the fair's first pavilion.[65]

The 1964 fair was to be themed to the concept of "peace through understanding",[6][66] and exhibits were to be divided into five areas.[67][68] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to operate the fairground's transportation section.[69] The original plans called for an amusement park section, in the style of Copenhagen's Tivoli Gardens,[67] but plans for the amusement area were paused after the WFC could not find an operator.[70] The group began issuing $67.5 million in promissory notes in late 1960 to fund construction[71] (the WFC later reduced the amount to $40 million in notes plus $24 million from the city).[72] At the time, the WFC's finance chairman predicted that the fair would earn over $200 million.[73][74] By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.[75] and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.[76] Moses announced in early 1961 that the Unisphere would be built as the fair's symbol,[50][77] and the WFC also hired the Pinkerton agency to provide security and first-aid services.[78] A report published that January indicated that the fair itself would cost $768 million.[68]

Construction

1961 and 1962

William Whipple Jr., the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 that exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.[79] William Potter predicted that the pavilions would use relatively novel construction methods such as structural plastics, thin-shell structures, and prestressed concrete.[80] Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960[81] and was finished in January 1961.[82] In advance of the fair, in early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed,[83] and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s World's Fair station opened.[84] Workers also moved trees[85] and diverted part of the Flushing River underground to provide space for pavilions.[86] By April 1961, thirty-four countries had agreed to participate,[87] and the city agreed to spend $24 million improving Flushing Meadows Park that month.[72] Wagner predicted that 10,000 people would be employed for the fair's construction and that the fair itself would employ another 30,000 people.[88] The WFC announced in May that it would proceed with plans for the amusement area around Meadow Lake.[89] By then, the WFC had privately raised $25 million and was predicting a $53 million profit.[90]

The groundbreaking ceremony for the first 1964 Fair pavilion took place in June 1961.[91] The WFC struggled to sell the remaining bonds, in part because many investors still remembered the 1939 fair's financial troubles,[92] and had sold around $30 million in promissory notes (three-fourths of the total) by the end of 1961.[93] During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns that the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.[94][95] Even after meeting with activists, Moses refused to hire more African Americans, a choice that attracted public controversy amid the civil rights movement.[94] By the beginning of 1962, the fair had received commitments from more than 60 nations; the governments of 30 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, and New York City; and 50 companies.[96][97] The WFC had also created a scale model of the fairground.[98] The LIRR constructed a siding from the Port Washington Branch to allow trains to deliver material.[99] At a luncheon in March 1962, Moses lamented that construction had fallen behind schedule.[100]

1963 and 1964

By September 1963, there were 150[34] to 200 structures under construction, but only one pavilion was completed.[101] Work on around 50 structures had not started because of labor shortages, costs, and weather.[34] At the time, Moses predicted that the fair itself would earn $120 million.[102]

As late as January 1964, the Chicago Tribune wrote that the site was filled with "masses of raw material", incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.[103]

Opening

Moses and Rockefeller formally opened the World's Fair on April 23, 1964;[104][105] during the ceremony, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a sit-in and were arrested.[106][107] Moses disdained carnival-style attractions,[108] saying that there would be "no whiskered women, tattooed giants, nudes on ice. [...] The appeal of a world's fair should not be entirely below the Adam's apple."[109] Five of the pavilions were not completed in time for the fair's first season.[110] Several hotels had been developed in the surrounding neighborhoods to attract visitors,[111] while public transit and roads to the fair had been upgraded.[112][113] The WFC also issued bronze, silver, and gold medallions for the fair, which depicted the seal of New York City on one face and the Unisphere on the other.[114]

Visitors 13 and older were charged the adult admission price of $2.00 (equivalent to $19.65 in 2023), while children 2–12 years old were charged $1.00 (equivalent to $9.82 in 2023).[115][110] The WFC also sold discounted tickets in packs of 20.[110] and students paid 25 cents if they visited with their teachers.[116] Ultimately, 28 million advance tickets were sold.[117][118] Some large American companies like AT&T bought hundreds of thousands of tickets for employees.[117] The WFC hired only about 180 to 200 staff members, compared with 3,700 at the 1939 fair.[34] By then, WFC officials had sold 4 million tickets in advance.[117] Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions, and companies such as General Motors and Ford Motor Company spent tens of millions of dollars apiece.[119]

Fairground

  • General description of fairgrounds

A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated", in contrast to the eccentric exhibits that had been commonplace at the 1939 fair.[120]

Pavilions

The Wisconsin Pavilion, which has since been relocated to Wisconsin

More than 200 exhibits and pavilions were set up for the 1964 World's Fair,[101][109] connected by 28 miles (45 km) of paths.[110] The different sections were designed in various architectural styles,[121] though most of the international exhibitors opted for modernist-style pavilions.[122] There were several religious pavilions scattered across the fair.[123] Many of the buildings were cooled by natural gas.[124]

Federal and state section

Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated at the center of the fairground, near the Unisphere.[44][125] Twenty-three state pavilions were built.[101][126] States represented at the fair included Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the six states in New England.[34] In addition, New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of Hollywood, Los Angeles.[122] None of the state pavilions paid rent.[127] Nineteen pavilions were in the Federal and State area,[127] and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.[101] Unusually for an industrial exhibit, the Westinghouse pavilion was also located in the Federal and State area.[128]

Notable pavilions[a]
Pavilion Description Refs.
Alaska A replica of an igloo, with three totem poles originally carved for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. It also included Native Alaskan dances and exhibits of animal heads. [129]
Hollywood A replica of the Chinese Theatre with movie sets, a film museum, and cutouts of celebrities. [122][130]
Illinois A brick building with curved walls and a courtyard.[131] It included an Audio-Animatronic figure of Abraham Lincoln.[132] [131][132]
Long Island Rail Road Included two tents, one with a model railroad and another with memorabilia from across Long Island. There was also a windmill, a miniature train ride, and a replica of a signal tower overlooking a real LIRR line (the Port Washington Branch). [133]
Louisiana (Bourbon Street) A replica of Bourbon Street in New Orleans, with restaurants and dancing. [122][134]
Maryland A fisherman's wharf with a restaurant and a short film. [135]
Minnesota A polygonal structure with a moat around it.[136] The pavilion included a restaurant with over 100 dishes.[137] [137][136]
Missouri A rectangular glass structure with a snack bar, souvenir shop, and replicas of the Spirit of St. Louis plane and the Friendship 7 space capsule. [138]
Montana A replica frontier town.[122] It included a "museum on wheels" with artwork by Frederic Remington and Charles Marion Russell, as well as Native American dance performances and a replica of gold nuggets.[129] [122][129]
New England A replica of a New England town square with stores, and exhibits about each of the six states. [134]
New Jersey A set of 21 vinyl-roofed structures, representing the counties in New Jersey, supported by pylons and placed around a reflecting pool.[131] Inside each structure were films, live performances, and historic displays about New Jersey.[139] [131][139]
New Mexico A structure designed to resemble a pueblo, with Native American crafts showcased across five buildings. [129]
New York City A building with a scale model of New York City (Panorama of the City of New York), an ice-skating rink, a short film about the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, and exhibits about the city's history. [140]
New York State Consisted of the Tent of Tomorrow exhibition space; three observation towers; and the Theaterama, with art exhibits and a 360-degree film about the state. [140][141]
Oklahoma A park containing a music bandshell, an enlarged state seal of Oklahoma, and a map of Oklahoma. [142]
Pennsylvania A Liberty Bell replica, operated only during the 1965 season. [143]
United States A boxy structure surrounded by a moat and decorated with 18 sculptures.[144] Inside was a 600-seat theater with a short film, as well as a dark ride-style attraction with scenes from American history. A hall of presidents was added for the 1965 season.[145] [144][145]
Westinghouse Consisted of three disc-shaped pavilions.[128] A Westinghouse time capsule was buried near the New York State Pavilion, adjacent to another capsule buried during the 1939 fair.[146] [128]
West Virginia A mountain lodge.[122] It included glass-blowing and coal exhibits, and raffles for a mountaintop and race horse.[147] [122][147]
Wisconsin A teepee-shaped structuren.[122] It included a huge slice of cheese, a trout fishing exhibit, and fly casting demonstrations.[137] [122][137]

International section

View of the Unisphere with world flags

By the time the World's Fair opened, 65[148] or 66 nations had set up exhibits in the World's Fair.[44] These were concentrated in 37 pavilions surrounding the Unisphere.[34] Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.[109] Among the countries with official exhibits were Guinea, India, Ireland, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Arab Republic, and Venezuela.[34][149] Other nations set up unofficial exhibits, including Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Morocco, Polynesia, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as the colony of Hong Kong and the enclave of West Berlin.[34][149] Japan set up both an official and an unofficial exhibit.[34] Foreign nations rented the land from the WFC.[150]

Many countries boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.[49][109][151] These included members of the Commonwealth of Nations, including the United Kingdom,[109][44] as well as many nations from western Europe.[149] In addition, communist countries boycotted the fair.[44] The Soviet Union (along with its 15 Soviet republics[152]) and Israel were supposed to have operated exhibits as well.[153] The Soviet Union withdrew after a spat regarding the United States' participation in two Soviet world's fairs,[44][153] and Israel withdrew after its government decided to reallocate funds away from the planned Israeli pavilion.[149] The Indonesian pavilion was closed in 1965 after its president, Sukarno, withdrew.[154]

Notable pavilions[b]
Pavilion Description Refs.
Belgian Village A group of 134 buildings surrounding cobblestone streets and a town square. Inside were restaurants. [155]
Billy Graham [109][123]
Christian Science [123]
Denmark A wood-and-glass structure with a miniature version of the Tivoli Gardens park. [156]
Indonesia A building shaped like an East Indian temple. [34]
Ireland A two-story stone-and-concrete building with a courtyard. Inside was a cafe, a central tower, recordings of Irish literature, and a film screening. [156]
Japan A pagoda-shaped structure. [34]
Pavilion of Paris A re-creation of a Parisian street with several shops. Originally known as the France pavilion [157]
Spain A replica of a traditional Spanish house with a large interior courtyard. Inside were exhibition spaces with Spanish art, furniture, graphic arts displays, and flamenco performances. [158]
Vatican City A structure with a tent-like pinnacle.[123] The pavilion included Michelangelo's sculpture Pietà, which became one of the fair's most popular attractions.[159] [123][159]
West Berlin [126]

Industrial section

Over 45 pavilions were concentrated around the eastern section of the fair, near the Van Wyck Expressway.[151] American companies like Bell Telephone Company, DuPont, IBM, Kodak, RCA, The Travelers Companies, and US Royal Tires, participated.[126] Many of these companies had also participated in the 1939 World's Fair. The 1964 fair included few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.[34] Corporations also rented land from the WFC, except for religious organizations, which were given the land for free.[150]

Notable pavilions
Pavilion Description Refs.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [109][123]
Coca-Cola Company A 120-foot (37 m) tower for the Coca-Cola Company with a 610-bell carillon. [160]
Du Pont A structure with two theaters that displayed chemistry-related shows. [161]
Festival of Gas A structure with a restaurant, theater, and gas industry exhibits. [162]
General Electric Included the Carousel of Progress, a rotating auditorium that showed scenes from the 1880s, 1920s, 1940s, and 1960s. [163]
Hall of Education / Demonstration Center For the 1964 season, the pavilion included an auditorium, classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and other educational exhibits.[164] In 1965 it became the Demonstration Center.[165] [164][165]
House of Good Taste A traditional 3-bedroom clapboard house, a contemporary house with a summer-house and three pools, and a modern house surrounding a central garden.[166] The houses were built exclusively using materials that were sold widely in the U.S.[167] [166][167]
Oregon A live performance area on the shore of the Flushing River, surrounded by a 1,250-seat bleacher.[168] Included activities such as jousting, wrestling, axe-throwing, log-rolling, and tree-chopping.[127] [127][168]
Pavilion of American Interiors A four-story structure with products from 120 interior design companies; a 14-room exhibit on decorations; and exhibits about seats, craftsmanship, and residential space in the year 2000. [169]
Pavilion of 2,000 Tribes Linguists demonstrated how to write down spoken languages so the Bible could be translated. [123]
Protestant and Orthodox Center [123]
Russian Orthodox Church [123]
Underground Home An underground model of a home and bomb shelter. [170]
Walt Disney Company Included a showcase of Audio-Animatronics,[109] in addition to the Tower of the Four Winds.[171] [109][171]

Transportation section

Transportation companies, such as car manufacturers Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors,[126][172] displayed products in the Transportation Area section of the fairground.[151]

Notable pavilions
Pavilion Description Refs.
Ford Included the Magic Skyway, a transport ride featuring Ford Mustang convertibles. [173]
Heliport A pavilion operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which had two restaurants[174] and a 360-degree movie theater.[160] [174][160]
Hall of Science A permanent museum building with various science and health-related exhibits. [175]
Transportation and Travel A two-story structure with exhibits about the United States Armed Forces, travel companies, steamships, airlines, railroads, and trucking firms. [176]

Amusement section

South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via an overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area.[151]

Notable pavilions[c]
Pavilion Description Refs.
Florida Included a 110-foot tower, 1,600-seat stadium, shorefront house, boardwalk, and exhibit hall. [177]
Hawaii Included an 80-foot-tall (24 m) tower, a hexagonal pavilion, a 500-seat restaurant, an exhibit building, a shopping arcade, a theater, and a replica of an ancient village. [178]
Texas A 2,400-seat music hall that presented various musicals.[179] Only operated during the 1964 season.[151] [179]

Unbuilt pavilions

The World's Fair originally was supposed to contain a five-story "World of Food" pavilion with American cuisine,[180] but the pavilion was dismantled shortly before the start of the 1964 season.[181]

Amusement rides

Transportation

Monorail at the 1964 fair

Within the Lake Amusement Area, the American Machine and Foundry Company (AMF) constructed a monorail with two 4,000-foot-long (1,200 m) loops.[182][183] The line was a suspended monorail[160][182] with seven 80-passenger trains, each two cars long.[183] Another transport attraction at the fair was the Swiss Sky Ride, a ski lift or aerial gondola running 1,875 feet (572 m) between the Korean and Swiss pavilions.[184] Tractor-trams and motorized chairs also carried visitors across the fairground, and a luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests".[185]

Numerous highways on Long Island were upgraded to provide access to the fairgrounds.[101][113] The World's Fair Marina was expanded to provide access to the fairground via Flushing Bay,[101][186] and a helicopter shuttle ran to the Pan Am Building and Lower Manhattan heliports.[112] Local buses, airport shuttle buses, the subway, and the LIRR all stopped near the fairgrounds, and there were also 2,500 parking spaces.[112] Although a dedicated subway line had served the 1939 fair, no such route was built for the 1964 fair; instead, service on existing subway routes was increased.[187]

Other features

Placed at the center of the fair was the Unisphere, which was constructed by American Bridge Company.[188][189] The world's largest globe at 700,000 pounds (317,515 kg),[188][190] the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".[191] At the far east end of Flushing Meadows Park, the Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry) could spray water up to 625 feet (191 m) high,[192] and there were nighttime fireworks displays.[193] The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs.[194] Several other fountains were placed throughout the grounds.[193]

The 1964 World's Fair had a dedicated hospital known as the Atomedic Hospital, which was a prefabricated aluminum building with 22 patient rooms surrounding a monitoring room.[175][195] There were also numerous first-aid systems across the fairground.[195]

Cultural attractions

Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening

Cuisine

Main article: Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair

The World's Fair had 75 restaurants, fewer than in comparable world's fairs.[109] Restaurant Associates was supposed to have operated several restaurants, but its contract was canceled because of a dispute over signage,[196] and The Brass Rail instead received the contract for every restaurant.[197]

Performances, music, and film

Visual art and sculpture

Originally, the WFC made no effort to coordinate art exhibitions at the 1964 World's Fair, and Moses did not wish to subsidize art exhibits on the fairground.[150] After commentators spoke about the lack of art at the fair, Moses changed his mind, allowing states to display art in their own pavilions.[198]

Foreign nations displayed art at the fair as well. For instance, Spain displayed works from such artists as Francisco Goya, El Greco, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, and Diego Velázquez, while Vatican City sent over Pietà by Michelangelo.[199]

Five permanent sculptures were designed for the fair. Four of the sculptures remain in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Forms in Transit by Theodore Roszak, Freedom of the Human Spirit by Marshall Fredericks, Free Form by José de Rivera, and Rocket Thrower by Donald De Lue.[199] Another sculpture, Armillary Sphere by Paul Manship, was vandalized, and the remaining pieces stolen in 1980.[199][200]

Operation

1964 season

Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.

The fair closed for the season on October 18, 1964.[201] Moses had projected that the fair would have a $53 million surplus, but high costs and lower-than-expected attendance meant that the surplus stood at $12.6 million by mid-1964. At the time, the WFC had sold 28.8 million tickets in advance (not all of which had been used), while the original attendance projections had anticipated that 40 million tickets would be sold.[118] The fair recorded a $17.54 million deficit in 1964, and the WFC had less than $630,000 in cash reserves at the end of 1964.[202] By February 1965, at least fourteen exhibitors from the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy due to the reduced ticket revenue.[203] To pay off debts, the U.S. government also seized eight of the 11 hydrofoils that provided ferry service to the fair.[204]

1965 season

Prior to the 1965 season, the adult admission increased to $2.50 (equivalent to $24.17 in 2023).[115] The beginning of the World's Fair's second season was on April 21, 1965.[205] The increased admission fee caused attendance to decline, and several exhibitors requested in May 1965 that admission fees be reduced.[206] Moses refused to lower admission prices.[207] The WFC did repay a $1 million loan from the Marine Midland Bank that had allowed the fair to reopen for the 1965 season.[208] Other problems at the fair included a rise in vandalism during the 1965 season due to reduced police presence.[209]

The fair's second and final season ended on October 18, 1965.[210]

Aftermath

Unprofitability

The World's Fair Corporation mandated that most exhibition buildings be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure.[211] The fair's surpluses were to have been used for improving Flushing Meadows Park.[73] By the end of the fair, the WFC had defaulted on 60 percent of the $29 million in bonds that it had issued. In addition, the WFC could not afford to repay the city for the $24 million cost of setting up the fair, let alone for the cost of clearing the site.[212]

Site and pavilions

Aerial view of some remaining structures in Flushing Meadows in 2004, including the New York State Pavilion in the foreground and the Unisphere in the background

The city government took possession of the park from the Fair Corporation in June 1967.[213] In the 21st century, the paths and their names remain almost unchanged from the fair.[214]

Structures at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park

The WFC proposed protecting up to 19 structures at the park after the fair.[8] Preserved at the center of the park is the Unisphere, which is a New York City designated landmark.[215] The Column of Jerash, an ancient column of Jordan, stands near the Unisphere,[216] while a stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion stands east of the main fountain.[217] Near the Unisphere is the New York City Pavilion, which has hosted the Queens Museum since 1972[218] and continues to display Panorama of the City of New York, created for the 1964 fair.[219] Also nearby is the New York State Pavilion, which is largely unused as of 2024;[220] the State Pavilion's former Theaterama is used by the Queens Theatre in the Park.[221]

In the northwestern part of the park, the New York Hall of Science was preserved as a museum[222] and was expanded significantly in 2004.[223] The Hall of Science anchors a Space Park exhibiting the rockets and vehicles used in America's early space exploration projects.[224]: 53  The World's Fair Building and Winston Churchill Tribute became the aviary for the Queens Zoo.[225][226] Nearby is the Flushing Meadows Carousel,[227] formed through the combination of two Coney Island carousels.[228] The fairground's heliport became the Terrace on the Park, a banquet hall.[174][229] The World's Fair Marina, built for the 1939 fair and expanded for the 1964 fair,[230] still operates along Flushing Bay.[231]

Other buildings remained for several years before being demolished. The Travel and Transportation Pavilion was destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station, and the Federal Pavilion was demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.[232][214] The Aquacade amphitheater, originally built for the 1939 fair,[225] also decayed extensively[233] and was ultimately demolished in 1996.[234] The Singer Bowl became a sports venue.[225][235] The Louis Armstrong Stadium replaced half of the Singer Bowl in 1977, while the remainder of the venue was preserved as a grandstand,[236] which was razed in 2016.[237]

Structures relocated

View of the former Coca-Coca Pavilion's carillon at Stone Mountain in Georgia
The Coca-Coca Pavilion's carillon was moved to Stone Mountain in Georgia.[238]

Other structures were relocated at the end of the fair.[8] Of the international pavilions, the Austria pavilion became a ski lodge in western New York,[9] and the Spanish pavilion relocated to a hotel in St. Louis, Missouri.[156][239] The Wisconsin Pavilion became a radio station in Neillsville, Wisconsin;[240] the New England Pavilion was moved to a mall in South Portland, Maine;[241] and the Golden Rondelle Theater was moved to the city of Racine, Wisconsin.[242] Of the religious pavilions, the Christian Science pavilion was moved to Poway, California,[243] while the Mormon pavilion became an LDS temple in Plainville, New York.[244] The US Royal Ferris wheel became the Uniroyal Giant Tire in Allen Park, Michigan.[245]

Parts of other pavilions were also preserved. For example, part of the Vatican pavilion was moved to Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer Church in Groton, Connecticut,[246] while the Coca-Cola pavilion's carillon was moved to Stone Mountain near Atlanta, Georgia.[238] The Railroad Museum of Long Island in Riverhead, New York, inherited the LIRR pavilion's miniature railway,[247] and the IBM pavilion's Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond exhibit is at the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation in Dearborn, Michigan.[248] One of the arches from the General Mills pavilion ended up at Rocky Point State Park in Warwick, Rhode Island.[249]

Several attractions at the 1964 fair became amusement park rides. The GE pavilion's Progressland carousel was moved to the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida;[250] the It's a Small World ride was shipped to Disneyland in Anaheim, California;[251] and the Swiss Skyride was moved to Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey.[252] The Belgian Village carousel became Le Galopant at La Ronde in Montreal, Quebec,[253] though the ride no longer operates as of 2023.[254]

Impact

Influence on culture

The 1964 World's Fair included several exhibits and technologies that were later included in Disney parks.[255]

See also: Walt Disney and the 1964 World's Fair

Reception

Contemporary

Before the fair opened, the New York Herald Tribune predicted that the fair would help the city's hospitality and tourism industries and estimated that the city would earn $6 billion.[256] The Washington Post called the fair a "mixed boon" to New York City because BIE members had boycotted the fair.[257] The differing architectural styles of the fair attracted criticism even before the official opening.[92][121] John Canaday of The New York Times wrote in 1961 that he would be surprised if the fair were not "a mess and disaster architecturally".[258]

When the fair opened, several writers criticized the large number of industrial exhibits at the fair. One writer for The Nation called it "a promotional orgy for American business", while another critic described it as a summation of the idea that "Business is America's business".[259] Observers also complained about the pavilions' temporary nature, with one writer calling the 1964 fair as a showcase of "conspicuous waste".[260]

Retrospective

Bloomberg wrote in 2013 that, although the 1964 World's Fair was ostensibly themed to "peace through understanding", it was dominated by its corporate exhibitors.[2]

Media

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The pavilions for Florida, Hawaii, and Texas are detailed at § Amusement section, and Oregon is detailed at § Industrial section. Although Westinghouse is not a state, its pavilion was located in the Federal and State section.
  2. ^ This listing includes non-country pavilions in the international section.
  3. ^ This listing includes three state pavilions in the amusement section.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d "Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground". nycgovparks.org. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  2. ^ a b Byrnes, Mark (October 17, 2013). "New York's 1964 World's Fair Was Actually Something of a Failure". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  3. ^ "Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 52. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  4. ^ Steinberg, Ted (July 21, 2015). Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York. Simon and Schuster. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4767-4128-4.
  5. ^ "Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1027.
  7. ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 4.
  8. ^ a b c Hornaday, Mary (September 23, 1965). "World's Fair plans for closing curtain: Pavilions to move". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 11. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510830485.
  9. ^ a b "Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set" (PDF). The Sun (New York). August 15, 1940. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via Old Fulton New York Postcards.
  10. ^ "Flushing Meadow" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. July 13, 1949. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via Old Fulton New York Postcards.
  11. ^ a b Freeman, Ira Henry (August 10, 1959). "World's Fair Planned Here In '64 at Half Billion Cost; Flushing Meadow Likely to Be the Site -- 'Biggest' Exposition to Celebrate New York's 300th Anniversary Plans Fair Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 3; Tirella 2013, p. 11.
  13. ^ "Blending of Ideas in 2 Opposing Minds Went Into Creation of the Exposition; '39 Concessionaire Conceived Plan for '64 at a Family Dinner; Kopple Wanted to Bring the World Home to His Daughters—Moses Carried Through as Head of Corporation". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  14. ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 3–4.
  15. ^ Tirella 2013, p. 12.
  16. ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 4; Tirella 2013, p. 13.
  17. ^ a b Crowell, Paul (August 13, 1959). "Proclamation by Mayor Backs Plans for World's Fair in 1964". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
  18. ^ "Mayor, Moses Back Fair At Flushing Meadow Site". New York Herald Tribune. August 12, 1959. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327256116.
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  22. ^ Barrett, Laurence (August 14, 1959). "Other Cities Compete For 1964 World Fair: Washington, Los Angeles Vying; Flushing Meadow the Site Here". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1328096936; "City and Washington Vie for World's Fair". The New York Times. August 14, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
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  33. ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1028.
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  39. ^ Samuel 2007, p. 9.
  40. ^ Tirella 2013, p. 37.
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  43. ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 37–38.
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  45. ^ "2-Year Run is Aim of 1964 Fair Here; Deegan Says Approval for Extension Is Being Sought From Bureau in Paris". The New York Times. February 18, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
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  48. ^ "Pakistan, Thailand Sign Up for '64 Fair". The New York Times. May 16, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
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  99. ^ "LIRR Preparing For World's Fair". Railway Age. Vol. 152, no. 1. January 1, 1962. p. 20. ProQuest 882920631.
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Sources

Further reading

  • Gordon, John Steele (October 2006). "The World's Fair". American Heritage. Vol. 57, no. 5.

External links

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