Jump to content

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Raabbasi (talk | contribs) at 21:23, 11 October 2007. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
10th Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office
14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977
PresidentFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Preceded byNurul Amin
Succeeded byMuhammad Khan Junejo
4th President of Pakistan
In office
20 December 1971 – 13 August 1973
Prime MinisterNurul Amin
Preceded byYahya Khan
Succeeded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
5th Foreign Minister of Pakistan
In office
15 June 1963 – 12 September 1966
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Bogra
Succeeded bySyed Sharifuddin Pirzada
Personal details
Born(1928-01-05)5 January 1928
File:Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign.svg Larkana, British India
DiedApril 4, 1979(1979-04-04) (aged 51)
Pakistan Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Political partyPakistan Peoples Party

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu:ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto received education at the University of Southern California, University of California, Berkeley and Oxford.[1]

He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which is one of the largest and most influential political parties of Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto has also served twice as prime minister. He was executed in 1979 following a controversial trial for apparently authorizing murder of a political opponent. The move was largely seen as being politically motivated under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

Early life

Born into an incredibly wealthy and influential family, Bhutto held his first government post in the government of President Ayub Khan. Bhutto rose quickly in ranks, serving as foreign minister and a close advisor to President Ayub during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Falling out with Ayub after the war, Bhutto founded the Pakistan Peoples Party and campaigned through Socialist principles, with the motto of "food, clothing and shelter". Despite winning a majority of seats from West Pakistan in 1970, the party lost nationally to the East Pakistan-based Awami League led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, which won an enormous majority in the more densely populated East Pakistan. In a widely criticized move, Bhutto refused to accept Mujib's victory, leading to a political and sectarian crisis. After the ensuing Bangladesh Liberation War, Bhutto took over as President. In this capacity, he negotiated the Shimla Agreement with Indian leader Indira Gandhi to establish peace, retrieved prisoners of war and decreased the importance of the military, dismissing many prominent military commanders for this purpose.

Under Bhutto, Pakistan adopted a new Constitution that established a parliamentary democracy. Transferring to the post of prime minister, Bhutto aggressively nationalised most of Pakistan's industries, leading to the complete destabilization of Pakistan's economic structure. Pioneering Islamic socialism in Pakistan, he undertook land redistribution and other socialist policies. Bhutto also ordered the Pakistan Army to suppress the insurgency in Balochistan and suppressed a military coup attempt in 1973. However, Bhutto became increasingly unpopular over allegations of flagrant corruption and suppression of political opponents. Federal elections were held in 1977 in which Bhutto won by a landslide, but after reports of widespread rigging, opposition against Bhutto greatly increased and led to widespread civil disorder. Bhutto's government came to an end after he was deposed by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on July 5, 1977. Bhutto was released shortly afterwards, then re-arrested on charges of the authorization of the murder of a political opponent. He was found guilty and sentenced to death by the High Court. In 1979 his appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court and Bhutto was hanged.

Marriage

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born to Khursheed Begum and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto in their residence near Larkana in what later became the province of Sindh. He was their third child — their first one, Sikandar died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914 and the second child, Imdad Ali died of cirrhosis at the age of 39 in 1953.[2] .[3] His father was a wealthy Landlordzamindar, businessman and a prominent politician in Sindh. Sir Shahnawaz enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Mumbai (then Bombay) to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School. During this period, he also became a student activist in the League's Pakistan movement.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto completed his early education from chacha ejaz high school, and then attended premier College nazamabad. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum, who died in 2003. He however left her to marry again in 1953. In 1947, Bhutto took admission into the University of Southern California. Sir Shahnawaz played a controversial role in the affairs of the state of Junagadh (now in Gujarat). Coming to power in a palace coup as the dewan, Sir Shahnawaz secured the accession of the state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December, 1947.[4] In 1949, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned an honours degree in political science. Here he would become interested in the theories of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on the feasibility of socialism in Islamic countries. In June, 1950 Bhutto travelled to England to study law at the Christ Church, Oxford. Finishing his studies, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953.

Bhutto married his second wife, the Iranian Begum Nusrat Ispahani, in Karachi on September 8, 1951. Their first child, his daughter, Benazir was born in 1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, a second daughter, Sanam, in 1957 and the youngest, Shahnawaz Bhutto in 1958. Bhutto accepted the post of lecturer at the Sindh Muslim College before establishing himself in a legal practise in Karachi. He would also take over the management of his family's estate and business interests after his father's death.

Political career

In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations. He would address the United Nations Sixth Committee on Aggression on October 25, 1957 and lead Pakistan's deputation to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas in 1958. In the same year, Bhutto became the youngest Pakistani cabinet minister when he was given charge of the energy ministry by President Muhammad Ayub Khan, who had seized power and declared martial law. He was subsequently promoted to head the ministries of commerce, information and industries. Bhutto become a close and trusted advisor to Ayub, rising in influence and power despite his youth and relative inexperience in politics. Bhutto aided Ayub in negotiating the Indus Water Treaty with India in 1960. In 1961, Bhutto negotiated an oil exploration agreement with the Soviet Union, which also agreed to provide economic and technical aid to Pakistan. In 1963, he was appointed Pakistan's foreign minister. His swift rise to power also brought him national prominence and popularity.

As foreign minister, Bhutto significantly transformed Pakistan's hitherto pro-Western foreign policy. While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto began asserting a foreign policy course for Pakistan that was independent of U.S. influence. Bhutto criticised the U.S. for providing military aid to India during and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was seen as an abrogation of Pakistan's alliance with the U.S. Bhutto worked to establish stronger relations with the People's Republic of China.[5] Bhutto visited Beijing and helped Ayub negotiate trade and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which agreed to help Pakistan in a large number of military and industrial projects. Bhutto also signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement on March 2, 1963 that transferred 750 kilometres of territory from Pakistan-administered Kashmir to Chinese control. Bhutto asserted his belief in non-alignment, making Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organisations. Believing in pan-Islamic unity, Bhutto developed closer relations with Muslim nations such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states.

Bhutto advocated hardline and confrontational policies against India over the Kashmir conflict and other issues. A brief skirmish took place in August 1965 between Indian and Pakistani forces near the international boundary in the Rann of Kutch which was resolved by the U.N. Pakistan hoped to support an uprising by Kashmiris against India. India launched a full-scale military operation in Kashmir and the Punjab region. Following the outbreak of war, Bhutto delivered a fiery speech at the UN Security Council waving his hands and index finger condemning India for aggression and declaring "we will fight for a thousand years" before ripping apart some Security Council papers and storming out of the hall. After two weeks of fierce fighting, both nations faced considerable political pressure from the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union and agreed to a ceasefire sponsored by the U.N. The conflict had resulted in a stalemate. Bhutto joined Ayub in Tashkent to negotiate a peace treaty with the Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries. This agreement was deeply unpopular in Pakistan, causing major political unrest against Ayub's regime. Bhutto's criticism of the final agreement caused a major rift between him and Ayub Khan. Initially denying the rumours, Bhutto resigned in June, 1967 and expressed strong opposition to Ayub's regime.[5]

Leader of West Pakistan

File:Bhu0-002.jpg
Bhutto at a PPP rally.

Following his resignation, large crowds gathered to listen to Bhutto's speech upon his arrival in Lahore on June 21. Tapping a wave of anger and opposition against Ayub, Bhutto began travelling across the country to deliver political speeches. In a speech in October, 1966 Bhutto proclaimed "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our economy. All power to the people."[6] On November 30, 1967 Bhutto founded the Pakistan People's Party in Lahore, establishing a strong base of political support in Punjab, Sindh and amongst the Muhajir communities. Bhutto's party became a part of the pro-democracy movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan. PPP activists staged large protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to resign. Bhutto's arrest on November 12, 1968 sparked greater political unrest. After his release, Bhutto attended the Round Table Conference called by Ayub in Rawalpindi, but refused to accept Ayub's continuation in office and the East Pakistani politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Six point movement for regional autonomy.

Following Ayub's resignation, the new president Gen. Yahya Khan promised to hold parliamentary elections on December 7, 1970. Bhutto's party won a large number of seats from constituencies in West Pakistan.[6] However, Sheikh Mujib's Awami League won an outright majority from the constituencies located in East Pakistan. Bhutto refused to accept an Awami League government and famously promised to "break the legs" of any elected PPP member who dared to attend the inaugural session of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Capitalising on West Pakistani fears of East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded that Sheikh Mujib form a coalition with the PPP.[6] Under substantial pressure from Bhutto and other West Pakistani political parties, Yahya postponed the inaugural session of the National Assembly after talks with Sheikh Mujib failed.[6] Amidst popular outrage in East Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib declared the independence of "Bangladesh" on March 25, 1971 before he was arrested by the Pakistani Army, which had been ordered by Yahya to suppress political activities. Under Operation Searchlight, Pakistani forces tortured and killed political activists as well as a large number of civilians, religious minorities and Bengali intellectuals in other words committed widespread genocide.[7] While supportive of the army's campaign and working to rally international support, Bhutto distanced himself from the Yahya regime. He refused to accept Yahya's scheme to appoint Bengali politician Nurul Amin as prime minister, with Bhutto as deputy prime minister. Indian intervention in East Pakistan led to the defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on December 16. Bhutto and others condemned Yahya for failing to protect Pakistan's unity. Isolated, Yahya resigned on December 20 and transferred power to Bhutto, who became the president, army commander-in-chief as well as the first civilian chief martial law administrator.[6]

Leading Pakistan

As president, Bhutto addressed the nation via radio and television, saying "My dear countrymen, my dear friends, my dear students, labourers, peasants… those who fought for Pakistan… We are facing the worst crisis in our country's life, a deadly crisis. We have to pick up the pieces, very small pieces, but we will make a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan." He placed Yahya under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujib, who was held prisoner by the army. To implement this, Bhutto reversed the verdict of Mujib's court trial that had taken place earlier, in which the presiding Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan (later General) had sentenced Mujib to death. Appointing a new cabinet, Bhutto appointed Gen. Gul Hasan as Chief of Army Staff. On January 2, 1972 Bhutto announced the nationalisation of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities.[8] A new labour policy was announced increasing workers rights and the power of trade unions. Although he came from a feudal background himself, Bhutto announced reforms limiting land ownership and a government take-over of over a million acres (4,000 km²) to distribute to landless peasants. More than 2,000 civil servants were dismissed on charges of corruption.[8] Bhutto also dismissed the military chiefs on March 3 after they refused orders to suppress a major police strike in Punjab. He appointed Gen. Tikka Khan in a bid to assert control over the army. Bhutto convened the National Assembly on April 14, rescinded martial law on April 21 and charged the legislators with writing a new constitution.

Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated a formal peace agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. The two leaders signed the Shimla Agreement, which committed both nations to establish a Line of Control in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks.[9][8] Bhutto also promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute and pledged to recognise Bangladesh.[10] Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers held by India, Bhutto was criticised by many in Pakistan for allegedly making too many concessions to India. It is theorised that Bhutto feared his downfall if he could not secure the release of Pakistani soldiers, the return of territory occupied by Indian forces.[11] Bhutto established an atomic power development programme and inaugurated the first Pakistani atomic reactor, built in collaboration with Canada in Karachi on November 28. In January 1973, Bhutto ordered the army to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of Balochistan and dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the Northwest Frontier Province.[8] On March 30, 59 military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly plotting a coup against Bhutto, who appointed then-Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq to head a military tribunal to investigate and try the suspects. The National Assembly approved the new constitution, which Bhutto signed into effect on April 12. The constitution proclaimed an "Islamic Republic" in Pakistan with a parliamentary form of government.[12] On August 10, Bhutto turned over the post of president to Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, assuming the office of prime minister instead.[8]

Bhutto officially recognised Bangladesh in July. Making an official visit to Bangladesh, Bhutto was criticised in Pakistan for laying flowers at a memorial for Bangladeshi "freedom fighters." Bhutto continued to develop closer relations with China as well as Saudi Arabia and other Muslim nations. Bhutto hosted the Second Islamic Summit of Muslim nations in Lahore between February 22 and February 24 in 1974. However, Bhutto faced considerable pressure from Islamic religious leaders to declare the Ahmadiya communities as non-Muslims. Failing to restrain sectarian violence and rioting, Bhutto and the National Assembly amended the constitution to that effect. Bhutto intensified his nationalisation programme, extending government control over agricultural processing and consumer industries. Bhutto also, with advice from Admiral S.M. Ahsan, inaugurated Port Qasim, designed to expand harbour facilities near Karachi. However, the performance of the Pakistani economy declined amidst increasing bureaucracy and a decline in private sector confidence. In a surprise move in 1976, Bhutto appointed Gen. Zia-ul-Haq to replace Gen. Tikka Khan, surpassing five generals senior to Zia.[13]

Pakistan's Original "Nuclear Man"

Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's nuclear program. Under his leadership, Pakistan developed into the first Muslim State with a nuclear capability. In his book "If I am Assassinated" written from his prison cell, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto revealed how Kissinger had said to him in 1976 '"We will make an example of you."' Kissinger had warned Zulfikar Ali Bhutto that if Pakistan continued with its nuclear program the Prime Minister would have to pay a heavy price, a statement some take to indicate an American hand in Mr Bhutto's shoddy trial and subsequent execution.

Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed.[14]. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Abdul Wali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce and started with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities[15] and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of it's leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Khan Sherpao, in a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar.

Dissidence also increased within the PPP and the murder of dissident leader Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime, however, it was later known that the Dictatorship used this scandal to get rid of Bhutto once and for all as he became overwhelmingly popular and powerful. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the NWFP and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of human rights abuses and killing large numbers of civilians.[8]

On January 8, 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA).[8] Bhutto called fresh elections and the PNA participated in those elections with full force and managed to contest the elections jointly even though they had grave differences in their opinions and views. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, accusing their opponents of rigging the election. They first claimed rigging on 14 seats and finally on 40 seats in the national assembly and boycotted provisional elections turn out in national elections was of highiest degree. Provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, violent PNA declare the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. Muslim leaders such as Maulana Maududi called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.[14] Intensifying political and civil disorder prompted Bhutto to hold talks with PNA leaders, which culminated in an agreement for the dissolution of the assemblies and fresh elections under a form of government of national unity.[16] However on July 5, 1977 Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops under the order of General Zia.[8]

General Zia announced that martial law had been imposed, the constitution suspended and all assemblies dissolved. Zia also ordered the arrest of senior PPP and PNA leaders but promised elections in October. Bhutto was released on July 29 and was received by a large crowd of supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He immediately began touring across Pakistan, delivering speeches to large crowds and plan his political comeback. Bhutto was arrested again on September 3 before being released on bail on September 13. Fearing yet another arrest, Bhutto named his wife Begum Nusrat as the president of the Pakistan People's Party. Bhutto was imprisoned on September 17 and a large number of PPP leaders and activists arrested and disqualified from standing in elections.

Trial

File:N Bhutto.jpg
Nusrat Bhutto became the PPP's leader after her husband's arrest and execution.

Bhutto's trial began on October 24 on charges of "conspiracy to murder" Ahmed Raza Kasuri.[17] The prosecution produced a witness in Masood Mahmood, who had been the chief of the Federal Security Force under Bhutto. A very questionable and dubious witness, Mr Mahmood testified that Bhutto had ordered the killing of Kasuri. 4 men who were arrested and charged as Kasuri's assassins testified to confirm Mahmood's testimony. Bhutto charged that the army had fabricated the evidence and accused the Justice Maulvi Mushtaq Ali of taking orders from Zia.[18] The Lahore High Court sentenced Bhutto to death on March 18, 1978; he was also to pay Rs. 25,000 in fines or face six months rigorous imprisonment. (It is not clear whether the two sentences were to be concurrent or consecutive: clearly the fine could be collected posthumously, but there are obvious difficulties in imprisoning a dead man.)

While General Zia published a white paper accusing Bhutto of rigging the 1977 elections, the Supreme Court of Pakistan agreed to hear Bhutto's appeal. Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq adjourned the court until the end of July 1978, supposedly because 5 of the 9 appeals court judges were willing to overrule the Lahore verdict. One of the pro-Bhutto judges was due to retire in July. Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq presided over the trial, despite being close to Zia, even serving as Acting President when Zia was out of the country. Bhutto's lawyers managed to secure for Bhutto the right to conduct his own defense before the Supreme Court. On December 18, 1978, Bhutto made his appearance in public before a packed courtroom in Rawalpindi and addressed the court for four days continuously. On February 6, 1979 the Supreme Court, in an ethnic split,[19] upheld the verdict by a narrow 4-3 vote. Bhutto appealed to the court to review its decision, but the plea was rejected on March 24.

Bhutto famously wrote to Zia from his cell. ' My blood is in the blood of Pakistan. I am a part of its dust, a part of its aroma. The tears of the people are my tears. A smile on their beautiful face is a part of my smile...My destiny is in the hands of the people. Only the people have the right to sever or seal their affinities with me. ' [citation needed]

International pressure had mounted on General Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence. Despite personal appeals from various heads of state, Zia refused to commute the sentence. Bhutto was executed by hanging in the early hours of the morning of April 4. Immediately after his hanging, there were violent protests in Pakistan, many of whom felt that Zia would meet the same fate.[20] His remains were taken to Larkana, where he was buried in a public ceremony near his family home.

Criticism and legacy

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto remains a controversial figure in Pakistan. While he was hailed for being a nationalist, Bhutto was roundly criticised for opportunism and intimidating his political opponents. He oversaw Pakistan's nuclear programme, held peace talks with neighbour India and was more of an Internationalist with a secular image.[8] His socialist policies are blamed for slowing down Pakistan's economic progress owing to unproductivity and high costs. Bhutto is also criticised for human rights abuses perpetrated by the army in Balochistan.[8] Many in Pakistan's military, notably the current president Gen. Pervez Musharaf and former martial law administrator of Balochistan General Rahimuddin Khan condemn Bhutto for having caused the crisis that led to the creation of Bangladesh. In spite of all the criticism -- and subsequent media trials -- Bhutto still remains the most popular leader of the country.[citation needed] [21] [8] Bhutto's action against the insurgency in Balochistan is blamed for causing widespread civil dissent and calls for secession. [22]

Works

  • Peace-Keeping by the United Nations. Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi. - 1967
  • Political Situation in Pakistan, Veshasher Prakashan, New Delhi. - 1968
  • The Myth of Independence, Oxford University Press, Karachi and Lahore. - 1969
  • The Great Tragedy, Pakistan People's Party, Karachi. - 1971
  • Politics of the People (speeches, statements and articles) - 1948-1971
  • The Third World: New Directions. Quartet Books, London. - 1977
  • My Pakistan. Biswin Sadi Publications, New Delhi. - 1979
  • If I am Assassinated, Vikas, New Delhi. - 1979
  • My Execution. Musawaat Weekly International, London - 1980
  • New Directions. Narmara Publishers, London. - 1980
  • Banned alcohol first time in Pakistan

The Leopard and the Fox

Tariq Ali, the noted political activist and writer's novel The Leopard and the Fox, first written as a BBC screenplay in 1985 about the last days of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, which was never produced because of a censorship controversy, is finally going to be adapted and staged as a play by Alter Ego Productions in mid October 2007 [1]

See also

Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by
No Prime Minister during
Martial Law, then
Muhammad Khan Junejo
Preceded by President of Pakistan Succeeded by
Preceded by Foreign Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by
Preceded by Speaker of National Assembly
Pakistan 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
-
 Chairperson Pakistan Peoples Party Succeeded by

References

  1. ^ Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-1979)
  2. ^ Story of Pakistan. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-71)" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  3. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 2006. "Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. pp. 291–93. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
  5. ^ a b US Country Studies. "Ayub Khan" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  6. ^ a b c d e US Country Studies. "Yahya Khan and Bangladesh" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  7. ^ Blood, Archer, Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex, Department of State, United States
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07. Cite error: The named reference "USCS" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 346. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
  10. ^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 346. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
  11. ^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 347. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
  12. ^ Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  13. ^ In the summer of 1976, General Zia, who had superseded seven senior lieutenant-generals, told Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: "Sir I am so grateful to you for appointing me Chief of Army Staff. Not only myself, but may future generations will be eternally grateful to you for singling me out for such a great honor, and this is a favour which I can never forget." The Herald, July 1992
  14. ^ a b Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  15. ^ Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1977)
  16. ^ Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment
  17. ^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 438. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
  18. ^ Zulifikar Ali Bhutto’s last interview[ http://www.khalidhasan.net/fridaytimes/2006-06-02.htm]
  19. ^ The majority in favour of execution were ethnic Punjabis. An Analysis of Contemporary Pakistani Politics: Bhutto versus the Military Sameel Ahmed Qureshi Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 9 (Sep., 1979), pp. 910-921
  20. ^ Bhutto's Sudden, Shabby End
  21. ^ Taheri, Amir (2006-10-18). "In the Line of Fire: A Memoir" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 438. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.


Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto&oldid=163894861"