Taurine
Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. It is also a major constituent of bile and can be found in lower amounts in the tissues of many animals including humans.[1][2] Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. Taurine is the only known naturally occurring sulfonic acid.[3]
Taurine is named after the Latin taurus, which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by Austrian scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is often called an amino acid, even in scientific literature,[4][5][6] but as it lacks a carboxyl group it is not strictly an amino acid.[7] It does contain a sulfonate group and may be called an amino sulfonic acid. Small polypeptides have been identified which contain taurine but to date no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has been identified as specifically recognizing taurine and capable of incorporating it onto a tRNA.[8]
PENIS AND DICK LICKERS EAT COCK MOFOCKING BITCHS >=] lolz taurine is a fucking seamen that comes from ejackulated penis
Taurine and cats
Taurine is essential for cat health, as a cat cannot synthesize the compound. The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness as well as hair loss and tooth decay. This condition is called central retinal degeneration (CRD).[9][10] In addition, taurine deficiency can cause feline dilated cardiomyopathy, and supplementation can reverse left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Taurine is now a requirement of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine.[11]
Taurine and bird development
Recent research has provided evidence that taurine is essential in early bird development of passerines. Many passerines, regardless of spider availability, seek out many taurine-rich spiders to feed their young particuarly in their youngest stages of life. Researchers later compared the behaviors and development of birds fed a taurine-supplemented diet to a control diet and found that juveniles that were fed taurine-rich diets as neonates were much larger risk takers and more adept at spatial learning tasks.[12]
Synthesis and production
In 1993, approximately 5,000–6,000 t of taurine was produced; 50% for pet food manufacture, 50% in pharmaceutical applications.[3] Synthetic taurine is obtained from isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite.[13] Another approach is the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. This leads directly to taurine.[citation needed]
As a functional food
Taurine is used as a functional food in many energy drinks and energy products (and more recently, in a candy bar[14]).
| Energy Drink (not comprehensive list) | Taurine concentration | Normalized concentration |
|---|---|---|
| Full Throttle | 1194 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 263.2 mg/100g |
| Kick | ||
| Blue Charge | 1000 mg/8 oz (1 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Monster | 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| NOS | 1000 mg/8 oz (1 serving) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Red Bull | 1000 mg/8.3 oz (1 serving) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Relentless | 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Rip It | 1000 mg/8 oz (2 serving) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Rockstar | 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| SoBe | 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| V | 420 mg/8 oz | 200.6 mg/100g |
| Vitamin Water Power C Dragon Fruit Flavor | 62.5 mg/20 fl oz (2.5 servings) | |
| Von Dutch 1.6 mg/100g (1/5 of a can) | 2000 mg/16 oz (2 servings) | 440.9 mg/100g |
| Jolt_Cola | 2800 mg/23.5 oz | 420.3 mg/100g |
Despite being present in many energy drinks, it has not been proven to be energy-giving. A study of mice hereditarily unable to transport taurine suggests that it is needed for proper maintenance and functioning of skeletal muscles.[15]
References
- ^ Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B (2006). "Is taurine a functional nutrient?". Curr Opin Clin Nutr. 9 (6): 728–733.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Brosnan J, Brosnan M (2006). "The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview". J Nutr. 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S–1640S. PMID 16702333.
- ^ a b Tully, Paul S. Sulfonic Acids. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online 2000. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921120620211212.a01
- ^ Stapleton, PP (1998). "Host defense--a role for the amino acid taurine?". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 22 (1): 42–48. Retrieved 2006-08-19.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Weiss, Stephen J. (1982). "Chlorination of Taurine by Human Neutrophils". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 70 (3): 598–607. Retrieved 2006-08-19.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kirk, Kiaran (1993). "Volume-regulatory taurine release from a human heart cancer cell line". FEBS Letters. 336 (1): 153–158. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81630-I.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Carey, Francis A. (2006) [1987]. Organic Chemistry (6th ed. ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 1149. ISBN 0-07-282837-4.
Amino acids are carboxylic acids that contain an amine function.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Lahdesmaki, P (1987). "Biosynthesis of taurine peptides in brain cytoplasmic fraction in vitro". Int J Neuroscience. 37 (1–2): 79–84.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "Taurine And Its Importance In Cat Foods". Iams Cat Nutrition Library. 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
- ^ "Nutrient Requirements of Cats". Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition, 1986. 1986. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ AAFCO
- ^ Arnold, K.E. (2007). "Parental prey selection affects risk-taking behaviour and spatial learning in avian offspring" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1625): 2563–2569. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kurt Kosswig. Sulfonic Acids, Aliphatic. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, 2000. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_503
- ^ Boniface, Dan (2008-01-23). "New candy bar offers more than just a sugar high". 9news.com. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ U. Warskulat, U. Flogel, C. Jacoby, H.-G. Hartwig, M. Thewissen, M. W. Merx, A. Molojavyi, B. Heller-Stilb, J. Schrader and D. Haussinger (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". FASEB J.: 03-0496fje. doi:10.1096/fj.03-0496fje. PMID 14734644.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)