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Censorship in China

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Censorship in the People's Republic of China is the limiting or suppressing of the publishing, dissemination, and viewing of certain information in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The majority of such censorship is implemented or mandated by the PRC's ruling party, the Communist Party of China (CPC). The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau have their own legal systems and is largely self-governing, thus those censorship do not apply. [1]. Taiwan, along with Pescadores, Kinmen, and Matsu, is part of Republic of China, for their censorship regulation, see Censorship in the Republic of China.

Notable censored subjects include but are not limited to, democracy, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Falun Gong, Tibetan independence, Taiwan independence, police brutality, anarchism, pornography, news sources that report above subjects, religious content, and many other websites.

Censored media include essentially all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, radio, film, theater, text messaging,instant messaging, video games, literature and the Internet.

Reporters Without Borders ranks China's press situation as "Very serious", the worst ranking on their five-point scale.[2] China's Internet censorship policy is labeled as "Pervasive" by the OpenNet Initiative's global Internet filtering map, also the worst ranking used.[3] Freedom House ranks the press there as "not free", the worst ranking, saying that "state control over the news media in China is achieved through a complex combination of party monitoring of news content, legal restrictions on journalists, and financial incentives for self-censorship."[4]

Subject matter and agenda

Censorship in the PRC encompasses a wide range of subject matter. The agendas behind such censorship are varied; some are stated outright by the Chinese government itself and some are surmised by observers inside and out of the country.

Political

Censorship in China is largely seen as a measure to maintain the rule of the Communist Party of China. Censorship helps prevent unapproved reformist, separatist, "counter-revolutionary", or religious ideas, peaceful or otherwise, from organizing themselves and spreading. Additionally, censorship prevents Chinese citizens from discovering or learning more about past and current failures of the Communist Party that could create or inflame anti-government sentiment. Measures such as the blocking of foreign governments' websites may also be intended to prevent citizens from learning about alternative systems of governance and demanding similar systems.

In the lead-up to the Beijing Olympics, the government allegedly issued guidelines to the local media for reporting during the Games: political issues not directly related to the games were to be downplayed: topics such as Pro-Tibetan independence and East Turkestan movements and food safety issues such as "cancer-causing mineral water" was not to be reported on.[5] As the 2008 Chinese milk scandal broke in September 2008, some western media evoked suspicions that China's desire for a perfect games may have been a factor contributing towards the delayed recall of contaminated infant formula,[6] which has given more than 50,000 babies kidney stones and killed at least 4 infants[7] although the Central government denied this.[8]

On 13 February 2009, Li Dongdong, a deputy chief of the General Administration of Press and Publication, announced the introduction of a series of rules and regulations to strengthen oversight and administration of news professionals and reporting activities. The regulations would include a "full database of people who engage in unhealthy professional conduct" who would be excluded from engaging in news reporting and editing work. Although the controls were ostensibly to "resolutely halt fake news", it was criticised by Li Datong, editor at the China Youth Daily who was dismissed for criticising state censorship. Li Datong said "There really is a problem with fake reporting and reporters, but there are already plenty of ways to deal with that." Reuters said that although Communist Party's Propaganda Department micro-manages what newspapers and other media do and do not report, the government remains concerned at unrest amid the economic slowdown and the 20th anniversary of the pro-democracy protests in 1989.[9]

Cultural

The PRC has historically sought to use censorship to mould or protect the country's culture. During the Cultural Revolution, foreign literature and art forms, religious works and symbols, and even artifacts of ancient Chinese culture were deemed "reactionary" and became targets for destruction by teams of Red Guard.

Although much greater cultural freedom exists in China today, continuing crackdowns on pornography, the 2006 banning of foreign cartoons from Chinese prime time TV,[10] and limits on screenings for foreign films could be seen as a continuation of cultural-minded censorship.

Moral

Some censorship in China has been justified as upholding proper morals. This includes limitations on pornography[11] and violence in films.[12]

Religious

Though government tolerance of religion has improved since the end of the Cultural Revolution, a number of religious texts, publications, and materials are still banned or have their distributions artificially limited in the PRC. Foreign citizens are also prohibited from proselytizing in China.[13]

The Falun Gong spiritual movement has been labeled an "evil cult" in China and virtually all religious texts, publications, and websites relating to the group have been banned.

Christian Bibles are allowed to be printed in China but only in limited numbers and through a single press.[14] This has resulted in unauthorized printing, smuggling, and sales of Bibles in China in an attempt to meet demand for the texts.

In 2007, anticipating the coming "Year of the Pig" in the Chinese calendar, depictions of pigs were banned from CCTV "to avoid conflicts with ethnic minorities".[15] This is believed to refer to China's population of 20 million Muslims (to whom pigs are considered "unclean").

Economic

In recent years, censorship in China has been accused of being used not only for political protectionism but also for economic protectionism.

In February 2007, the website of the French organization Observatoire International des Crises was banned in the PRC after it posted an article on the risks of trading with China.

"How do you assess an investment opportunity if no reliable information about social tension, corruption or local trade unions is available? This case of censorship, affecting a very specialised site with solely French-language content, shows the [Chinese] government attaches as much importance to the censorship of economic data as political content," the organization was quoted as saying.[16]

Furthermore, the official ban on most foreign films hardly affect Chinese citizens; such films can easily be acquired in copyright-infringing formats, allowing Chinese to view such films to be financially accessible while keeping their money within the domestic economy.

Additionally, while the rise of Wikipedia has marginalized most online encyclopedias, the blocking of Wikipedia in China has created a climate in which for-profit services such as Baidu Baike can operate.

Media, communication and education controls

Television

Main article: Television in the People's Republic of China

Foreign news broadcasts in China such as CNN, BBC World Service, and Bloomberg Television are occasionally censored by being "blacked out" during controversial segments. CNN has reported that their broadcast agreement in China includes an arrangement that their signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. In this way, Chinese authorities have been able to blackout CNN segments at will.[17] CNN has also said that their broadcasts are not widely available in China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.[18]

Blacked out content has included references to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989,[17] the Dalai Lama,[17] the death of Zhao Ziyang,[19] the 2008 Tibetan unrest,[17] and negative developments about the Beijing Olympics.[20]

Like Internet censorship, enforcement in television censorship is increasingly difficult and ineffective. This is due to satellite signal hacking systems that can be purchased in most major cities for as low as 2000RMB (USD$285), which give direct access to channels and programs on any satellite that services the Asian Pacific Region.[citation needed]

Film

See also: Banned films, China

China has no motion picture rating system, and films must therefore be deemed suitable for all audiences to be allowed to screen.[12][21]

For foreign-made films, this sometimes means controversial footage must be cut before such films can play in Chinese cinemas. Examples include the deletion of scenes showing hanging laundry in Shanghai during Mission: Impossible III, the removal of a reference to the Cold War in Casino Royale,[22] and the omission of footage containing Chow Yun-Fat that "vilifies and humiliates the Chinese" in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[23] Prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, the PRC administration announced that "wronged spirits and violent ghosts, monsters, demons, and other inhuman portrayals" were banned from audio visual content.[24]

Regardless, Chinese censors still clear only twenty foreign films a year to show within the country.[12] Despite this, almost all internationally released foreign films are freely available in Chinese and English language versions through the counterfeit trade in DVDs.[24]

All audio visual works dealing with "serious topics" such as the Cultural Revolution must be registered before distribution on the mainland.[25] Films by PRC nationals cannot be submitted to foreign film festivals without government approval.[26]

Literature

China's state-run General Administration of Press and Publication (新闻出版总署) screens all Chinese literature that are intended to be sold on the open market. The GAPP has the legal authority to screen, censor, and ban any print, electronic, or Internet publication in China. Because all publishers in China are required to be licensed by the GAPP, that agency also has the power to deny people the right to publish, and completely shut down any publisher who fails to follow its dictates.[27] Resultingly, the ratio of official-to-pirated books is said to be 40%:60%.[28] According to a report in ZonaEuropa, there are more than 4,000 underground publishing factories around China.[27] The Chinese government continues to hold public book burnings [29] on unapproved yet popular "spiritual pollution" literature, though critics claim this spotlight on individual titles only helps fuel booksales.[30] Many new-generation Chinese authors who were the recipients of such government attention have been re-published in English and success in the western literary markets, namely Zhou Weihui of Shanghai Baby fame, Anchee Min and her controversial memoir Red Azalea, Time Magazine banned book covergirl Chun Sue (Beijing Doll) and "Candy" authoress Mian Mian.

Music

The album Chinese Democracy by American rock band Guns N' Roses is banned in the People's Republic of China, reportedly due to supposed criticism in its title track about the Government of the People's Republic of China and a reference to the Falun Gong.[31] The Communist government said through a state controlled newspaper that it "turns its spear point on China".[32][33]

Internet

Main article: Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China

China's Internet censorship is regarded by many as the most pervasive and sophisticated in the world. According to a Harvard study, at least 18,000 websites are blocked from within the country. Banned sites have included Wikipedia, Google, YouTube, Flickr, and the BBC.[34] Certain search engine terms are blocked as well, and 52 cyber dissidents are reportedly imprisoned in China for their online communications.[35] More recently, through individual negotiations with the Chinese government, Wikipedia, Google and YouTube have been opened up for public viewing with certain restrictions for those who access these sites from within mainland China.[36] Reporters in the western media have also suggested that China's internet censorship of foreign websites may also be a means of forcing mainland Chinese users to rely on China's own e-commerce industry, thus self-insulating their economy. [37]

Short Message Service

According to Reporters without Borders, China has over 2,800 Short Message Service (text messaging) surveillance centers. In 2003, during the SARS outbreak, a dozen Chinese were reportedly arrested for sending text messages about SARS.[38] Skype has reported that it was required to filter messages passing through its service for words like "Falun Gong" and "Dalai Lama" before being allowed to operate in China.[39]

During protests over a proposed chemical plant in Xiamen during the summer of 2007, text messaging was blocked to prevent the rallying of more protesters.[40]

Video games

See also: Video gaming in the People's Republic of China and Video game controversy, China

In 2004, the Ministry of Culture set up a committee to screen imported online video games before they entered the Chinese market. It was stated that games with any of the following violations would be banned from importation:[41]

  • Violating basic principles of the Constitution
  • Threatening national unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity
  • Divulging state secrets
  • Threatening state security
  • Damaging the nation's glory
  • Disturbing social order
  • Infringing on others' legitimate rights

The State General Administration of Press and Publication and anti-porn and illegal publication offices have also played a role in screening games.[42]

Examples of banned games have included:

As with films, piracy makes acquiring banned video games in China very easy.

Education

Educational institutions within China have been accused of whitewashing PRC history by downplaying or avoiding mention of controversial historical events such as the Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[45][46]

In 2005, customs officials in China seized a shipment of textbooks intended for a Japanese school in the country because maps in the books depicted mainland China and Taiwan using different colors.[47]

In a January 2006 issue of Freezing Point, a weekly supplement to the China Youth Daily, Zhongshan University professor Yuan Weishi published an article entitled "Modernization and History Textbooks" in which he criticized several middle school textbooks used in mainland China.[48][49] In particular, he felt that depictions in the books of the Second Opium War avoided mention of Chinese diplomatic failures leading up to the war and that depictions of the Boxer Rebellion glossed over atrocities committed by the Boxer rebels. As a result of Yuan's article, Freezing Point was temporarily shut down and its editors were fired.[50][45]

A new standard world history textbook introduced in Shanghai high schools in 2006 supposedly omits several wars and mentions Mao Zedong, founder of the PRC, only once.[45]

Zhang Ming, the dean of political sciences at Renmin University of China, was fired on March 16, 2007 after complaining about academic freedom in China among other issues.[51][dead link]

In the FRONTLINE, four students from Peking University are seemingly unable to identify the context of the infamous Tank Man photo from the 1989 unrest sparked by Peking University students.[52] The segment implies that the subject is not addressed in Chinese schools.

Indeed, on June 4, 2007, to commemorate the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests, a person was able to place a small ad in a newspaper in southwest China reading "Paying tribute to the strong(-willed) mothers of June 4 victims" by exploiting the accepting clerk's ignorance of the event, saying that June 4 was the date of a mining disaster.[53]

Claims of censorship were also echoed with respect to allegations of corruption in the construction of Chinese schools following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake,[54] even though the government was initially praised for its unusual media openness when the disaster first broke.[55]

Self-censorship

Although being independent from the mainland's legal system and hence censorship laws, some Hong Kong media have been accused of practicing self-censorship in order to exchange for permission to expend their media business into the mainland market and for greater journalistic access in the mainland too. [56][57]

At the launch of a joint report published by the Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) and "ARTICLE 19" in July 2001, the Chairman of the HKJA said: "More and more newspapers self-censor themselves because they are controlled by either a businessman with close ties to Beijing, or part of a large enterprise, which has financial interests over the border."[58]

For example, Robert Kuok, who has business interests all over Asia, has been criticized over the departures of several China desk staff in rapid succession since he acquired the South China Morning Post, namely the 2000-01 editorial pages editor Danny Gittings, Beijing correspondent Jasper Becker, and China pages editor Willy Lam. Lam, in particular departed after his reporting had been publicly criticized by Robert Kuok.[58]

International corporations such as Google, Microsoft, MySpace, and Yahoo! willingly censor their content for Chinese markets in order to be allowed to do business in the country.[52] In October 2008, Canadian research group Citizen Lab released a new report detailing that it had found TOM's Chinese-language Skype software filtered sensitive words and then logged these, with users' information to a file on computer servers which were insecure.[59] In September 2007, activists in China had already warned about the possibility that TOM's versions have or will have more trojan capability.[60] Skype president Josh Silverman said it was "common knowledge" that Tom Online had "established procedures to meet local laws and regulations... to monitor and block instant messages containing certain words deemed offensive by the Chinese authorities."[59]

See also

References

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