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"PRY" redirects here. For other uses, see PRY (disambiguation).
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Paraguay (disambiguation).

RAVEN DAVIS ND DILLIAN WILLIAMS

Republic of Paraguay
Tetã Paraguái  Template:Language icon
República del Paraguay  Template:Language icon
Motto: Paz y justicia  Template:Es icon
"Peace and justice"
Anthem: Paraguayos, República o Muerte  Template:Es icon
"Paraguayans, Republic or Death"
Location of Paraguay
Capital
and largest city
Asunción
Official languages
  • Spanish
  • Guaraní[1]
    • Ethnic groups
    		74,5% mestizo 20% white 3,5%mulato 1,5%native [2]
    Demonym(s)Paraguayan
    GovernmentConstitutional presidential republic
    • President
    		Fernando Lugo
    Federico Franco
    LegislatureCongress
    • Upper house
    		Chamber of Senators
    • Lower house
    		Chamber of Deputies
    Independence 
    from Spain
    • De facto
    		May 15, 1811
    • recognized by Spain
    		September 10, 1880
    Area
    • Total
    		406,752 km2 (157,048 sq mi) (59th)
    • Water (%)
    		2.3
    Population
    • 2009 estimate
    		6,349,000[3] (101st)
    • Density
    		15.6/km2 (40.4/sq mi) (203rd)
    GDP (PPP)2008 estimate
    • Total
    		$28.452 billion[4]
    • Per capita
    		$4,700[4]
    Gini (2008)50.8[5]
    Error: Invalid Gini value
    HDI (2010)Increase 0.640[6]
    Error: Invalid HDI value (96th)
    CurrencyGuaraní (PYG)
    Time zoneUTC-4
    • Summer (DST)
    		UTC-3
    Driving sideright
    Calling code595
    ISO 3166 codePY
    Internet TLD.py

    Paraguay (Template:Pron-en), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai]; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣʷaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.[7]

    As of 2009 the population was estimated at 6.3 million. The capital and largest city is Asunción. The official languages are Spanish and Guaraní, both being widely spoken in the country. Most of the population are mestizos.

    Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since prior to the arrival of Spaniards in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Paraguay gained independence from Spain in 1811.

    Etymology

    The official name comes from Guaraní and the literal translation is: Para = of many varieties; Gua = from, belonging to or place; Y = water, river or lake.

    There is not a final conclusion of the origin of the name "Paraguay". The most common interpretations along the nation's history suggest:

    1. "River which originates a sea"
    2. The Spanish military and scientist Félix de Azara contains two versions: "water from Payaguas (Payaguá-and Payagua-i), referring to natural Payaguas living on the coasts of the river, and the other was due to name a great chief called "Paraguaio."
    3. The historian French-Argentine, the writer Paul Groussac argued that meant "river that flows through the sea (Pantanal)."
    4. The ex-president and Paraguayan politician, Juan Natalicio Gonzalez meant "river of the habitants of the sea."
    5. Fray Antonio Ruiz de Montoya said that meant "river crowned."

    Geography

    Main article: Geography of Paraguay
    Map of Paraguay

    Paraguay is divided by the Río Paraguay into the eastern region, called Eastern Paraguay (Paraguay Oriental) and known as the Paraná region; and the western region, officially called Western Paraguay (Paraguay Occidental) and also known as the Chaco. The country lies between latitudes 19° and 28°S, and longitudes 54° and 63°W.

    The terrain consists of grassy plains and wooded hills in the east. To the west, there are mostly low, marshy plains.

    Climate

    Main article: Climate of Paraguay

    The local climate ranges from subtropical to temperate, with substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, though becoming semi-arid in the far west.

    History

    Main article: History of Paraguay
    Francisco Solano López
    Rendition of Paraguayan soldier grieving the loss of his son by José Ignacio Garmendia

    Pre-Columbian society in the wooded, fertile region which is now present-day Paraguay consisted of seminomadic tribes, who were recognized for their fierce warrior traditions. These indigenous tribes were members of five distinct language families, and 17 separate ethnolinguistic groups still remain today.

    Europeans first arrived in the area in the early sixteenth century, and the settlement of Asunción was founded on August 15, 1537, by the Spanish explorer Juan de Salazar de Espinosa. The city eventually became the center of a Spanish colonial province, as well as a primary site of the Jesuit missions and settlements in South America in the eighteenth century. Jesuit Reductions were founded and flourished in eastern Paraguay for about 150 years until the expulsion of the Jesuits by the Spanish crown in 1767. Paraguay gained its independence after overthrowing the local Spanish administration on May 15, 1811.

    Paraguay's history has been characterized by long periods of political instability and infighting, and devastating wars with its neighbors.

    Paraguay fought the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, and was defeated in 1870 after five years of the bloodiest war in South America. Out of a prewar population of about 525,000, only some 221,000 were left, of which only about 28,000 were adult men.[8] Paraguay also suffered extensive territorial losses to Brazil and Argentina.

    The Chaco War was fought with Bolivia in the 1930s, and Bolivia was defeated. Paraguay re-established sovereignty over the region called the Chaco, but forfeited additional territorial gains as a price of peace.

    The official narrative of Paraguay's history is fraught with disputes among historians, educators and politicians. The "authentic" version of historical events, wars in particular, varies depending on whether it was written in Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Europe, or North America.

    Both the Colorado Party and Liberal Party maintain distinct official versions of Paraguayan history[citation needed]. During the pillaging of Asuncion (Saqueo de Asunción) in 1869, the Brazilian Imperial Army ransacked and relocated the Paraguayan National Archives to Rio de Janeiro where they have been kept in secrecy,[9] making Colonial and early National Period Paraguayan history difficult to study.

    Between 1904 and 1954, Paraguay had thirty-one presidents, most of whom were removed from office by force.[10]

    From 1954 to 1989, the country was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner and the Colorado party. The dictator oversaw an era of economic expansion, but at the cost of a poor human rights and environmental record (see "Political History"). Torture and death for political opponents was routine.[11] After his overthrow, the Colorado continued to dominate national politics until 2008.

    Leftist former bishop Fernando Lugo achieved a historic victory in Paraguay's presidential election in April 2008, defeating the ruling party candidate and ending 61 years of conservative rule. Lugo won with nearly 41% of the vote compared to almost 31% for Blanca Ovelar of the Colorado party.[12]

    Government and politics

    Residential towers in Asunción
    Asunción neighborhoods
    Main article: Politics of Paraguay
    Main article: Foreign relations of Paraguay

    Paraguay is a representative democratic republic, with a multi-party system and separation of powers in three branches. Executive power is exercised solely by the President, who is both head of state and head of government; Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the National Congress. The Judiciary is vested on Tribunals and Courts of Civil Law and a nine-member Supreme Court of Justice, all of them independent of the executive and the legislature.

    Political history

    Paraguay gained its independence from Spain in 1811, and its first president was Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, who was originally appointed with Fulgencio Yegros as alternative consul, but in 1814, de Francia was appointed president. He established new laws that more-or-less completely removed the powers of the church and the cabinet, forbid colonial citizens from marrying each other, having only be allowed to marry blacks, mulattoes or natives and cut off Paraguay from the rest of South America. Because of his abolition of freedom and gain to complete power, Yegros and several other ex-politicians attempted to host a coup-d'etat against him, which failed and they were imprisoned for life.

    After World War II, politics became particularly unstable with several political parties fighting for power in the late 1940s, which most notably led to the Paraguayan civil war of 1947.[13] A series of unstable governments ensued until the establishment in 1954 of the stable regime of dictator Alfredo Stroessner, who remained in office for more than three decades. Paraguay modernized to some extent under Stroessner's regime, though his rule was marked by extensive abuses.[14]

    The splits in the Colorado Party in the 1980s and the conditions that led to this — Stroessner's age, the character of the regime, the economic downturn, and international isolation — provided an opportunity for demonstrations and statements by the opposition prior to the 1988 general elections.[citation needed]

    A gathering in Caacupe

    PLRA leader Domingo Laino served as the focal point of the opposition in the second half of the 1980s. The government's effort to isolate Laino by exiling him in 1982 had backfired. On his sixth attempt, in 1986, Laino returned with three television crews from the U.S., a former United States ambassador to Paraguay, and a group of Uruguayan and Argentine congressmen. Despite the international contingent, the police violently barred Laino's return.[citation needed]

    However, the Stroessner regime relented in April 1987 and permitted Laino to arrive in Asunción. Laino took the lead in organizing demonstrations and diminishing somewhat the normal opposition party infighting. The opposition was unable to reach agreement on a common strategy regarding the elections, with some parties advocating abstention and others calling for blank voting. Nonetheless, the parties did cooperate in holding numerous lightning demonstrations (mítines relámpagos), especially in rural areas. Such demonstrations were held and disbanded quickly before the arrival of the police.

    In response to the upsurge in opposition activities, Stroessner condemned the Accord for advocating "sabotage of the general elections and disrespect of the law" and used the national police and civilian vigilantes of the Colorado Party to break up demonstrations. A number of opposition leaders were imprisoned or otherwise harassed. Hermes Rafael Saguier, another key leader of the PLRA, was imprisoned for four months in 1987 on charges of sedition. In early February 1988, police arrested 200 people attending a National Coordinating Committee meeting in Coronel Oviedo. Laino and several other opposition figures were arrested before dawn on the day of the election, February 14, and held for twelve hours. The government declared Stroessner's re-election with 89% of the vote.[15]

    Although contending that these results reflected the Colorados' virtual monopoly of the mass media, opposition politicians also saw several encouraging developments. Some 53% of those polled indicated that there was an "uneasiness" in Paraguayan society. Furthermore, 74% believed that the political situation needed changes, including 45% who wanted a substantial or total change. Finally, 31% stated that they planned to abstain from voting in the February elections. [citation needed]

    Relations between militants and traditionalists deteriorated in the months following the elections. Although Chaves and his followers had not opposed Stroessner's re-election bid, Montanaro denounced them as "legionnaires" (a reference to those Paraguayan expatriates who fought against Francisco Solano López and who were regarded as traitors by the original Colorados).[citation needed]

    By late 1988 the only major agencies still headed by traditionalists were the IBR[disambiguation needed] and the National Cement Industry (Industria Nacional de Cemento). In September 1988, traditionalists responded to these attacks by accusing the militants of pursuing "a deceitful populism in order to distract attention from their inability to resolve the serious problems that afflict the nation." Traditionalists also called for an end to personalism and corruption.[16]

    On February 3, 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andrés Rodríguez. As president, Rodríguez instituted political, legal, and economic reforms and initiated a rapprochement with the international community.

    The June 1992 constitution established a democratic system of government and dramatically improved protection of fundamental rights. In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost 40 years in what international observers deemed fair and free elections.

    With support from the United States, the Organization of American States, and other countries in the region, the Paraguayan people rejected an April 1996 attempt by then Army Chief General Lino Oviedo to oust President Wasmosy, taking an important step to strengthen democracy.[citation needed]

    Oviedo became the Colorado candidate for president in the 1998 election, but when the Supreme Court upheld in April his conviction on charges related to the 1996 coup attempt, he was not allowed to run and remained in confinement. His former running mate, Raúl Cubas, became the Colorado Party's candidate and was elected in May in elections deemed by international observers to be free and fair. One of Cubas' first acts after taking office in August was to commute Oviedo's sentence and release him from confinement. In December 1998, Paraguay's Supreme Court declared these actions unconstitutional. In this tense atmosphere, the murder of Vice President and long-time Oviedo rival Luis María Argaña on March 23, 1999, led the Chamber of Deputies to impeach Cubas the next day.[citation needed] The March 26 murder of eight student antigovernment demonstrators, widely believed to have been carried out by Oviedo supporters, made it clear that the Senate would vote to remove Cubas on March 29, and Cubas resigned on March 28.[citation needed] Senate President Luis González Macchi, a Cubas opponent, was peacefully sworn in as president the same day.

    In 2003, Nicanor Duarte Frutos was elected and sworn in as president.

    For the 2008 general elections, the Colorado Party was once again a favorite. However, this time their candidate was not an internal opponent to the President and self-proclaimed reformer, as in the two previous elections, but Minister of Education Blanca Ovelar, the first woman to appear as a candidate for a major party in Paraguayan history. But after sixty years of rule by the Colorados voters chose a non-politician, former Roman Catholic Bishop Fernando Lugo. Although he was a long time follower of the controversial liberation theology he was backed by the center-right Liberal Party, the Colorados' traditional opponents.

    Outgoing President Nicanor Duarte Frutos hailed the moment as the first time in the history of this nation that a government had handed power to opposition forces in an orderly and peaceful fashion.

    Lugo was sworn in on August 15, 2008 but unlike other South American countries such as Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia, Lugo's leftist agenda remains largely unimplemented[citation needed] as the Paraguayan Congress continues to be dominated by right-wing elected officials.[citation needed]

    Political instability in the past year, fueled by disputes within Fernando Lugo's cabinet, has led the right wing Colorado Party to regain popularity. Reports suggest that the businessman Horacio Cartes is the new political figure amid disputes. Despite the DEA's strong accusations againts Cartes involving him in drug trafficking he continues to amass followers in the political arena.

    On January 14, 2011 in the Colorado Party convention Horacio Cartes won a motion that enabled him to run as the presidential candidate for the party even though, as reports suggest, the party's constitution didn't allow it.

    Administrative subdivisions

    Main articles: Departments of Paraguay and Districts of Paraguay

    Paraguay consists of seventeen departments and one capital district (distrito capital). These are, with their capitals indicated:

         Name Capital
    1 Alto Paraguay Fuerte Olimpo
    2 Alto Paraná Ciudad del Este
    3 Amambay Pedro Juan Caballero   
    4 Distrito Capital    Asunción
    5 Boquerón Filadelfia
    6 Caaguazú Coronel Oviedo
    7 Caazapá Caazapá
    8 Canindeyú Salto del Guairá
    9 Central Areguá
         Name Capital
    10 Concepción Concepción
    11 Cordillera Caacupé
    12 Guairá Villarrica
    13 Itapúa Encarnación
    14 Misiones San Juan Bautista   
    15 Ñeembucú Pilar
    16 Paraguarí Paraguarí
    17 Presidente Hayes    Villa Hayes
    18 San Pedro San Pedro

    The departments are further divided into districts (distritos).

    Demographics

    Main article: Demographics of Paraguay
    See also: List of most common surnames in Paraguay
    Paraguay population density (people per km2)
    Paraguay National Routes.

    There is no official data on the ethnic composition of the Paraguayan population, because the Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses (Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos DGEEC) [17] of Paraguay does not include the concepts of race and ethnicity in census surveys,[18] although it does inquire about the indigenous population. According to the census of 2002, the indigenous population was 1.7% of Paraguay's total population.[19]

    Traditionally, the Paraguayan population is considered mixed (mestizo in Spanish), because of the widespread offspring of Guaraní women and Spanish settlers during Spain's domination of the country.[20]

    The Ministry of Education and Culture of Paraguay[21] refers thus to the population of the country: "The dominant ancestry is European, which represents a large proportion of the population, mostly descendants of Spanish, Germans, Italians (who have contributed to repopulate the country after the War of the Triple Alliance) but also a large number of people of German descent, because the German Mennonites (mostly in the western part of the territory). There are 17 Mennonite colonies, mostly in the Paraguayan Chaco. It is one of South American countries with less indigenous trait (because the traditional Paraguayan population - Guaraní-Spanish mix - had been destroyed by the Allies in 1870, for which it had to repopulate the country by resorting to the Italian immigration)."[22]

    Scientific publication Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI[2] (Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Zones of the Americas at the Beginning of XXI century) of Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Center for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of the Mexico State Autonomous University) suggests the following ethnic composition:

    • Mestizos: 74.5%
    • White: 20%
    • Mulatos: 3.5%
    • Indigenous: 1.5%

    According to the CIA World Factbook, Paraguay has a population of 6,669,086, 95% of which are mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) and 5% are labelled as "other" [23] and are members of indigenous tribal groups. They are divided into 17 distinct ethnolinguistic groupings, many of which are poorly documented.

    One remarkable trace of the indigenous Guaraní culture that has endured in Paraguay is the Guaraní language, generally understoood by about 90% of the population. However, nearly all Paraguayans speak Spanish. Spanish and Guaraní are official languages.[24] Small groups of ethnic Italians, Germans, Russians, Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Arabs, Ukrainians, Brazilians, and Argentines settled in Paraguay, and they have to an extent retained their respective languages and culture, particularly the Brazilians who represent the largest number. An estimated 400,000 Brazilians live in Paraguay.[25] Many of the Brazilians are descendants of the German, Italian and Polish immigrants.[26] There are also an estimated 63,000 Afro-Paraguayans, or 1% of the population.[27] Some 25,000 German-speaking Mennonites live in the Paraguayan Chaco.[28]

    Paraguay has one of the more important and representative German communities in South America. German settlers founded several towns as Hohenau, Filadelfia, Neuland, Obligado, Nueva Germania, etc. Some specialized German sites that promote German immigration to Paraguay refers to 5%-7% of German descent Paraguayan population and 150.000 German-Brazilian descent population[29][30][31][32]

    Paraguay's population is distributed unevenly through the country. About 56% of Paraguayans live in urban areas. The vast majority of the people live in the eastern region near the capital and largest city, Asunción, accounting for 10% of the country's population. The Gran Chaco region, which includes the Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes Department, and accounts for about 60% of the territory, is home to less than 2% of the population.

    Largest cities

    Template:Largest cities of Paraguay

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in Paraguay

    According to the 2002 census, 89.6% of the population is Roman Catholic, 6.2% is evangelical Christian, 1.1% is other Christian, 0.6% practice indigenous religions.

    A U.S. State Department report on Religious Freedom names Catholic, evangelical Christian, mainline Protestant, Jewish (Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform), Mormon, and Baha'i as prominent religious groups and also mentions a large Muslim community in Alto Paraná as a result of Middle-Eastern immigration, especially from Lebanon, and also the Mennonite community in Boquerón.[33]

    Social issues

    Various poverty estimates suggest that 30-50% of the population is poor.[34] In rural areas, 41.20% of the people lack a monthly income to cover basic necessities, whereas in urban centers this figure is 27.6%. The top 10% of the population holds 43.8% of the national income, while the lowest 10% has 0.5%. The economic recession has worsened income inequality, notably in the rural areas, where the Gini coefficient has risen from 0.56 in 1995 to 0.66 in 1999.

    Similarly, land concentration in the Paraguayan countryside is one of the highest in the globe: 10% of the population controls 66% of the land, while 30% of the rural people are landless.[35] This inequality has caused a great deal of tensions between the landless and land owners.[36]

    Economy

    Main article: Economy of Paraguay
    BBVA Paraguay

    Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy distinguished by a large informal sector, featuring re-export of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors.Between 1970 and 2009 the country had the highest economical growth of South America, with a tax of 7,2% per year and the perspective of growing from 2010 of a 9% being the highest in South America. The country besides counts with the third main Free commercial zone of the World:Ciudad del este, afterwards Miami and Hong Kong. A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis. Because of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures are difficult to obtain. On a per capita basis, real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. The economy grew rapidly between 2003 and 2008 as growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support Paraguay's commodity-based export expansion. Paraguay is the sixth largest soy producer in the world. Drought hit in 2008, reducing agricultural exports and slowing the economy even before the onset of the global recession.

    In 2010, Paraguay is currently experiencing the greatest economical expansion of the zone and the highest of South America, with a GDP growth rate of 14,5% for by the end of the year.[37]

    Industry and manufacturing

    The industrial sector produces about 25% of Paraguay’s gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 31% of the labor force. Output grew by 2.9% in 2004, after five years of declining production. Traditionally an agricultural economy, Paraguay is showing some signs of long-term industrial growth.

    The pharmaceutical industry is quickly supplanting foreign suppliers in meeting the country’s drug needs. Paraguayan companies now meet 70% of domestic consumption and have begun to export drugs. Strong growth also is evident in the production of edible oils, garments, organic sugar, meat processing, and steel.

    Nevertheless, capital for further investment in the industrial sector of the economy is scarce. Following the revelation of widespread financial corruption in the 1990s, the government is still working to improve credit options for Paraguayan businesses. In 2003, manufacturing made up 13.6% of the GDP, and the sector employed about 11% of the working population in 2000. Paraguay’s primary manufacturing focus is on food and beverages. Wood products, paper products, hides and furs, and non-metallic mineral products also contribute to manufacturing totals. Steady growth in the manufacturing GDP during the 1990s (1.2% annually) laid the foundation for 2002 and 2003, when the annual growth rate rose to 2.5%.[38]

    Education

    Main article: Education in Paraguay
    See also: List of universities in Paraguay and List of schools in Paraguay

    Literacy was about 93.6% and 87.7% of Paraguayans finish the 5th grade according to UNESCO's last Educational Development Index 2008. Literacy does not differ much by gender.[39] Primary education is free, mandatory and takes nine years. Secondary education takes three years.[39] Paraguay has several universities. The National University of Asunción was founded in 1889, and the Universidad Americana. Also, the Universidad catolica, run by the church. The net primary enrollment rate was at 88% in 2005.[39] Public expenditure on education was about 4.3 % of GDP in the early 2000s.[39]

    Health

    LIfe expectancy at birth was 75 years in 2006,[40] and the 8th best position in America's ranking according to World Health Organization. It is the same level of Argentina. Public expenditure on health is 2.6 % of GDP and private expenditure on health 5.1 %.[39] Infant mortality was 20 per 1,000 births in 2005.[39] Maternal mortality was 150 per 100,000 live births in 2000.[39] The World Bank has helped the Paraguayan government reduce Paraguay's maternal and infant mortality. The Mother and Child Basic Health Insurance Project aimed to contribute to reducing mortality by increasing the use of selected life-saving services included in the country's Mother and Child Basic Health Insurance Program (MCBI) by women of child-bearing age, and children under age six in selected areas. To this end, the project also targeted improving the quality and efficiency of the health service network within certain areas, in addition to increasing the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare's (MSPBS) management.[41]

    Sports

    Sport in Paraguay

    Culture

    Main articles: Culture of Paraguay, Music of Paraguay, Sport in Paraguay, and Cinema of Paraguay

    See also

    Main article: Outline of Paraguay

    References

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    2. ^ a b 8 LIZCANO
    3. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |author= at position 42 (help)
    4. ^ a b c "Paraguay". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
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    6. ^ "Human Development Report 2010" (PDF). United Nations. 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
    7. ^ Paraguay, corazón de América (1961)
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    10. ^ Hanratty, Dannin M.; Meditz, Sandra W. (1988). "Paraguay: A Country Study" (Document). Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
    11. ^ {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner}
    12. ^ Nickson, Andrew (2009). "The general election in Paraguay, April 2008". Journal of Electoral Studies. 28 (1): 145–9. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.10.001.
    13. ^ "Paraguay Civil War 1947". Onwar.com. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    14. ^ Bernstein, Adam (2006-08-17). "Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    15. ^ Paraguayan Wins His Eighth Term. The New York Times. February 15, 1988.
    16. ^ U.S. Library of Congress, "Country Studies: Paraguay". Retrieved 10 June 2007.
    17. ^ "Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos". Dgeec.gov.py. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    18. ^ http://www.dgeec.gov.py/Censos/Imagenes/Cuestionario%20Censal.pdf?PHPSESSID=296abb7abfa015f8241d208aeaed71f4
    19. ^ http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/desarrollo/mujer/docs/paraguay/par03.pdf
    20. ^ "Paraguay colonial". Monografias.com. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    21. ^ www.mec.gov.py
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    23. ^ "The World Factbook: Paraguay". Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 2008-02-27.
    24. ^ "Background Note: Paraguay". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
    25. ^ Paraguay Information and History. National Geographic.
    26. ^ San Alberto Journal: Awful Lot of Brazilians in Paraguay, Locals Say. The New York Times. June 12, 2001.
    27. ^ "Afro-Paraguayan". Joshua Project. U.S. Center for World Mission. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
    28. ^ Antonio De La Cova (1999-12-28). "Paraguay's Mennonites resent 'fast buck' outsiders". Latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    29. ^ Allgemeines über Paraguay
    30. ^ Information um und zu Paraguay « Kategorie « Paraguay24 - Die Geschichte unserer Auswanderung
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    36. ^ Nagel, Beverly Y.(1999) "'Unleashing the Fury': The Cultural Discourse of Rural Violence and Land Rights in Paraguay", in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41: 148-181. Cambridge University Press.
    37. ^ http://www.bcp.gov.py/Noticias/Estimacion_del_PIB_2010.pdf
    38. ^ "Paraguay" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    39. ^ a b c d e f g "Human Development Report 2009 - Paraguay". Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    40. ^ WHO | Paraguay
    41. ^ The World Bank website, "Paraguay Mother & Child Basic Health Insurance". Retrieved 18 June 2007.

    Further reading

    • Abdou, Selim The Jesuit Republic of the Guaranis 1609-1768, 1997
    • Aren, Richard Genocide in Paraguay, 1976
    • Attenborough, David Zoo Quest in Paraguay, 1950
    • Barret, William E. Woman on Horseback: the Biography of Francisco Lopez and Eliza Lynch, 1938
    • Boschmann, Erwin Paraguay - A Tour Guide, 2009
    • Brodksy, Alvin Madame Lynch and Friend, 2075
    • Cunninghame-Graham, Robert Bontine A Vanished Arcadia: Being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767
    • Durrell, Gerald The Drunken Forest, 1956
    • English, Adrian J. The Green Hell: A Concise History of the Chaco War Between Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932-35, 2007
    • Gimlette, John At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig: Travels Through Paraguay, 2003
    • Hebblethwaite, Margaret Bradit Travel Guide: Paraguay, 2010
    • Jaenike, William F. Black Robes in Paraguay: The Success of the Guarani Missions Hastened the Abolition of the Jesuits, 2008
    • Kerr, John A Naturalist in the Chaco, 1950
    • Lambert, Peter & Nickson, Andrew The Transition to Democracy in Paraguay, 1997
    • Lewis, Paul Paraguay Under Stoessner, 1980
    • Ligon, Ethan; Schechter, Laura, "The Value of Social Networks in rural Paraguay", University of California, Berkeley, Seminar, March 25, 2009 , Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley
    • Macintyre, Ben Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elizabeth Nietzsche, 1993
    • Meyer, Gordon The River and the People, 1965
    • Mora, Frank O. and Cooney, Jerry W. Paraguay anhd the United States, 2007
    • Nickson, Andrew Historical Dictionary of Paraguay, 1993
    • Nickson, Andrew Paraguay: An Annotated Bibliography, 1999
    • O'Shaughnessy, Hugh The Priest of Paraguay: Fernando Lugo and the Making of a Nation, 2009
    • Rees, Sián The Shadow of Elisa Lynch, 2003
    • Saeger, James S. Francisco Solano L-pez and the Ruination of Paraguay: Honor and Egocentrism, 2007
    • Souter, Gavin A Peculiar People: the Australians in Paraguay, 1968
    • Stoesz, Edward Like a Mustard Seed: Mennonites in Paraguay, 2008
    • Whitehead, Anne Paradise Mislaid: In Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay, 1997
    • Spencer, Jack Mounting the Bull, 2010

    Paraguay in fiction (a brief chronological list)

    • Voltaire, Candide, ou l'optimisme (1759)
    • Robert Southey, A Tale of Paraguay [poem] (1825)
    • Joseph Conrad, Nostromo [not explicitly set in Paraguay, but the country was an important source for Conrad's composite Latin American country] (1904)
    • Gabriel Casaccia (the pen name of Benigno Casaccia Bibolini), Hombres, mujeres y fantoches (1930)
    • Graham Greene, Travels With My Aunt (1969)
    • Graham Greene, The Honorary Consul (1973)
    • Augusto Roa Bastos, Yo, el Supremo (I, the Supreme) [about José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, dictator of Paraguay, 1814-1840] (1974)
    • Anne Enright, The Pleasure of Eliza Lynch [about the Irish-born mistress of President Francisco Solano Lopez] (2002)
    • Lily Tuck, The News from Paraguay (2005)
    • Ron Terpening, Tropic of Fear (2006)

    External links

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