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Arkhangelsk Oblast

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Arkhangelsk Oblast
Oblast
Архангельская область
Flag of Arkhangelsk Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Arkhangelsk Oblast
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Arkhangelsk Oblast[3]
CountryRussia
Federal districtNorthwestern[1]
Economic regionNorthern[2]
Administrative centerArkhangelsk[4]
Government
 • BodyAssembly of Deputies[5]
 • Governor[7]Ilya Mikhalchuk[6]
Area
[8]
 • Total587,400 km2 (226,800 sq mi)
 • Rank8th
Population
 (2010 census)[9]
 • Total1,185,400
 • Estimate 
(2018)[10]
1,155,028 (−2.6%)
 • Rank43rd
 • Density2.0/km2 (5.2/sq mi)
 • Urban
75.6%
 • Rural
24.4%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[11])
ISO 3166 codeRU-ARK
License plates29
OKTMO ID11000000
Official languagesRussian[12]
Websitehttp://www.dvinaland.ru/

Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russian: Арха́нгельская о́бласть, Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It includes the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea.

Arkhangelsk Oblast also has administrative jurisdiction over Nenets Autonomous Okrug ("Nenetsia"). Including Nenetsia, Arkhangelsk Oblast has an area of 587,400 km². Population (including Nenetsia): 1,228,100 (2010 Census);[13] 1,336,539 (2002 Census);[14] 1,570,256 (1989 Soviet census).[15]

Arkhangelsk, with a population of 356,051 (2002 Census),[14] is the administrative center of the oblast. The second largest city is the nearby Severodvinsk, home to Sevmash, the main shipyard for the Russian Navy.

Among the oldest cities of the region are Kholmogory, Kargopol, and Solvychegodsk; there are a number of Russian Orthodox monasteries, including the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and the World Heritage Site of the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome is one of three spaceports in Russia (the other two are Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan Oblast and Svobodny in Amur Oblast).

Geography and ecology

Plesetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk Oblast, which includes Nenets Autonomous Okrug, borders Kirov Oblast, Vologda Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, and the White, Pechora, Barents and Kara seas. Cape Fligely in Franz Josef Land (the northermost point of Russia, Europe and Eurasia) and Cape Zhelaniya in Novaya Zemlya (the easternmost point of Europe) are both located within Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Arkhangelsk Oblast is located on the East European Plain, and most of it represents forested hilly landscape. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is essentially a flat tundra (Bolshezemelskaya Tundra) with several hill chains like Pay-Hoy.[16] The Arctic islands including Novaya Zemlya and Franz Joseph Land are mountanous with glaciers and eternally snow-covered. This region has a genetically distinct population of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea area.[17]

Almost all of the area of the Oblast belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, with the major rivers being (west to east) Onega River, Northern Dvina River (with the major tributaries the Vychegda, the Vaga, and the Pinega), Kuloy River, Mezen River, and Pechora River (with the tributary of the Shapkina River). A minor area in the west of the Oblast, most notably the basin of the Ileksa River, drains into the Lake Onega and eventually to the Baltic Sea. A very minor area in Kargopolsky District in the south-west of the Oblast drains into the Kema River which belongs to the basin of the Caspian Sea. The area in the Onega River basin containg the biggest lakes in the oblast, such as Lake Lacha, Lake Kenozero, Lake Undozero, and Lake Kozhozero. The tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug also contains a number of bigger lakes. The river basin of the Pinega is characheristic of the karst, with a number of caves in the region.

Almost all of the oblast is covered by taiga, the coniferous forest dominated by pine, spruce, and larch. Large areas in the middle of taiga are devoid of trees and covered by swamps. In the floodplains of the rivers, there are meadows.

A number of areas in Arkhangelsk Oblast have been designated as protected natural areas.[18] These are subdivided into national parks, zapovedniks (nature reserves), and zakazniks of the federal level. The following protected areas have been designated,

In addition, there are two protected areas in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, adjacent to each other, Nenetsky Zapovednik and Nenetsky Zakaznik.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast

The Oblast is administratively subdivided into six cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction (Arkhangelsk, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Onega, and Severodvinsk), one city under the federal jurisdiction (Mirny), twenty-one districts (one of which is Novaya Zemlya), and two island territories (Franz Joseph Land and Victoria Island).[4] Another six settlements with the status of a town — Kargopol, Mezen, Nyandoma, Shenkursk, Solvychegodsk, and Velsk — are parts of the corresponding districts.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is a part of the Oblast, is administratively divided into a district (Zapolyarny District) and the town of okrug significance (Naryan-Mar).

Economy

Industry

Arkhangelsk Oblast is one of the industrial regions of Russia. The region has a developed fishery, forestry, woodworking, cellulose, and paper industry. There are large reserves of natural resources: Lumber, oil, bauxite, titanium, gold, manganese, and basalt. In 2011, the paper production and related industries were responsible for 55% of all industrial production of the Oblast, food production - 11%, timber processing (excluding paper production) and furniture production - 12%.[19]

Transport

The area of the current Arkhangelsk oblast has always been located on the trading routes connecting central Russia to the White Sea, and, in fact, in 17th century the White Sea was the main sea export route for Russia. The whole course of the Northern Dvina is navigable, as well as the lower course of some of its tributaries, most notably the Vychegda, the Vaga, and the Pinega. The Mezen is also navigable in the lower course. The Onega is not navigable except for the two relatively short stretches because of the rapids. However, except for the lower course of the Vychegda, there is currently very little or no regular passenger navigation on these rivers. They are used for cargo traffic though.

In 1765, a road was built between Saint-Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, mainly for postal service.[20] The road still exists and passes Kargopol and Plesetsk, however, it is mostly not paved. One of the principal highways in Russia, M8, connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, and passes Velsk. This highway is paved and heavily used. On general, the road network is grossly underdeveloped.

Demographics

According to the 2002 Census, ethnic Russians, at 1,258,938, made up 94% of the population. Other prominent ethnic groups in the region include Ukrainians at 27,841 (2%), Belorussians at 10,412 (0.8%), and Nenets at 8,326 (0.6%). The rest of the respondents identified with 114 ethnic groups, with each group making up less than 0.5% of the population. A small number of respondents (2,212) chose not to state their ethnicity.[21]

The Northern Land (Viktor Vasnetsov, 1899)
  • Population: 1,336,539
    • Urban: 999,591 (74.8%)
    • Rural: 336,948 (25.2%)
    • Male: 630,011 (47.1%)
    • Female: 706,528 (52.9%)
  • Females per 1000 males: 1,121
  • Average age: 36.5 years
    • Urban: 35.3 years
    • Rural: 39.3 years
    • Male: 33.3 years
    • Female: 39.3 years
  • Number of households: 509,035 (with 1,302,734 people)
    • Urban: 379,212 (with 975,832 people)
    • Rural: 129,823 (with 326,902 people)

Vital statistics for 2007: Source

  • Birth rate: 11.77 per 1000 (Average for Russia is 11.30)
  • Death rate: 14.67 per 1000
  • Net immigration: -3.7 per 1000
  • NGR: -0.29% per Year
  • PGR: -0.66% per Year
  • Births (2008): 15,404
  • Deaths (2008): 18,653 [22]

A notable subgroup of Russian population are the Pomors, who reside along the White Sea coast and in the valleys of major rivers, speak Pomor dialects and are in fact the descendants of the Novgorod population who colonized the Russian North in 12th-13th centuries. In 2002 Census, approximately 6500 residents of Arkhangelsk Oblast indicated their ethnicity as Pomors.

Arts and Culture

Architecture

Main article: Wooden architecture in Russia
The triple church ensemble in the selo of Lyadiny, Kargopolsky District

Arkhangelsk Oblast is famous for its wooden buildings which include churches, chapels, peasant houses and farms, and city houses. The choice of wood as the construction material is natural for a region almost exclusively covered by taiga and still being one of the biggest timber producers. Some of these buildings date from 17th century. Churches and chapels are considered particularly fine, and almost all of these constructed prior to 1920s have been declared the cultural heritage at the federal or local levels. More than 600 buildings (both of timber and stone) are protected on the federal level.[23] An open-air ethnographic museum was open in the village of Malye Korely close to Arkhangelsk, with the purpose of preserving this heritage.

The most notable wooden churches are triple church ensembles, which consist of two churches (a bigger, not heated, church used in the summer, a smaller, heated church used in the winter, and a bell-tower). Not more than a dozen of these triple wooden ensembles survived, the best known being the one located in the Kizhi Pogost in the Republic of Karelia and is classified as World Heritage. Most of these ensembles are located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, in particular, in the villages of Lyadiny (Kargopolsky District), Nyonoksa, and Abramovskaya (Onezhsky District). Other notable wooden churches are located in Kargopolsky (Oshevenskoye, Krasnaya Lyaga, Saunino and others), Verkhnetoyemsky (Soyezerskaya Pustyn), Onezhsky, Plesetsky (Porzhensky Pogost), and Pinezhsky Districts.

Despite being listed as cultural heritage, most of these buildings are neglested and regularly burn down. As a matter of fact, the majority of the churches considered as masterpieces has been lost.[24] For instance, Verkhnemudyugsky Pogost in Onezhsky District, the fifth survived triple ensemble, burned down in 1997.[25]

The oblast preserves some of the best stone architectural ensembles in Russia. The ensemble of the Solovetsky Monastery (founded 1497, the earliest surviving buildings stem from 16th century) has been designated as the World Heritage. The town of Kargopol contains a number of white-stone churches, the earliest of which, the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, originates from 1552. The Presentation Church (1688 — 1712) in Solvychegodsk is an acclaimed baroque masterpiece and one of the five surviving Stroganov baroque churches.

Arts

A spinning distaff board from the Nizhnyaya Toyma area featuring traditional tripartite layout.

The monasteries facilitated the development of icon painting which existed in the area well until 19th century. No single unified icon style arose, and icons produced in current Arkhangelsk and Vologda Oblasts are commonly known as Northern icon painting (Северные письма). Icons were produced in Solovetsky, Antoniev Siysky, Kozheozersky and other monasteries, as well as in the towns of Kholmogory and Solvychegodsk. Solvychegodsk icon painting was sponsored by Stroganovs and generated the Stroganov icon painting school, which in the end of 17th century was principally active in Moscow.[26]

The icon-painting techniques were transferred to the traditional wood painting which has been known from 17st centuries in the valleys of the Northern Dvina (Nizhnyaya Toyma, Borok, Puchuga, Permogorye), the Pinega, and the Mezen. It was used to decorate all kinds of wooden surfaces such as, for example, spinning distaffs or chests, and employed geometrical figures as well as images of plants, animals, and humans. The Arkhangelsk traditional wooden painting is special since the surface was prepared in a particular way before the painting started, similar to icons.[27]

Despite the fact that several notable Russian artists including Vasily Vereshchagin traveled into the region in 19th century, the professional (non-icon) painting did not develop in Arkhangelsk until 1890s. Alexander Borisov, Stepan Pisakhov, and Tyko Vylka, all of them landscape painters interested in Northern and Arctic landscapes, are considered as the founders of Arkhangelsk painting.[28]

Literature

Russian North, and, in particular, Arkhangelsk Oblast is an area notable for its folklore. Until the middle of 20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Some of them, like Mariya Krivopolenova, were invited to perform in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg and achieved prominence. One of the first Arkhangelsk folklore collector was Alexander Hilferding, who actually died in Kargopol during his journey. Starting from 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area, and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, in order to write down the tales and the bylinas, in particular, in Pomor dialects. In 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova, these expeditions became systematic. The results have been published. By 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.

Protopope Avvakum, a 17th century monk, who led the opposition (raskol) against the reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church, was in 1664 exiled for two years in Mezen, and in 1667 was imprisoned in Pustozyorsk, currently in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, for 14 years before being burned alive. Avvakum is an author of about sixty literary works, including the Life of Avvakum, most of which were written in Pustozyorsk and are considered among the most notable Russian literary pieces of 17th century.[29]

Mikhail Lomonosov, a polymath, and a poet, who created the basis of the modern Russian literary language, was actually born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka, close to Kholmogory, though he left the area to pursue his studies at the age of 18 and spent most of his career in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg.

Aleksey Chapygin, a historical novelist, was born in what is now Kargopol District. His first novels describe the peasant life of the Arkhangelsk Governorate.

In 20st century, two of the authors of the Village prose movement in Soviet Literature, which described predominantly the rural life, were tightly connected with Arkhangelsk Region: Fyodor Abramov was born in the peasant family in the village of Verkola in Pinezhsky Uyezd, and Aleksander Yashin lived in Arkhangelsk for some time. In their literary works, as well as in the works of Yury Kazakov, a short story writer who traveled extensively in the Russian North, the life of Arkhangelsk peasants features prominently. The name of one of the Kazakov's books of short stories is Poedemte v Lopshengu — Let us go to Lopshenga; Lopshenga is a selo on the White Sea coast.

Some of the Nenets authors lived in Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In particular, Tyko Vylka was born in Novaya Zemlya and was even the chairman of the Novaya Zemlya Island Soviet. Vasily Ledkov lived in Naryan Mar.[30]

Sports

One sport in which the oblast achieved prominence is bandy. The Vodnik Bandy Club from Arkhangelsk nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005) and won the Bandy World Cup in 2003 and 2004.[31]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ "Гимн Архангельской области" (in Russian). Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  4. ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
  5. ^ Charter, Chapter IV
  6. ^ Official website of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Ilya Filippovich Mikhalchuk Template:Ru icon
  7. ^ Charter, Chapter V
  8. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  9. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. (the total population is given without Nenets Autonomous Okrug; the percentages are for both the oblast and the autonomous okrug combined)
  10. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  12. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  13. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  14. ^ a b Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  15. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  16. ^ Архангельская область. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  17. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  18. ^ "ООПТ Северо-Западного округа" (in Russian). Особо охраняемые природные территории России. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  19. ^ "Итоги социально-экономического развития Архангельской области (без учета Ненецкого автономного округа) за 1 квартал 2011 года" (in Russian). Администрация Архангельской области. 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  20. ^ "Краткая историческая справка Плесецкого района" (in Russian). МО "Плесецкий район". 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  21. ^ The total area and area rank mentioned here include the area of both the Arkhangelsk Oblast and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Similarly, the population rank, density and all of the demographics data include numbers from the autonomous okrug in their calculations.
  22. ^ http://www.regnum.ru/news/1112676.html
  23. ^ "Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации" (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  24. ^ Русское деревянное зодчество (in Russian). Академия архитектуры СССР. 1942. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  25. ^ Rapenkova, Svetlana. "Верховье" (in Russian). Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  26. ^ "Иконопись" (in Russian). The Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  27. ^ "Народная роспись" (in Russian). The Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  28. ^ "Художники Севера" (in Russian). The Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  29. ^ "Из истории развития литературы в Архангельском крае" (in Russian). The Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  30. ^ Комановский, Б. Л. Ненецкая литература (in Russian). Краткая Литературная Энциклопедия.
  31. ^ "История клуба" (in Russian). Хоккейный клуб Водник. Retrieved 9 June 2011.

Sources

  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. №36 23 мая 1995 г. «Устав Архангельской области», в ред. Закона №18-3-ОЗ от 20 мая 2009 г «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав Архангельской области». (Arkhangelsk Oblast Assembly of Deputies. #36 May 23, 1995 Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #18-3-OZ of May 20, 2009 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of Arkhangelsk Oblast. ).
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