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Iyer
ஐயர்



R. Venkataraman · Subramanya Bharathi · Ramana Maharishi
Indra Nooyi · Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman · Vishwanathan Anand
Regions with significant populations
Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh
Languages
Brahmin Tamil, Sankethi
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Pancha-Dravida Brahmins, Tamil people, Iyengar, Madhwa

Iyer (pronounced [aiʝar]) (Template:Lang-ta, Kannada: ಅಯ್ಯರ್, Malayalam: അയ്യർ) (also spelt as Ayyar, Aiyar, Ayer or Aiyer) is the title given to the caste of Hindu Brahmin communities of who migrated to Tamilnadu as part of Aryanisation. Most Iyers are followers of the Advaita philosophy propounded by Adi Shankara.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The majority reside in Tamil Nadu.

The title 'Iyer' was used as a designation for all Tamil Smartha Brahmins [citation needed] during the medieval period [citation needed], during which they were organised into single community [citation needed]. However, during the 11th century, a breakaway sect formed a new community called "Iyengars", worshipping Sri Vaishnava.[10][11][12]

According to popular tradition, Iyers are descendants of Indo-Aryan migrants from North India[citation needed]. Iyers are sub-divided into various sub-sects based on cultural and regional differences. Like all Brahmins, they are also classified based on their gotra, or patrilineal descent, and the Veda they follow.

Iyers fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin sub-classification of India's Brahmin community and share many customs and traditions with other Brahmins.[13] In recent times, they have felt affected by reservation policies[14] and the Self-Respect Movement in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This has helped encourage a large migration to other parts of India and the English-speaking world.

Apart from the prevalent practice of using the title "Iyer" as surname, Iyers also use other surnames as Sāstri[15] or Bhattar.[16][17]

Etymology

The word Iyer is derived from the title Ayyā which is often used by Tamils to designate respectable people. There are number of etymologies for the word Ayyā, generally it is thought to be derived from Proto-Dravidian term denoting an elder brother. It is used in that meaning in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.[18] Yet others derive the word Ayya as a Prakrit version of the Sanskrit word Aryā which means 'noble'.[19][20] "Ayar" is also the name of a Tamil Yadava sub-caste.[21] During the British Raj, Christian clergymen were also occasionally given the honorific surname "Ayyar".[22]

In ancient times, Iyers were also called Anthanar[23][24] or Pārppān,[25][26][27] though the usage of the word Pārppān is considered derogatory in modern times.[28] Until recent times, Kerala Iyers were called Pattars.[29] Like the term pārppān, the word Pattar too is considered derogatory.[30]

It has also been recorded that in the past, the Nayak kings of Madurai have held the title "Aiyar" while Brahmins have borne titles as Pillai or Mudali.[31]

Origin

See also: Indo-Aryan migration and Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

Ethnicity and genetics

Some Iyer communities also pay homage to the Narmada River apart from the South Indian river Cauvery in their rituals and revere legends proposing a north Indian origin for their community.[32] Iyer marriage rites, especially, are a mixture of some customs regarded Aryan and some considered Dravidian.[33][34]

A genetic study conducted in 1996 amongst Iyers of Madurai revealed close proximity to populations from Eurasian steppes of Central Asia.[35] The sharing of some haplotypes between the Iyers and some Southeast Asian populations, too, suggest a migration through Southeast Asia to India.[35] Genetic studies conducted in 2001 amongst Brahmins of Telugu origin revealed that the genetic distance between Brahmins and Europeans (0.013) was less than the distance between Europeans and Kshatryia (0.030) or Vysya (0.020).[36] A 2007 study revealed that Iyers and Iyengars formed a separate cluster along with the high-ranking non-Brahmin communities of Tamil Nadu such as the Veerakodi Vellalars.[37] A 2008 study found that the most recent migrants of Iyers and Iyengars showed close similarities with Bengali Brahmins, Mahishya and Bagdi than the early migrants into Tamil Nadu.[38]

Population and distribution

File:Tanjore Maratha map.jpg
Though Iyers are distributed almost evenly all over the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, an extensive majority resides in the Chola Nadu region of Tamil Nadu comprising the delta of the River Cauvery (indicated by the shaded portion in the map) which is the traditional home of the Tamil Brahmin population

Today, Iyers live all over South India, but an overwhelming majority of Iyers continue to thrive in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Brahmins form an estimated 3% of the state's total population and are distributed all over the state.[2] However, accurate statistics on the population of the Iyer community are unavailable.[2]

They are concentrated mainly along the Cauvery Delta districts of Nagapattinam, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur[39][40] and Tiruchirapalli where they form almost 10% of the total population.[1][41] In Northern Tamil Nadu they are found in the urban areas of Chennai,[42][43] Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Sriperumbudur and Vellore. They are almost non-existent in rural areas of Northern Tamil Nadu.[44]

Iyers are also found in fairly appreciable number in Western and Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.[45] Iyers of the far south are called Tirunelveli Iyers[46] and speak the Tirunelveli Brahmin dialect.

Migration

Karnataka

First-generation descendants of Mysore S. Ramaswamy Iyer. Ramaswamy Iyer migrated from Ganapathy Agraharam to Mysore in the 19th century and served as the first Advocate-General of Mysore

Over the last few centuries, a large number of Iyers have also migrated and settled in parts of Karnataka. During the rule of the Mysore Maharajahs, a large number of Iyers from the then Madras province migrated to Mysore. The Ashtagrama Iyers are also a prominent group of Iyers in Karnataka.[47]

The Sankethi Iyers are another subcaste who speak a distinct language called Sankethi which borrows words from Kannada,Tamil and Sanskrit.

Kerala

Main article: Kerala Iyers

Iyers have been resident of the princely state of Travancore from ancient times. The Venad state (present Kanyakumari district) and the southern parts of Kerala was part of the Pandyan kingdom known as Then Pandi Nadu. There were also many Iyers in Venad which later on grew to be the Travancore state. The old capital of Travancore was Padmanabhapuram which is at present in Kanyakumari district. There has also been a continuous inflow from Tirunelveli and Ramnad districts of Tamil Nadu which are contiguous to the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Many parts of the present Tirunelveli district were even part of the old Travancore state.[48] These Iyers are known today as Trivandrum Iyers. Some of these people migrated to Cochin and later to Palakkad and Kozhikode districts. There were also migrations from Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu to Palakkad. Their descendants are known today as Palakkad Iyers. [17][49]

These Iyers are collectively now called as Kerala Iyers.

There is no historical record of migration from Thirunelveli and Ramnad district. But the migration from Tanjore district to Palakkad is recorded in many documents.[50][51]

They speak a dialect of Tamil known as Kerala Tamil which is heavily influenced by Malayalam.[52] In Coimbatore, there are a large number of such Iyers due to its proximity to Kerala.[53]

Sri Lanka

See also: Aryacakravarti dynasty

According to the Buddhist scripture Mahavamsa, the presence of Brahmins have been recorded in Sri Lanka as early as 500BC when the first migrations from the Indian mainland supposedly took place. Currently, Brahmins are an important constituent of the Sri Lankan Tamil minority.[54][55] Tamil Brahmins are believed to have played a historic role in the formation of the Jaffna Kingdom.[55][56][57]

Recent migrations

Apart from South India, Iyers have also migrated to and settled in places in North India. There are significantly large Iyer communities in Mumbai,[58][59] and Delhi.[43][60][61] These migrations, which commenced during the British rule, were often undertaken in search of better prospects and contributed to the prosperity of the community.[14]

In recent times Iyers have also migrated in significant numbers to the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States[59] in search of better fortune.[62][63][64][65]

Subsects

Iyers have many sub-sects among them, such as Vadama, Brahacharnam or Brahatcharanam, Vāthima, Sholiyar or Chozhiar, Ashtasahasram, Mukkāni, Gurukkal, Kāniyālar and Prathamasāki.[10][66][67][68] Each sub-sect is further subdivided according to the village or region of origin.

A Tamil Smartha Brahmin holy man engaged in Siva-worship. His body is covered by coat and chains made of Rudrāksha beads

Vadama

Main article: Vadama
Caste-mark of the Vadamas

The Vadamas (Template:Lang-ta) regard themselves the most superior of Smartha Brahmins.[10][69] The word "Vadama" is derived from the Tamil word Vadakku meaning North.[70] Due to this reason, it is widely speculated that the Vadamas could have been the latest of the Brahmin settlers of the Tamil country.[69] At the same time, however, the honorific title Vadama could also be used simply to denote the level of Sanskritization and cultural affiliation and not as evidence for a migration at all.[71]

The Vadamas are classified into Vadadesa Vadama, Choladesa Vadama, Sabhaiyar, Inji and Thummagunta Dravida.[10]

Vāthima

Main article: Vathima

The Vāthimas (Template:Lang-ta) are few in number and are confined mostly to eighteen villages in Thanjavur district. They are sub-divided into Pathinettu Gramathu Vāthima or Vāthima of the eighteen villages, Udayalur, Nannilam and Rathamangalam.[72]

Brahacharnam

Main article: Brahacharanam

Brahacharnam is a corruption of the Sanskrit word Brahatcharnam (Template:Lang-sa) means "the great sect".[73] Brahacharnams are more Saivite than Vadamas and are sub-divided into Kandramaicka, Milanganur, Mangudi, Pazhamaneri, Musanadu, Kolathur, Marudancheri,Sathyamangalam and Puthur Dravida.[73]

Ashtasahasram

Main article: Ashtasahasram

The Ashtasahasram (Template:Lang-sa) are, like the Brahacharnams, more Saivite than the Vadamas.[74] They are further sub-divided into Aththiyur, Arivarpade, Nandivadi and Shatkulam.[74]

Dīkshitar

Main article: Dikshitar

The Dīkshitars (Template:Lang-ta) of Chidambaram or more particularly called in Tamil as 'Thillai Muairavar' are based mainly in the town of Chidambaram and according to legend, have descended from three thousands individuals who migrated from Varanasi.[74] They wear their kudumi in front of their head like the Nairs and Namboothiris of Kerala.[74]

Chozhiar or Sholiyar

The Sholiyars (Template:Lang-ta) serve as priests, cooks or decorate idols in Hindu temples.[75] Chozhiars hold the universal belief that Chanakya, the minister of Chandragupta Maurya was one of them.[76] They are divided into Tirukattiur, Madalur, Visalur, Puthalur, Senganur, Avadiyar Koil.[77] Renowned carnatic singer, Chembai Vaidyanatha Iyer belongs to the Chozhiar community.[78]

Gurukkal

Main article: Gurukkal Brahmins

The sect of Sivāchārya or Gurukkal (Template:Lang-ta) form the hereditary priesthood or in the Siva and Sakthi temples in Tamil Nadu.[79][80] They are Saivites and adhere to the philosophy of Shaiva Siddhanta and in that sense are not followers of Adi Shankarachyarya.[80] They are well versed in Agama Sasthras and follow the Agamic rituals of these temples. Because of these cultural differences, intermarriages with other Iyers is rare even to this date.[81] Gurukkals are sub-divided into Tiruvalangad, Conjeevaram and Thirukkazhukunram.[80]

Mukkāni

The Mukkāni (Template:Lang-ta) sub-sect of Iyers are traditionally helpers to the priests in the temples of Thiruchendur.[76] Legend has it that the Mukkānis were the Bhootaganas, the demon bodyguards of Lord Siva and that they were given the responsibility for guarding Subrahmanya's shrines by Siva.[82] The Mukkanis predominantly subscribe to the Rig Veda.

Kāniyālar

The Kāniyālar (Template:Lang-ta) are a little known sub-sect of Iyers. A large number of Kāniyālars serve as cooks and menial servants in Vaishnavite temples.[76] Hence, they sport the nāmam like Vaishnavite Iyengars.[76]

Prathamasāki

The Prathamasākis form another little-known sub-sect of Iyers. They follow the White Yajur Veda.[83] According to Hindu legend, in remote antiquity, the Prathamasākis were cursed by God to spend one hour every day as Parayars[84] and hence they are known as "Madhyana Paraiyans" in Tanjore district[83] and are regarded inferior by other sects of Brahmins.[83]

Edgar Thurston also mentions another sect of Iyers called Kesigal or Hiranyakesigal.[73] However, this sub-sect appears to have disappeared or merged into the larger Vadama community with the passage of time.

Iyers, just like other Brahmins were required to learn the Vedas. Iyers are also divided into different sects based on the Veda they follow.[85] Iyers belonging to the Yajur Veda sect usually follow the teachings of the Krishna Yajur Veda.[13][86]

Gotrās and Shākhas

See also: Brahmin gotra system

Iyers, like all other Brahmins, trace their paternal ancestry to one of the eight rishis or sages.[87][88] Accordingly they are classified into eight gotrās based on the rishi they have descended from. A maiden in the family belongs to gotra of her father, but upon marriage takes the gotrā of her husband.

The Vedas are further sub-divided into shākhās or "branches" and followers of each Veda are further sub-divided based on the shākhā they adhere to. However, only a few of the shākhās are extant, the vast majority of them having disappeared.The different Vedas and the corresponding shākhās that exist today in Tamil Nadu are:[89]

Veda shākhā
Rig Veda Shakala and Paingi
Yajur Veda Kanva and Taittiriya
Sama Veda Kauthuma, Jaiminiya/Talavakara, Shatyayaniya and Gautama
Atharva Veda Shaunakiya and Paippalada

Religious practices, ceremonies and festivals

Rituals

Iyer rituals comprise rites as described in Hindu scriptures such as Apastamba Sutra attributed to the Hindu sage Apastamba.[13] The most important rites are the Shodasa Samaskāras or the 16 duties.[90] Although many of the rites and rituals followed in antiquity are no longer practised, some have been retained.[91][92]

Iyers from South India performing the Sandhya Vandhanam, 1913
Iyer priest from Tamil Nadu carrying out a small ritual with his grandson.

Iyers are initiated into rituals at the time of birth. In ancient times, rituals used to be performed when the baby was being separated from mother's umbilical cord. This ceremony is known as Jātakarma.[93] However, this practice is no longer observed. At birth, a horoscope is made for the child based on the position of the stars. The child is then given a ritual name.[93][94] On the child's birthday, a ritual is performed to ensure longevity. This ritual is known as Ayushya Homam. This ceremony is held on the child's birthday reckoned as per the Tamil calendar based on the position of the nakshatras or stars and not the Gregorian calendar.[94] The child's first birthday is the most important and is the time when the baby is formally initiated by piercing the ears of the boy or girl. From that day onwards a girl is expected to wear earrings.

A second initiation (for the male child in particular) follows when the child crosses the age of seven.[95][96] This is the Upanayana ceremony during which a Brahmana is said to be reborn.[96][97] A three-piece cotton thread is installed around the torso of the child encompassing the whole length of his body from the left shoulder to the right hip.[95][97][98][99] The Upanayana ceremony of initiation is solely performed for the members of the dvija or twice-born castes, generally when the individual is between 7 and 16 years of age.[100][101] In ancient times, the Upanayana was often considered as the ritual which marked the commencement of a boy's education,[102] which in those days consisted mostly of the study of the Vedas. However, with the Brahmins taking to other vocations than priesthood, this initiation has become more of a symbolic ritual. The neophyte was expected to perform the Sandhya Vandanam on a regular basis[103] and utter a prescribed set of prayers, three times a day: dawn, mid-day, and dusk. The most sacred and prominent of the prescribed set of prayers is the Gayatri Mantra,[103][104] which is as sacred to the Hindus as the Kalima to the Muslims and Ahunwar to the Zoroastrians.[103] Once a year, Iyers change their sacred thread. This ritual is exclusive to South Indian Brahmins and the day is commemorated in Tamil Nadu as Āvani Avittam.[105][106]

Brahmin house with hand marks to ward off the evil eye

Other important ceremonies for Iyers include the rites for the deceased.[107][108][109] All Iyers are cremated according to Vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death.[110][111] The death rites include a 13-day ceremony, and regular Tarpanam[112] (performed every month thereafter, on Amavasya day, or New Moon Day), for the ancestors.[110][113][114] There is also a yearly shrārddha, that must be performed.[114][115] These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants of the deceased. Married men who perform this ritual must be accompanied by their wives. The women are symbolically important in the ritual to give a "consent" to all the proceedings in it.[110][116]

Festivals

See also: Hindu festivals

Iyers celebrate almost all Hindu festivals like Deepavali, Navratri, Pongal, Vinayaka Chathurthi, Janmaashtami, Tamil New Year, Sivarathri and Karthika Deepam.

However, the most important festival which is exclusive to Brahmins of South India is the Āvani Avittam festival.[117]

Weddings

See also: Iyer Wedding

A typical Iyer wedding consists of Sumangali Prārthanai (Hindu prayers for prosperous married life), Nāndi (homage to ancestors), Nischayadhārtham (Engagement)[99] and Mangalyadharanam (tying the knot).[118] The main events of an Iyer marriage include Vratam (fasting), Kasi Yatra (pilgrimage to Kasi), Oonjal (Swing), Kanyadanam (placing the bride in the groom's care), Mangalyadharanam, Pānigrahanam[119] and Saptapathi (or seven steps - the final and most important stage wherein the bride takes seven steps supported by the groom's palms thereby finalizing their union).[119] This is usually followed by Nalangu, which is a casual and informal event.[120][121]

Lifestyle and culture

See also: Culture of Tamil Nadu

Traditional ethics

Iyers generally lead orthodox lives and adhere steadfastly to their customs and traditions. However, of recent, they have started abandoning their traditional duties as temple priests for more secular vocations, causing contemporary Iyers to be more flexible than their ancestors.[122] Iyers follow the Grihya Sutras of Apastamba and Baudhayana apart from the Manusmriti. The society is patriarchal but not feudal.[123]

File:Mvsivan.jpg
A portrait of vocalist M. V. Sivan. The three horizontal lines visible on his chest, arms and forehead are made with holy ash (vibhuti) which is usually used by orthodox Saivites

Iyers are generally vegetarian. Some abjure onion and garlic on the grounds that they activate certain base senses.[124] Cow milk and milk products were approved.[125] They were required to avoid alcohol and tobacco.[125][126]

Iyers follow elaborate purification rituals, both of self and the house. Men are forbidden from performing their "sixteen duties" while Women are forbidden from cooking food without having a purificatory bath in the morning.[122][124] Food is to be consumed only after making an offering to the deities.[127]

The bathing was considered sufficiently purifying only if it confirmed to the rules of madi.[124][128] The word 'madi' is used by Tamil Brahmins to indicate that a person is bodily pure. In order to practice madi, the brahmin had to wear only clothes which had been recently washed and dried, and the clothes should remain untouched by any person who was not madi.[128] Only after taking bath in cold water, and after wearing such clothes, would the person be in a state of madi.[129] This practice of madi is followed by Iyers even in modern times, before participating in any kind of religious ceremony.[124]

The Iyers have taken a special liking for coffee[130][131]

.

Until the turn of the last[clarification needed] century, an Iyer widow was never allowed to remarry.[132] Once her husband dies, an Iyer woman had to tonsure her head.[133] She had to remove the kunkumam or the vermilion mark on her forehead, and was required to smear her forehead with the sacred ashes. All these practices have, however, greatly dimimished with the enactment of reforms.[134]

Traditional attire

Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars) in traditional veshti and angavastram at a convention of the Mylai Tamil Sangam, circa 1930s

Iyer men traditionally wear veshtis or dhotis which cover them from waist to foot. These are made of cotton and sometimes silk. Veshtis are worn in different styles. Those worn in typical brahminical style are known as panchakacham (from the sanskrit terms pancha and gajam meaning "five yards" as the length of the panchakacham is five yards in contrast to the veshtis used in daily life which are four or eight cubits long). They sometimes wrap their shoulders with a single piece of cloth known as angavastram (body-garment). In earlier times, Iyer men who performed austerities also draped their waist or chests with deer skin or grass.[99]

The traditional Iyer woman is draped in a nine yard saree, also known as madisār.[135]

Patronage of art

For centuries, Iyers have taken a keen interest in preserving the arts and sciences. They undertook the responsibility of preserving the Bharata Natya Shastra, a monumental work on Bharatanatyam, the classical dance form of Tamil Nadu. During the early 20th century, dance was usually regarded as a degenerate art associated with devadasis. Rukmini Devi Arundale, however, revived the dying art form thereby breaking social and caste taboos about Brahmins taking part in the study and practice of the dance.[136][137]

DK Pattammal (right),Classical Music Singer, in concert with her brother, DK Jayaraman; circa early 1940s.

However, compared to dance, the contribution of Iyers in field of music has been considerably noteworthy.[138][139] The Trinity of Carnatic Music were responsible for making some excellent compositions towards the end of the 18th century. Today, there are Iyers who give traditional renderings as well as playback singers in Indian films like Nithyashree Mahadevan, Usha Uthup, Shankar Mahadevan, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Hamsika Iyer and Naresh Iyer . Iyers have also contributed considerably to drama, short story and temple architecture.

In the field of literature and journalism, the Iyer community has produced individuals like R. K. Narayan, R. K. Laxman, Subramanya Bharathi, Kalki Krishnamurthy, Ulloor Parameswara Iyer, and Cho Ramaswamy to name a few. They have also contributed in an equal amount to Tamil language and literature.[140][141]

Food

See also: Tamil cuisine

The main diet of Iyers is composed of vegetarian food,[13][142] mostly rice which is the staple diet for millions of South Indians. Vegetarian side dishes are frequently made in Iyer households apart from compulsory additions as rasam,sambar,etc. Home-made ghee is a staple addition to the diet, and traditional meals do not begin until ghee is poured over a heap of rice and lentils. While tasting delicious, the cuisine eschews the extent of spices and heat traditionally found in south Indian cuisine. Iyers are mostly known for their love for curd. Other South Indian delicacies such as dosas, idli, etc. are also relished by Iyers. Coffee amongst beverages and curd amongst food items form an indispensable part of the Iyer food menu.

The diet of Iyers consists mainly of Tamil vegetarian cuisine, comprising rice

The food is taken only after it is purified by a ritual called annasuddhi which means "purification of rice".[127]

Agrahāram

A house in a Tanjore agrahāram

In ancient times, Iyers, along with Iyengars and other Tamil Brahmins, lived in exclusive Brahmin quarters of their village known as an agrahāram. Shiva and Vishnu temples were usually situated at the ends of an agrahāram. In most cases, there would also be a fast-flowing stream or river nearby.[143]

A typical agrahāram consisted of a temple and a street adjacent to it. The houses on either side of the street were exclusively peopled by Brahmins who followed a joint family system. All the houses were identical in design and architecture though not in size.[144][145]

With the arrival of the British and commencement of the Industrial Revolution, Iyers started moving to cities for their sustenance. Starting from the late 19th century, the agrahārams were gradually discarded as more and more Iyers moved to towns and cities to take up lucrative jobs in the provincial and judicial administration.[144][145][146][147][148]

However, there are still some agrahārams left where traditional Iyers continue to reside. In an Iyer residence, people wash their feet first with water on entering the house.[149][150]

Language

See also: Manipravalam

Tamil is the mother tongue of most Iyers residing in India and elsewhere. However, Iyers speak a distinct dialect of Tamil unique to their community.[151][152][153] This dialect of Tamil is known as Brāhmik or Brahmin Tamil. Brahmin Tamil is highly Sanskritized and has often invited ridicule from Tamil nationalists due to its extensive usage of the Sanskrit vocabulary.[154] While Brahmin Tamil used to be the lingua franca for inter-caste communication between different Tamil communities during pre-independence times, it has been gradually discarded by Brahmin themselves in favour of regional dialects.[155] The Palakkad Iyers have a unique sub-dialect of their own.[156] Palakkad Tamil is characterized by the presence of a large number of words of Malayali origin.[156] The Sankethi Iyers speak Sankethi which borrows words from Kannada,Tamil and Sanskrit.

Iyengars speak a separate dialect of Tamil called Iyengar Tamil.[151] Some regard the Iyengar speech not as a dialect at all, but only as a sub-dialect of Brahmin Tamil.

Further information: Brahmin Tamil

Iyers today

The traditional occupation of Iyers involved ministering in temples or performing Hindu religious rites. However, since ancient times, Iyers were never prohibited from taking to secular occupations. Iyers were frequently employed as administrators by ancient Tamil kings. During the rule of the Medieval Cholas, they even gave the kingdom its chief army commanders.

A Tamil Brahmin couple, circa 1945

In addition to their earlier occupations, Iyers today have diversified into a variety of fields.[157] Three of India's Nobel laureates, Sir C. V. Raman, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan hail from the community.[158] It is a small percentage of Iyers who voluntarily choose, in this era, to pursue the traditional vocation of priesthood.[122]

Social and political issues

Since ancient times, Iyers, as members of the privileged priestly class, exercised a near-complete domination over educational, religious and literary institutions in the Tamil country.[159] Their domination continued throughout the British Raj as they used their knowledge of the English language and education to dominate the political, administrative, judicial and intellectual spectrum. Upon India's independence in 1947, they tried to consolidate their hold on the administrative and judicial machinery . Such a situation led to resentment from the other castes in Tamil Nadu, an upshot of this atmosphere was an "non-Brahmin" movement and the formation of the Justice Party.[160] Periyar, who took over as Justice Party President in the 1940s, changed its name to Dravida Kazhagam, and formulated the view that Tamil Brahmins were Aryans as opposed to a majority of Tamils who were Dravidian based on Robert Caldwell's writings.[161] The ensuing anti-Brahmin propaganda and the rising unpopularity of the Rajaji Government left an indelible mark on the Tamil Brahmin community ending their political aspirations forever. In the 1960s the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (roughly translated as "Organisation for Progress of Dravidians") and its subgroups gained political ground on this platform forming state ministries, thereby wrenching control from the Indian National Congress, in which Iyers at that time were holding important party positions. Today, apart from a few exceptions, Iyers have virtually disappeared from the political arena.[162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]

In 2006, the Tamil Nadu government took the decision to appoint non-Brahmin priests in Hindu temples in order to curb Brahmin ecclesiastical domination.[170] This created a huge controversy. Violence broke out in March 2008 when a non-Brahmin oduvar or reciter of Tamil idylls, empowered by the Government of Tamil Nadu, tried to make his way into the sanctum sanctorum of the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.[171]

Criticism

See also: Criticism of Tamil Brahmins

Relations with other communities

The legacy of Iyers have often been marred by accusations of racism and counter-racism against them by non-Brahmins and vice versa.

It was found that prior to Independence, the Pallars were never allowed to enter the residential areas of the caste Hindus particularly of the Brahmins. Whenever a Brahmin came out of his house, no Scheduled Caste person was expected to come in his vicinity as it would pollute his sanctity and if it happened by mistake, he would go back home cursing the latter. He would come out once again only after taking a bath and making sure that no such thing would be repeated. However, as a mark of protest a few Pallars of this village deliberately used to appear before the Brahmin again and again. By doing so the Pallars forced the Brahmin to get back home once again to take a bath drawing water from deep well.[172]

Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer, the first Indian judge of the Madras High Court, once made the controversially casteist remark:

Hindu temples were neither founded nor are kept up for the benefit of Mahomedans, outcastes and others who are outside the scope of it[173]

Grievances and alleged instances of discrimination by Brahmins are believed to be the main factors which fuelled the Dravidian Movement.[160] With the dawn of the 20th century, and the rapid penetration of western education and western ideas, there was a rise in consciousness amongst the lower castes who felt that rights which were legitimately theirs were being denied to them.[160] This led the non-Brahmins to agitate and form the Justice Party in 1916, which later became the Dravidar Kazhagam. The Justice Party banked on vehement anti-Hindu and anti-Brahmin propaganda to ease Brahmins out of their privileged positions. Gradually, the non-Brahmin replaced the Brahmin in every sphere and destroyed the monopoly over education and the administrative services which the Brahmin had previously held.[174]

However, with the destruction of Brahmin monopoly over the services and introduction of adequate representation for other communities, anti-Brahmin feelings did not subside.There were frequent allegations of casteism and racism against Brahmins very similar to the ones made by the lower castes against them in the decades before independence.

However, the very concept of "Brahmin atrocities" is refuted by some Tamil Brahmin historians who are keen to dismiss it as fictitious. They argue that allegations of casteism against Tamil Brahmins have been exaggerated and that even prior to the rise of the Dravida Kazhagam, a significant section of Tamil Brahmin society was liberal and anti-casteist. The Temple Entry Proclamation passed by the princely state of Travancore which gave people of all castes the right to enter Hindu temples in the princely state was due to the efforts of the Dewan of Travancore, Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer who was an Iyer.[175]

Dalit leader and founder of political party Pudiya Tamizhagam, Dr.Krishnasamy admits that the Anti-Brahmin Movement had not succeeded up to the expectations and that there continues to be as much discrimination of Dalits as had been before.

So many movements have failed. In Tamil Nadu there was a movement in the name of anti-Brahmanism under the leadership of Periyar. It attracted Dalits, but after 30 years of power, the Dalits understand that they are as badly-off - or worse-off - as they were under the Brahmans. Under Dravidian rule, they have been attacked and killed, their due share in government service is not given, they are not allowed to rise.[176]

Alleged negative attitude towards Tamil language and culture

Another accusation hurled upon Iyers was that they were Sanskritists who entertained a distorted and contemptuous attitude towards Tamil language, culture and civilization.[177][178]

However, a detailed study of the history of Tamil literature proves this accusation wrong.[179] The renowned Dravidologist Kamil Zvelebil, in his book Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, even goes to the extent of saying that the Brahmin was chosen as a scapegoat to answer for the decline of Tamil civilization and culture in the medieval and post-medieval periods.[180][181] Agathiar, usually identified with the legendary Vedic sage Agastya is credited with compiling the first rules of grammar of the Tamil language.[182] Tolkappiar who wrote Tolkappiam, the oldest extant literary work in Tamil is believed to be a Tamil Brahmin and a disciple of Agathiar.[183] Moreover, individuals like U. V. Swaminatha Iyer and Subramanya Bharathi have made invaluable contributions to the Dravidian Movement.[184][185] Parithimar Kalaignar was the first to campaign for the recognition of Tamil as a classical language.[186]

Professor George L. Hart in a speech in 1997 on Tamil, Brahmins, & Sanskrit rubbishes the claims of anti Brahmins that Brahmins favored Sanskrit to Tamil.[140]

There have been extensive portrayals of Iyers in popular media, both positive and negative. This is because despite the fact that Tamil Brahmins form just 3% of the Tamil population their distinct culture and unique practices and strange habits make them strong targets of criticism,both positive and negative.

Brahmins have been mentioned for the first time in the works of Sangam poets.[187] During the early Christian era, Brahmin saints have been frequently praised for their efforts in combating Buddhism.[187] In modern times, when Iyers and Iyengars control a significant percentage of the print and visual media, there has been an appreciable coverage of Brahmins and Brahmin culture in magazines and periodicals and a number of Brahmin characters in novels, tele serials and films.

The first known literary work in Tamil to heap criticism on Brahmins was the Tirumanthiram, a treatise on Yoga from the 13th century.[188] However, anti-Brahminism has been a more recent phenomenon and has been partly due to the efforts of Christian missionaries of the 19th century.[189] The writings and speeches of Iyothee Thass, Maraimalai Adigal, Periyar, Bharatidasan, C. N. Annadurai and the leaders of Justice Party in the early 20th century and of the Dravidar Kazhagam in more modern times constitute much of modern anti-Brahmin rhetoric.[190][191][192][193][194][195][196]

Starting from the 1940s onwards, Annadurai and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam have been using films and the mass media for the propagation of their political ideology.[197] Most of the films made, including the 1952-blockbuster Parasakthi, are anti-Brahminical in character.[198]

Further information: Portrayal of Tamil Brahmins in popular media

Prominent individuals

Some of the early members of the community to gain prominence were sages and religious scholars like Agatthiar, Tholkappiyar, Parimelazhagar and Naccinarkiniyar.[182][183] Prior to the 19th century, almost all prominent members of this community hailed from religious or literary spheres.[199] Tyagaraja, Syama Sastri and Muthuswamy Dīkshitar, who constitute the "Trinity of Carnatic music" were probably the first verified historical personages from the community, as the accounts or biographies of those who lived earlier appear semi-legendary in character.[200][201][202] During the British Raj, Iyers and Iyengars dominated the services by their predominance in the legal and administrative professions.[203][204] Most of the Dewans of the princely state of Travancore during the 19th century were Tamil Brahmins (Iyers and Iyengars).[205] Some of the prominent individuals of the period as Seshayya Sastri, Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer, Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer, Shungrasoobyer, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer, Sir S. Subramania Iyer and C. P. Ramaswamy Ayyar all had a legal background.[203] At the same time, they were also intimately associated with the Indian National Congress and the Indian independence movement. The most prominent freedom fighter from the community was Subrahmanya Bharati. Following independence, Iyers have diversified into a number of fields dominating the domain of classical arts in particular.

Further information: List of Iyers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b G. S. Ghurye, Pg 393
  2. ^ a b c Sreenivasarao Vepachedu (2003). "Brahmins". Mana Sanskriti (Our Culture) (69).
  3. ^ Accurate statistics on the population of Iyers are unavailable. This is due to the fact that the practice of conducting caste-based population census have been stopped since independence. The statistics given here are mainly based on estimates from unofficial sources
  4. ^ "Iyer". Uttarakhand Information Centre. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  5. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume XVI. London: Clarendon Press. 1908., Pg 267
  6. ^ An Universal History, Pg 109
  7. ^ An Universal History, Pg 110
  8. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 269
  9. ^ Folk Songs of Southern India, Pg 3
  10. ^ a b c d Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 334
  11. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 348
  12. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 349
  13. ^ a b c d Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 268
  14. ^ a b Vishwanath, Rohit (June 23, 2007). "BRIEF CASE: Tambram's Grouse". The Times of India. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  15. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, śāstrī.
  16. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 354
  17. ^ a b Cochin, Its past and present, Pg 300
  18. ^ Indrapala, K. (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Vijitha Yapa. p. 374. ISBN 978-955-1266-72-1.
  19. ^ Nagendra Kumar Singh (1999). Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 7. Anmol Publications PVT LTD. p. 898. ISBN 8174881689, ISBN 978-81-7488-168-7. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
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  21. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 63
  22. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 19
  23. ^ Pillai, Jaya Kothai (1972). Educational System of the Ancient Tamils. Tinnevelly: South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society. p. 54.
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  39. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume XVI. London: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 260.
  40. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume XVI. London: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 20.
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  62. ^ Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans, Pg 18
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  64. ^ Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans, Pg 20
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  73. ^ a b c Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 335
  74. ^ a b c d Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 338
  75. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 341
  76. ^ a b c d Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 342
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  108. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 300
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  147. ^ Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans, Pg 7
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  157. ^ Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans, Pg 1
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  177. ^ Zvelebil, Pg 197
  178. ^ P.V.Manickam Naicker, in his The Tamil Alphabet and its Mystic Aspect writes: "At least one of them is explicit in his endeavour to establish page after page and chapter after chapter, untainted Aryan pedigree for the Brahmins and Brahmins alone among the South-Indians. As such, he has naturally no scruples to say that the Tamils have nothing excellent or high which can be claimed as their own. Whatever is bad in them is their heritage and whatever good in them they owe to Sanskrit
  179. ^ Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature,Pg 216
  180. ^ Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Pg 212
  181. ^ Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Pg 213
  182. ^ a b Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Appendix III, The Case of Akattiyam; Sanskrit and Tamil; Kankam, Pg 235–260
  183. ^ a b The Tamil Plutarch, Pg 107
  184. ^ B. Dirks, Nicholas (1996). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Orient Longman. p. 143. ISBN 8178240726.
  185. ^ van der Veer, Peter (1996). Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity. Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 0415912741.
  186. ^ Saravanan, T. (September 12, 2006). "Tamil scholar's house to be made a memorial". The Hindu. Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  187. ^ a b Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Pg 47 Cite error: The named reference "krishnaswamip47" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  188. ^ Zvelebil, Pg 226
  189. ^ Encyclpopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya akademi. 1992. p. 3899. ISBN 8126012218, ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help)
  190. ^ Sachi Sri Kantha (1992). "Part 8: The Twin Narratives of Tamil Nationalism". Selected Writings by Dharmeratnam Sivaram (Taraki). Retrieved 2008-09-03.
  191. ^ Revolt, Pg 10
  192. ^ Revolt, Pg 11
  193. ^ Revolt, Pg 12
  194. ^ Revolt, Pg 13
  195. ^ Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 107. ISBN 8175330392, ISBN 978-81-7533-039-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  196. ^ K. Klostermaier (1994). A survey of Hinduism. SUNY Press. p. 300. ISBN 0791421090, ISBN 978-0-7914-2109-3. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  197. ^ Özbudun, Ergun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Duke University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0822307669. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  198. ^ A. Srivathsan (2006-06-12). "Films and the politics of convenience". Chennai, India: idlebrain.com. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  199. ^ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1966). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0195606868.
  200. ^ The Tamil Plutarch, Pg 57
  201. ^ The Tamil Plutarch, Pg 65
  202. ^ Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 10. ISBN 81-208-1391-X, ISBN 978-81-208-1391-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  203. ^ a b * Robert Eric Frykenberg (1968). "Elite Formation in Nineteenth Century South India, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tamil Culture and History" (Document). Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia PressTemplate:Inconsistent citations{{cite document}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  204. ^ Slater, Pg 168
  205. ^ Sivaraman, Mythily (2006). Fragments of a Life: A Family Archive. Zubaan. p. 4. ISBN 8189013114, ISBN 978-81-89013-11-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

References

  • Ghurye, G. S. (1991). Caste and Race in India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0836418379. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A. D. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • T. Osborne, C. Hitch, A. Millar, John Rivington, S. Crowder, B. Law & Co, T. Longman, C. Ware (1781). The Modern part of an universal history from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol VI. London: Oxford University. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • E. Gover, Charles (1871). The Folk songs of Southern India. Madras: Higginbotham & Co. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I - A and B. Madras: Government Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • W. Clothey, Fred (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. University of South Carolina. ISBN 1570036470, ISBN 978-1-57003-647-7. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Naicker, P. V. Manickam (1917). The Tamil Alphabet and its Mystic Aspect. Asian Educational Services,India. ISBN 8120600207.
  • Slater, Gilbert (1924). The Dravidian Elements in Indian Culture. E. Benn Limited.
  • Day, Francis (1861). Cochin, Its Past and its Present. Madras: Gantt Brothers. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Pathmanathan (1978). The Kingdom of Jaffna. Arul M. Rajendran.
  • Fuller, C. J. (2008). From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans. London School of Economics and Political Science. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Finnemore, John (1919). Home Life in India. A & C Black Ltd.
  • Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 9004035915.
  • V. Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. BRILL. ISBN 9004093656. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  • Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1919). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. University of Calcutta. ISBN 8120609999.
  • Ghosh, G. K. (2003). Brahmin Women. Firma KLM. ISBN 8171021077. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help)
  • Chitty, Simon Casie (1859). The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon. Jaffna: Ripley & Strong.
  • E. V. Ramasami (March 27, 1929). "Is this Nationalism?" (PDF). The Revolt.

Further reading

  • Pandian, M. S. S. Pandian (2007). Brahmin & Non-Brahmin : genealogies of the Tamil political present. ISBN - 8178241625.
  • K. Duvvury, Vasumathi (1991). Play, Symbolism, and Ritual: A Study of Tamil Brahmin Women's Rites of Passage (American University Studies Series XI, Anthropology and Sociology) (Hardcover). Peter Lang Pub Inc. ISBN 978-0820411088.
  • Sadananda (1939). Origin and Early History of Śaivism in South India. University of Madras.
  • Figueira, Dorothy Matilda (2002). Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791455319, ISBN 978-0-7914-5531-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Sharma, Rajendra Nath (1977). Brahmins Through the Ages: Their Social, Religious, Cultural, Political, and Economic Life. Ajanta Publications.
  • Pillai, K. N. Sivaraja. Agastya in the Tamil land. University of Madras.
  • Subramaniam, Kuppu (1974). Brahmin Priest of Tamil Nadu. Wiley. ISBN 0470835354.
  • W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, F. Smarandache, K. Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache (2005-12-01). E. V. Ramasami's Writings and Speeches. American Research Press. ISBN 9781931233002. Retrieved 2008-08-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Haruka Yanagisawa (1996). A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamilnadu, 1860s-1970s. Manohar. ISBN 8173041598, ISBN 978-81-7304-159-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help)
  • Jacob Pandian (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0861321367, ISBN 978-0-86132-136-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam (1974). The Kingdom of Jaffna:Origins and early affiliations. Colombo: Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies. pp. 171–173.
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