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Nawabs of Bengal

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Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (1717-1880)
and
Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad (1882-1969)
Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad
1740–1969
Motto: Nil Desparandum
"There is no cause for despair, never despair"
The Nawabs of Bengal ruled over the Provinces of Bengal, which included present day West Bengal, Tripura and Bangladesh and parts of Orissa, parts of present Bihar and also some parts of Jharkhand. Perhaps after the title of the Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was abolished in 1880 the successors succeeded with the lesser title of Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad and ruled only over the present day city of Murshidabad. Shown here is the 1776 map of Bengal when the Nawabs ruled as the Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
The Nawabs of Bengal ruled over the Provinces of Bengal, which included present day West Bengal, Tripura and Bangladesh and parts of Orissa, parts of present Bihar and also some parts of Jharkhand. Perhaps after the title of the Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was abolished in 1880 the successors succeeded with the lesser title of Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad and ruled only over the present day city of Murshidabad. Shown here is the 1776 map of Bengal when the Nawabs ruled as the Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
CapitalMurshidabad
Common languagesEnglish

Persian
Bengali
Hindi
Urdu

Arabic
Religion
Christianism

Hinduism

Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraBritish Raj

Indian Independence movement

Indian Independence
1526
• Established
29 April 1740
1741–1748
1746 and 1763
23 June 1757
22 October 1764
1880
1 November 1880
• Disestablished
20 November 1969
Population
• 1901
75 millions[1]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Chola dynasty
Gupta Empire
Delhi Sultanate
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
Raja Ganesha
Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah
Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Habshi
Mughal Empire
Government of India
Government of West Bengal
Today part of India
 Bangladesh
The Nawabs of Bengal ruled under the Mughal Empire but after 1757 when the British became a political power in Bengal they were puppets to the Britishers. So it was a monarchy which ruled on the behalf of others.[2]
Part of a series on the
History of Bengal
Map of Bengal, 1880
Ancient Kingdoms
Classical Dynasties
Islamic Bengal
Colonial Bengal
Post-partition era
Related

Nawabs of Bengal were the rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from 1740 until 1793. They were the hereditary Nazims or Subahdars (provincial governors) of the subah (province) of Bengal during the Mughal rule and later became the rulers of the province.[2] Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jafar. He lost to the British, who took over the charge of Bengal in 1757, installed Mir Jafar on the Masnad (throne) and established itself to a political power in Bengal.[3]

In 1765 the system of Dual Government was established, in which the Nawabs ruled on behalf of the British and were mere puppets to the British. In 1772 the system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (governorship) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company.[4][5] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansur Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son.[6]

Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, following Mansur Ali Khan's abdication[6][2][7]They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880.[2] They had little or no say in the share of the revenue collected and were ceased to use any force. After Indian Independence in 1947 it was declared that the princely states must accede to either India or Pakistan (East/West Pakistan).[8] It is a fact that Murshidabad (the capital city) became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days, as it had a Muslim majority. It became a part of India on 17 August 2012.[9] The Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop the palace.[9] After merging with India, they had no power as the Government of India took over all the princely states in India.[8] The house of the Nawabs came to end in 1969 with Waris Ali Mirza being the last Nawab.[10] Although he left three sons and three daughters there has been no clear successor to the title since his death as he died without declaring one.[10]

Bengal

Main articles: Bengal and Bengal Presidency

Modern Bengal is mainly divided between the sovereign land of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura. Some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal (during local monarchical regimes) are now part of the neighbouring Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Tripura and Orissa.

During the partition of Bengal (1905–1911) under British Raj, a new province, Eastern Bengal and Assam was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal Province, Bihar and Orissa.[11] The Nawab thus gained rule over Bihar and Orissa, which were earlier part of bengal.[12][13][14] So sometimes That is why the Nawabs of Bengal were also mentioned as "Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa" or "Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa"[15] - where Nazim (or, Subahdar) means the provincial governor - as they ruled over three subahs while the Nawabs of Murshidabad were the local ruler of the city of Murshidabad.[16] The majority of modern Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people who speak the Bengali language.[17][18]

  • Modern Bengal include the present day country of Bangladesh and the present day Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura
    Modern Bengal include the present day country of Bangladesh and the present day Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura
  • 1893 map of Bengal
    1893 map of Bengal
  • 1831 map of Hindustan showing the then Bengal in green in the north east
    1831 map of Hindustan showing the then Bengal in green in the north east

History before the Nawabs' rule

Rule over Bengal in BC

Rasmancha in West Bengal
The Bishnupur terracotta temples show Gupta Empire's influence over Bengal

In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. In 1010 AD, the whole Bengal was under Rajendra Chola I of Chola Dynasty. The Cholas influence changed the agriculture and other traditions of the people from Bengal Cholas marched through Burma, Cambodia and conquering till Indonesia.[19] From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords.[20]

Ilyas Shahi dynasty

The early Sultans of Bengal ruled until 1282 which was followed by the rule of several successive dynasties. Ilyas Shah founder of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, took complete charge of the then Bengal[21] and the capital was shifted to Sonargaon (near present day, Dhaka in Bangladesh).[22] He was one of the independent rulers of Bengal. His son, Sikandar Shah, who succeeded him, built the Adina Mosque at Pandua, near Gour, Adina Mosque in the medieval times, was considered to be the largest in undivided Bengal, as well as the entire Indian subcontinent.[23]

Mughal Empire and others

Babur
Babur was the first Mughal emperor

The Mughal Empire emerged as a powerful Empire in northern India. Babur, who was related to two legendary warriors - Timur and Genghis Khan, invaded north India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty.[24] Babur thus became the first Mughal emperor. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the same time, Sher Shah Suri (alias Farid Khan) of the Suri dynasty rose to prominence and established himself as the ruler of the present day Bihar by defeating Ghiyashuddin Shah. But he lost to capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Humayun. In 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the battle of Chausa. He forced Humayun out of India. Assuming the title Sher Shah, he ascended the throne of Delhi. He also captured Agra and established control from Bengal in the east until the Indus river in the west.[25] After his death he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri. But in 1544 the Suris were torn apart by internal conflicts. Humayun took this advantage and captured Lahore and Delhi, but he died in 1556 AD.[26] He was succeeded by Akbar, who defeated Daud Khan Karrani of Bengal's Karrani Dynasty (or, Karnani Dynasty). After this, the administration of the entire region of Bengal passed into the hands of governors appointed by the Mughal emperors, who ruled Bengal till 1716 AD.[2][27][28]

There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system during Akbar's reign. Diwani was a system of provincial revenue administration under the Mughals. Nizamat (civil administration) and Diwani (revenue administration) were the two main branches of the provincial administration under the Mughals.[2] A Subahdar (provincial viceroy or governor), also called a Nazim was in-charge of the Nizamat. There was a chain of subordinate officials under the Nazims on the executive side and under Diwans on the revenue and judicial side.[2]

Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal

Murshidabad was the capital of the Nawabs
Early nineteenth century view of Murshidabad, with the Katra Mosque in the backdrops.

Murshid Quli Khan arrived as the governor of Bengal in 1717 AD. Before his arrival there were four Diwans. And, after his arrival, Azim-ush-Shan held the Nazim's office. Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Khan, emperor Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar.[29] Upon his departure the two posts united in one and Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nazim cum Diwan of Bengal. Murshid Khan was appointed the "Nawab Nazim of Bengal" and he emerged as the ruler of Bengal under the Mughals.[2][30] Murshidabad remained the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal until their rule.[31]

History during the Nawabs' rule

Dynasties

Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb

From 1717 until 1880, three successive Islamic dynasties – Nasiri, Afshar and Najafi – ruled what was then known as Bengal.[32] [33] [2]

The first dynasty, the Nasiri, ruled from 1717 until 1740. The founder of the Nasiri, Murshid Quli Khan, was born a poor Deccani Oriya Brahmin before being sold into slavery and bought by one Haji Shafi Isfahani, a Persian merchant from Isfahan who converted him to Islam. He entered the service of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and rose through the ranks before becoming the Nawab Nazim of Bengal in 1717, a post he held until his death in 1727. He in turn was succeeded by his son-in law, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[34] After Shuja-ud-Din's death in 1739 he was succeeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, who hold the rank, until he was killed in the Battle of Giria in 1741, and was succeeded by Alivardi Khan, former ruler of Patna, of the Afshar Dynasty in 1740.[35]

The second dynasty, the Afshar, ruled from 1740 to 1757. Siraj ud-Daulah (Alivardi Khan's grandson), the last Afshar Nawab was killed in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[36] They were succeeded by the third and final dynasty to rule the whole Bengal, the Najafi.[37]

Under the Mughals

Bengal (Bengal subah) was one of the wealthiest parts of the Mughal empire.[38] As the Mughal empire began to decline, the Nawabs grew in power, although nominally sub-ordinate to the Mughal emperor.[2][39] They wielded great power in their own right and ruled the subah as independent rulers for all practical purposes by the early 1700s.[39]

Maratha expeditions
Raghunath Rao was Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1773 to 1774.

Marathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741–1748. Maratha general, Raghunath Rao was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the death of Murshid Quli Khan in 1727.[40] Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Orissa, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghunathrao in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Orrisa up to the river Suvarnarekha, and agreeing to pay ₹12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar.[41]

The treaty included ₹20 lacs as Chauth for Bengal (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and ₹12 lacs for Bihar(including Jharkhand). After this Maratha promised never to cross the boundary of the Nawab of Bengal's territory.[42]

Thus Baji Rao is hailed as the greatest Maratha chief after Shivaji because of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule.[43]

Under British Rule

Mir Jafar meeting with Sir Robert Clive after the Battle of Plassey

After the Nawab Siraj Ud Daulah (the last independent ruler of Bengal) was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Nawabs became puppet rulers, being dependent on the British.[36] Siraj-ud-daula was replaced by Mir Jafar. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle.[36] He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the grant of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1771, the Nawabs were deprived of any real power. In 1765 the system of Dual Government was established, in which they rulecon the behalf of the British.[4][5] In 1772 the system of Dual Government was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (governorship) was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. [4][5]

During Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's administration all powers passed into the hands of the East India company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were abolished.[44]

Bangal came to be known as Bengal Province and it became a province of the British after the arrival of the British Raj after the Indian rebellion of 1857. The power to rule was passed over to the British Crown. Administrative control of India came under the prestigious Indian Civil Service which had administrative control over all districts outside the princely states.[11]

Decline of the Nawab of Bengal

Mansur Ali Khan (alias: Feradun Jah) was the last Nawab of Bengal. During his reign the Nizamat at Murshidabad became involved in debts. The Government of India there involved it into an action of preventing further claims. The title of "Nawab of Bengal" was abolished in 1880.[45]

Feradun Jah left Murshidabad in February 1869 and started living in England. He returned at Bombay in October 1881. But he spent most of his time pleading his case against orders of the Government of India. After it was not resolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles of Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and abdicated in favour of his eldest son at St. Ives, Maidenhead, on November 1 1880.[45]

Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad

After Mansur Ali Khan's abdication, his son, Hassan Ali Mirza succeeded as the first Nawab of Murshidabad with the lesser title of Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad after the title of Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880.[37][45] Nawabs of Murshidabad were the successors of the Nawabs of Bengal. After Lord Clive secured the Diwani of Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 for the East India Company they did not have any effective authority. So they lavishly enjoyed their title, privileges alongside with the honours they received. They had little or no say and ceased to control any significant force.[46] [2]

After Indian Independence in 1947 the princely states either had to accede to India or Pakistan (East/West Pakistan).[8] As Murshidabad had a Muslim majorityM, it became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days. However it became a part of and merged into India on 17 August 2012.[9] After merging with India, the Nawabs had no power as the Government of India took charge over all the princely states in India.[8]

The last Nawab of Murshidabad was Waris Ali Mirza. He left three sons and three daughters. According to the law, the eldest son of the Nawab succeeded him Waris Ali's eldest son, Wakif Ali Mirza Bahadur, was excluded from the succession by his father for contracting a non-Muslim marriage and for not professing the Muslim religion. He took no steps during his lifetime to establish his succession. Before declaring a successor Waris Ali died. Since then there has been no clear successor to the title of Nawab of Murshidabad.[47]

List of the Nawabs of Bengal

The following is a list of all the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur (Mir Jafar) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.[48] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1881 with Mansur Ali Khan's abdication.[2][48][6]

Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Nasiri Dynasty
Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri Murshid Quli Khan 1665 1717– 1727 June 30, 1727
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ? 1727-1727 April 29, 1740
Shuja ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan Around 1670 (date not available) July, 1727 – August 26, 1739 August 26, 1739
Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jang Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ? March 13, 1739 – April 1740 April 29, 1740
Afshar Dynasty
Hashim ud-Daula Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur Before May 10, 1671 April 29, 1740 – April 9, 1756 April 9, 1756
File:Siraj ud-Daulah.JPG Siraj ud-Daulah Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah 1733 April 1756 – June 2, 1757 July 2, 1757
Najafi Dynasty
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur 1691 June 1757 – October 1760 January 17, 1765
File:Nawab Mir Qasim.jpg Itimad ud-Daulah Mir Qasim Ali Khan Bahadur ? October 20, 1760 – 1763 May 8, 1777
Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur 1691 July 25, 1763 – January 17, 1765 January 17, 1765
Nazam-ud-Daulah Najimuddin Ali Khan Bahadur 1750 February 5, 1765 – May 8, 1766 May 8, 1766
Saif ud-Daulah Najabut Ali Khan Bahadur 1749 May 22, 1766 – March 10, 1770 March 10, 1770
Mubarak ud-Daulah Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur 1759 March 21, 1770 – September 6, 1793 September 6, 1793
Azud ud-Daulah Babar Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1793 – April 28, 1810 April 28, 1810
Ali Jah Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan Bahadur ? June 5, 1810 – August 6, 1821 August 6, 1821
Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1810 – October 30, 1824 October 30, 1824
Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan Bahadur September 29, 1810 1824 – October 3, 1838 October 3, 1838
Feradun Jah Mansur Ali Khan Bahadur October 29, 1830 October 29, 1838 – November 1, 1880 (abdicated) November 5, 1884

List of the Nawabs of Murshidabad

The Nawabs of Murshidabd succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal after the abdication in 1881 and the abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal in 1880.[6][2] There were only three Nawabs of Murshidabad as follows:

Picture Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death
Najafi Dynasty
Ali Kadir Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur August 25, 1846 February 17, 1882 – December 25, 1906 December 25, 1906
Amir ul-Omrah Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur January 7, 1875 December 1906–23 October 1959 October 23, 1959
Raes ud-Daulah Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur November 14, 1901 1959 – November 20, 1969 ( no clear successor-post/title in dispute) November 20, 1969

Notes

  1. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, p. 46
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Murdhidabad.net. "The Nawabs ruled earlier under the Mughal and later under the British". Retrieved August 9, 2012. {{cite web}}: Text "May 8 2012" ignored (help)
  3. ^ Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. "Sirajuddaula". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Singh, Vipul (01-Sep-2009). Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal). Pearson Education India. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  5. ^ a b c Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government). Upkar Prakashan. 01-Jan-2009. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Retrieved 10 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Hassan Ali Mirza's succession". Retrieved 10 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Lumby 1954, p. 232
  9. ^ a b c "Murshidabad was a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days after which it became a part of India". 30-days.net. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  10. ^ a b "The last Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur". Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  11. ^ a b David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) pp. 46, 135
  12. ^ Sir James Bourdillon The Partition of Bengal (London: Society of Arts) 1905
  13. ^ "History of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Student Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2012-8-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ "Britain Proposes Indian Partition". Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: The Leader-Post. BUP. June 2, 1947.
  15. ^ "Nawabs of Bengal were also known as Nawabs of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa". Murshidabad.nic.in. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  16. ^ "The Nawabs of Murshidabad ruled only over Murshidabad". Royal Ark. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  17. ^ Bengali language in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003
  18. ^ "Modern Bengal is mostly inhabited by Bengali who speak the Bengal language". Britannica. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  19. ^ See Sastri, K. A. N., A History of South India, p166
  20. ^ "Rule over Bengal in BC". Indian Tourist Guide (Website - indiantouristguide.in). Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  21. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.197
  22. ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.212
  23. ^ Adina Mosque, from Banglapedia
  24. ^ The Economist, "Babu, the First Moghul Emperor: Wine and Tulips in Kabul", 16 December 2010, pp. 80–82.
  25. ^ "Sher Khan". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  26. ^ "Biography of Islam Shah the Successor of Sher Shah".
  27. ^ "Daud Khan Karrani's was defeat by Akbar". Banglapedia. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  28. ^ The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, 1889,Public Domain
  29. ^ Anjali Chatterjee, Azim-us-Shan, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Retrieved: 2012-07-28
  30. ^ "Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal with Murshid Quli khan being the first Nawab". Murshidabad.net. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  31. ^ "Murshidabad remained the capital and headquarters of the Nawabs of Bengal, until their rule". Banglapedia. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  32. ^ General Books LLC (20-Aug-2010). LLC Books (ed.). Nawabs of Bengal: Siraj Ud-Daulah, Mir Jafar, Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim, Nawab Sayyid Wasif Ali Mirza Khan. General Books LLC. ISBN 115715347X, 9781157153474. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  33. ^ Chatterji, Joya (2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947 (South Asian Studies 57 and Volume 57 of Cambridge South Asian Studies) (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521523281, 9780521523288. Retrieved August 17, 2012. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  34. ^ Murshidabad.net (May 20 2012). "Biography of Murshid Quli Khan". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Defeat of Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Giria". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ a b c "Defeat of Siraj ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey". Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  37. ^ a b Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Dynasties of The Nawabs". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "Bengal subah was one the richest subahs of the Mughal Empire". Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  39. ^ a b "History Modern India - S. N. Sen - Google Books". Books.google.co.in. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  40. ^ SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224.
  41. ^ Wernham, R. B. (01-Nov-1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559-1610 (Maratha invasion of Bengal). CUP Archive. Retrieved 14 August 2012. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  42. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (01-Jan-1991). Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.) (Maratha Chauth from Bihar). Orient Blackswan. Retrieved 14 August 2012. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  43. ^ George Michell and Mark Zebrowski (10-Jun-1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, Volumes 1-7 (Maratha raids in Bihar). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 14 August 2012. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  44. ^ Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Incidents during Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ a b c Murshidabad.net (May 8 2012). "Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "The Nawabs of Murshidabad had little or no say". Royal Ark. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  47. ^ Murshidabad.net (May 24 2012). "Decline of the Nawabs of Murshidabad". Retrieved 9 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ a b "The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically)". Retrieved July 28, 2012.

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