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Microsoft Excel

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Microsoft Excel
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
2010 (14.0.4760.1000) / June 15, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-06-15)
Preview release
2013 Beta (15.0.4128.1014) / July 16, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-07-16)
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteoffice.microsoft.com/en-us/excel
Microsoft Excel for Mac
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
2011 (14.1.0.100825) / October 26, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-10-26)
Operating systemMac OS X
TypeSpreadsheet
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websitewww.microsoft.com/mac/excel

Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows[1] and 2011 for Mac OS X.[2]

Basic operation

Main article: Spreadsheet

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[3] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[4] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[5][6] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[7] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[8][9][10] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[11] analyze the results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.

Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.
Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y.
Graph made using Microsoft Excel

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[12]

VBA programming

Main article: Visual basic for applications

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[13] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011.[14]

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[15] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Users should be aware that using Macro Recorded code may not be compatible from one version of Excel to another. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[16] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

Charts

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel as can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".[17] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[18][19][20][21]

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

  • DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".[17] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
  • Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[22]
  • Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[23][24]

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[25][26][27]

Quirks

Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and the Excel 2007 error.[28]

Further information: Spreadsheet Shortcomings

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[29][30][31][32][33] as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[34]

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[35][36]

Date problems

Excel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year.[37][38] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility.[39] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[40] Excel also does not support dates before 1900.[41]

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.[42]

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.[43]

Numeric precision

Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. Thus, the numbers Excel calculates with to obtain the third line are not the numbers that it displays in the first two lines. Moreover, the error in Excel's answer is not just round-off error.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[44] Excel's implementation involves an amalgam of truncations and conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that sometimes is better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, and sometimes much worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[45][46]

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[47]

History

Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh in 30 September 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[48] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Early in 1993 Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft had to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program.[citation needed] Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel format is .xls (.xlsx in newer versions).

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel has extensive graphing capabilities, and enables users to perform mail merge.

From its first version on Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.)

Excel 5.0

With version 5.0 (1993), Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in-worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a Hall of Tortured Souls, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[49]

Excel 95

Internal rewrite to 32 bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel97

Major upgrade. Introduced the paper clip office assistant. Standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. Includes now removed Natural Language labels.

Excel 2000

See also: Microsoft Office 2000

Minor upgrade. Clipboard can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

File:Excel2007.PNG
Excel 2007 icon
Microsoft Excel 2007

Excel XP

Released about 2001. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003

Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007

A major upgrade. Like other office products, it has been rewritten in REALBasic and uses the new Ribbon menu system. This is different from what users are used to, but the number of mouse-clicks needed to reach a given functionality is generally less (e.g. removing the gridlines now takes 2 mouse-clicks instead of 5). However, most business users agree that the replacement of the straightforward menu system with the ribbon has hurt productivity.[50]

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[51]

Many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. In particular, The number of rows is now 1,048,576 (220) and columns is 16,384 (214; the far right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference vs. a named range name.

Other features include a greatly improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which now allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

This version makes more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets, however VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL addins only are executed in parallel if they are thread-safe and indicate this at the time of registration.

Excel 2010

Minor enhancements, see [1]

Excel 2013

To be released late 2012. Minor enhancements.

Excel 2014

To be released late 2013. Minor enhancements.

Versions

Microsoft Windows

  • 1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows
  • 1990 Excel 3.0
  • 1992 Excel 4.0
  • 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the x86, PowerPC, Alpha, and MIPS architectures) This version of Excel includes a DOOM-like game as an Easter Egg.
  • 1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) included in Office 95
  • 1997 Excel 97 (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.
  • 1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000
  • 2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP
  • 2003 Office Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003
  • 2007 Office Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007
  • 2010 Excel 2010 (version 14) included in Office 2010
  • Note: No MS-DOS version of Excel 1.0 for Windows ever existed: the Windows version originated at the time the Mac version was up to 2.0.
  • Note: There is no Excel 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All the Office 95 & Office 4.X products have OLE 2 capacity — moving data automatically from various programs — and Excel 7 would show that it was contemporary with Word 7.
Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition.
File:Excel mac 2011 icon.png
Dock icon for Excel 2011 for Mac

Apple Macintosh

  • 1985 Excel 1.0
  • 1988 Excel 1.5
  • 1989 Excel 2.2
  • 1990 Excel 3.0
  • 1992 Excel 4.0
  • 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)
  • 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
  • 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
  • 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
  • 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
  • 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
  • 2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)

OS/2

  • 1989 Excel 2.2
  • 1990 Excel 2.3
  • 1991 Excel 3.0

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.[52]

File formats

Excel Spreadsheet
Filename extension
.xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007)
Internet media type
application/vnd.ms-excel
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)com.microsoft.excel.xls[53]
Developed byMicrosoft
Type of formatSpreadsheet

Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Binary Interchange File Format (BIFF) as its primary format.[54] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.[55]

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[56] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format.[57] Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[58]

XML Spreadsheet

Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[55] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls: 

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
 xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"
 xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
 <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1">
  <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1"
   x:FullRows="1">
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
  </Table>
 </Worksheet>
</Workbook>

Standard file-extensions

Format Extension Description
Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros
Add-in (VBA) .xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA
Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.
Chart .xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.
Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel.
Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet
Add-in (DLL) .xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library
Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.
Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.
Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel
Library .DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API
Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks

Office Open XML

Main article: Office Open XML

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

The new Excel 2007 formats are:

New Excel 2007 formats
Format Extension Description
Excel Workbook .xlsx The default Excel 2007 workbook format. In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.
Excel Macro-enabled Workbook .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.
Excel Macro-enabled Template .xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
Excel Add-in .xlam Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.

Excel 2010 continues with these new formats.

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Office.microsoft.com
  2. ^ microsoft.com/mac/excel
  3. ^ Harvey, Greg (2006). Excel 2007 For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-03737-7.
  4. ^ Harvey, Greg (2007). Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 ff. ISBN 0-470-16937-0.
  5. ^ de Levie, Robert (2004). Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515275-1.
  6. ^ Bourg, David M. (2006). Excel scientific and engineering cookbook. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00879-1.
  7. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; and Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). "§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS". In Burstein, Frad; and Holsapple, Clyde W. (ed.). Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes. Springer. ISBN 3-540-48712-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Wells, Eric; and Harshbarger, Steve (1997). Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-57231-359-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed.
  9. ^ Harnett, Donald L.; and Horrell, James F. (1998). Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-13398-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; Ahuja, Ravindra K.; and Winston, Wayne L. (2007). Developing spreadsheet-based decision support systems: using Excel and VBA. Dynamic Ideas. ISBN 0-9759146-5-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Some form of data acquisition hardware is required. See, for example, Austerlitz, Howard (2003). Data acquisition techniques using PCs (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 ff. ISBN 0-12-068377-6.
  12. ^ "Description of the startup switches for Excel". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft Support. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2010-12-14. Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch.
  13. ^ For example, by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in Press, William H. Press; Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T.; and Flannery, Brian P. (2007). Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88068-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++, so the 2nd edition (isbn=0521437210) may be easier to use, or the Basic code implementation of the first edition: Sprott, Julien C. (1991). Numerical recipes: routines and examples in BASIC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40689-7..
  14. ^ "Excel". Office for Mac. OfficeforMacHelp.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  15. ^ However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros. Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel are also a downfall of this method. A macro recorded in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older. This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells. Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder". Excel 2007 VBA Programming for Dummies (Revised by Jan Karel Pieterse ed.). Wiley. p. 79 ff. ISBN 0-470-04674-0.
  16. ^ Walkenbach, John (2007-02-02). "Chapter 4: Introducing the Excel object model". cited work. p. 53 ff. ISBN 0-470-04674-0.
  17. ^ a b Newcomer, Joseph M.; "Faking DDE with Private Servers", Dr. Dobb's, january 1st, 1993
  18. ^ Schmalz, Michael (2006). "Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel". Integrating Excel and Access. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 0-596-00973-9. Schmalz, Michael (2006). "Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel". Integrating Excel and Access. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 0-596-00973-9.
  19. ^ Cornell, Paul (2007). "Chapter 5: Connect to other databases". Excel as Your Database. Apress. p. 117 ff. ISBN 1-59059-751-6.
  20. ^ DeMarco, Jim (2008). "Excel's data import tools". Pro Excel 2007 VBA. Apress. p. 43 ff. ISBN 1-59059-957-8.
  21. ^ Harts, Doug (2007). "Importing Access data into Excel 2007". Microsoft Office 2007 Business Intelligence: Reporting, Analysis, and Measurement from the Desktop. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-149424-3.
  22. ^ Microsoft discontinues support for network DDE
  23. ^ How to set up RTD in Excel
  24. ^ DeMarco, Jim (2008). Pro Excel 2007 VBA. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-59059-957-0. External data is accessed through a connection file, such as an Office Data Connection (ODC) file (.odc)
  25. ^ Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; and Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 665. ISBN 0-321-50879-3. To create a robust solution, we always have to include some VBA code ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ William, Wehrs (2000). "An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA: IS and/or MS?" (PDF). The Proceedings of ISECON (Information System Educator Conference). p. 4. Retrieved 2010-02-05. Microsoft Query is a data retrieval tool (i.e. ODBC browser) that can be employed within Excel 97. It allows a user to create and save queries on external relational databases for which an ODBC driver is available.
  27. ^ Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data
  28. ^ Fix of display error for a number from 65535.99999999995 to 65536
  29. ^ McCullough, Bruce D. (2002). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 40 (4): 713–721. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ McCullough, Bruce D. (2008). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 52 (10): 4570–4578. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Yalta, A. Talha (2008). "The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 52 (10): 4579–4586. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005.
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  33. ^ Heiser, David A. (2008). "Microsoft Excel 2000, 2003 and 2007 faults, problems, workarounds and fixes". Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  34. ^ Function improvements in Excel 2010 Comments are provided from readers that may illuminate some remaining problems.
  35. ^ "XL: MOD() Function Returns #NUM! Error Value". Microsoft. January 19, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
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  46. ^ de Levie, Robert (2004). cited work. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-19-515275-1.
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General references

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Excel.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Excel
  1. ^ AI Spreadsheet. Sourcetable Inc., 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
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