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Drive
Theatrical release poster
Directed byNicolas Winding Refn
Screenplay byHossein Amini
Produced byMichel Litvak
John Palermo
Marc Platt
Gigi Pritzker
Adam Siegel
StarringRyan Gosling
Carey Mulligan
Bryan Cranston
Christina Hendricks
Ron Perlman
Oscar Isaac
Albert Brooks
CinematographyNewton Thomas Sigel
Edited byMatthew Newman
Music byCliff Martinez
Production
companies
Bold Films
Odd Lot Entertainment
Marc Platt Productions
Seed Productions
Distributed byFilmDistrict
Release dates
  • May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20) (Cannes)
  • September 16, 2011 (2011-09-16) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$15 million[1]
Box office$76,175,166[2]

Drive is a 2011 American neo-noir crime drama film[3] directed by Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn, starring Ryan Gosling, Carey Mulligan, Bryan Cranston, and Albert Brooks. Although Drive shares several characteristics with the similarly named 1978 Walter Hill car-chase film, The Driver, it is adapted from the 2005 James Sallis novel of the same name, with a screenplay by Hossein Amini.

Like the book, the film is about a Hollywood stunt performer (played by Gosling) who moonlights as a getaway driver. Prior to its September 2011 release, it had been shown at a number of film festivals. At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Drive was praised and received a standing ovation. Winding Refn won the festival's Best Director Award for the film. Reviews from critics have been positive, with many drawing comparisons to work from previous eras. Praise has also been given to Gosling's and Brooks' performances. Winding Refn has said the film was influenced by movies from the 1980s.

Plot

The unnamed Driver (Ryan Gosling) lives in a low-rent apartment building and works as a mechanic in a chop shop owned by Shannon (Bryan Cranston), and as a part-time movie stuntman. He also has a secret job as a getaway driver, organized by Shannon, where his rule is that he never works for the same people twice and only gives the criminals a five-minute window to complete their robbery, after which he will leave them behind. One day, he meets his new neighbor Irene (Carey Mulligan) in the apartment building elevator and later helps her and her young son Benicio (Kaden Leos) when Irene has car trouble at a local supermarket.

Shannon persuades the mobster Bernie Rose (Albert Brooks) to purchase a stock car for the Driver to race after seeing the Driver's skill. Rose's friend and business partner is Nino, an aging Jewish mobster (Ron Perlman). Nino once had Shannon's pelvis broken when Shannon overcharged him for a past job, leaving him with a limp.

Irene has her car towed to Shannon's garage and the Driver gives her and Benicio a ride home. The Driver begins spending more and more time with Irene and Benicio, and later meets Irene's husband, Standard (Oscar Isaac), when he comes home from prison. Standard owes protection money to an Albanian gangster, Cook (James Biberi), from his time in prison. Cook beats up Standard and threatens to go after Irene and Benicio if Standard does not agree to rob a pawn shop to pay the debt.

The Driver agrees to help Standard pay off the debt by driving him to and from the pawn shop. Blanche (Christina Hendricks), Cook's moll, also participates in the heist. While waiting in the parking lot for Standard and Blanche to complete the heist, the Driver sees another car pull into the lot and park. Blanche returns to the car with a large bag. But when Standard leaves the pawn shop, he is shot in the neck and dies. The Driver flees with Blanche and the money, but the car that pulled into the parking lot minutes earlier gives chase, trying to run them off the road. The Driver eludes the other vehicle and they hide out in a motel room. The Driver discovers that the amount of money is much more than was expected. After the Driver threatens Blanche, she tells him that the chasing car belongs to Cook and that she and Cook planned to double-cross the Driver and Standard, taking the money for themselves. Two of Cook's men attack them in the motel room, killing Blanche and injuring the Driver before he kills them both.

The Driver confronts Cook in his strip club and learns that Nino was behind the heist. Nino sends a hitman (Jeff Wolfe) to the Driver's apartment building, with whom the Driver and Irene unknowingly ride the elevator. The Driver gives Irene a kiss before killing the hitman by repeatedly stomping on his head, to her horror. Nino explains to Bernie that the money from the pawn shop belonged to the East Coast mafia. Fearing retaliation, Bernie and Nino agree to kill those with knowledge, starting with Cook. Bernie confronts Shannon in his garage and reluctantly kills him with a straight razor.

The Driver, wearing a silicone mask disguise, follows Nino to the Pacific Coast Highway in his car and T-Bones Nino's car onto a beach. With Nino wounded and weakened, the Driver drowns him in the Pacific Ocean. The Driver speaks to Bernie on Nino's phone and they arrange to meet at a Chinese restaurant. The Driver makes a final phone call to Irene to tell her he is leaving, and says that meeting her and Benicio was the best thing that has ever happened to him. At the restaurant, Bernie promises only Irene and Benicio's safety, in exchange for the money. In the parking lot, Bernie stabs the Driver in the abdomen as he pulls the money from the trunk of his car. The Driver fatally stabs Bernie, leaving his corpse and the satchel of money behind. That evening, Irene knocks on the Driver's apartment door, with no response. The Driver drives off into the night.

Cast

Production

Development

"I was very taken with this little crime story that James Sallis wrote. I felt that the way the world was presented in the book demanded that its true grit be retained in the script. The grit comes from seeing the world from the point of view of Driver in the car. It's those elements that I felt were critical to retain to make this film a very unique cinematic experience."

—Marc Platt on staying true to the novel in the movie adaption[4]

The novel Drive by James Sallis was published in 2005.[5] Producers Marc E. Platt and Adam Siegel of Marc Platt Productions optioned the novel after Siegel read a review of it in Publishers Weekly.[6] The Driver intrigued Siegel because he was "the kind of character you rarely see anymore - he was a man with a purpose; he was very good at one thing and made no apologies for it." The character interested Platt because he reminded him of movie heroes he looked up to as a child, characters typically portrayed by Steve McQueen or Clint Eastwood.[6]

Academy Award-nominated screenwriter Hossein Amini adapted the novel for the screen. He felt it was a rare book to receive from a studio because it was short, gloomy and like a poem. Because the novel does not present a linear story but has many flashbacks and jumps around in time, Amini found the adaptation challenging. He felt the non-linear structure made it "a very tricky structure" for a feature film.[4]

A film adaptation of Drive was first announced in early 2008, with Neil Marshall set to direct what was then being described as "an L.A.-set action mystery" that would be a starring vehicle for Hugh Jackman. Universal Studios, who had been trying to make a film version for years, was also on board.[1][7] By February 2010, Marshall and Jackman were no longer attached to the project, and Danish filmmaker Nicolas Winding Refn was set to direct with Ryan Gosling in the leading role. When Ryan Gosling signed on, he was allowed to choose the director. A fan of his work, the actor chose Refn.[8] When Refn read the first screenplay for Drive, he was more intrigued by the concept of a man having a split personality, being a stuntman by day and a getaway driver at night, than the story itself.[9]

Casting

Producer Marc E. Platt contacted actor Ryan Gosling regarding Drive early on. Platt explained: “I have this list that I’ve created of very talented individuals whose work inspire me – writers, directors, actors whom I have to work with before I go onto another career or do something else with my life." Near the top of Platt's list was Gosling, who, despite having starred in several films of diverse genres, had never starred in anything like Drive. He had, however, always been interested in doing an action-oriented project; Gosling claimed that he was simply put off from the genre, believing that the action films of today put more focus on stunts instead of characters. Despite this, Platt heard back from the actor around 48 hours later. Gosling has stated that his strong attraction to the plot led him to take on the leading role of the unnamed driver, saying that he was drawn to the "very strong character" at its core, as well as the "powerful" romance.[10][10] In an interview with Rotten Tomatoes, Gosling was asked, "What was it about the film? Had you read the script when Hugh Jackman and director Neil Marshall were attached to make it?" He replied:

"I think that might be the original one I read. I read a few drafts. I read one as well where he wasn't a stunt driver at all, which was a newer draft – maybe that's the one Hugh Jackman had; I'm not sure exactly. Basically when I read it, in trying to figure out who would do something like this, the only way to make sense of this is that this is a guy that's seen too many movies, and he's started to confuse his life for a film. He's lost in the mythology of Hollywood and he's become an amalgamation of all the characters that he admires."[11]

Gosling was given the opportunity to choose the film's director, a first in his career: "And I thought, 'It had to be Nicolas [Winding Refn].' There was no other choice."[12] Believing that the director might be intimidated by the script as it was unlike anything he had done before, Gosling had concerns about Refn's desire to participate. However, Refn took on the project without hesitation.[9]

When it came to selecting other cast members, Refn did not cast actors based on casting tapes or auditions. Instead, he required they meet him in person at his house.[13] Carey Mulligan was in negotiations to star in Drive in August 2010, and she was cast soon after[14] as a Los Angeles-born Anglo mother raising her 7-year-old Latino child.[15][16] She was interested in working with Refn because she was a fan of his films Bronson and Valhalla Rising.[15] The role was originally written as a Latina woman in her late 20s. Winding Refn made script adjustments to accommodate Mulligan in the role.[15] The filmmaker had not seen any of Mulligan's movies, but upon first seeing her, he recalled, "I knew we had our 'Irene'". He felt her casting would cement the love story in a more engaging way. "It made it more of a Romeo & Juliet kind of love story without the politics that would in this day and age be brought into it if you had different nationalities or different religions," Refn explained.[17]

Having seen photos of her and finding her very beautiful, Refn's wife recommended Hendricks to him for Blanche.[13]

Bryan Cranston plays the role of Shannon.[17] Cranston was one of the first actors Winding Refn looked to cast, as he was a fan of Breaking Bad. Knowing Cranston had other opportunities, Winding Refn tried to interest him by asking how he would like to develop the role. After not hearing back, Winding Refn called him, at the very same time that Cranston was writing on a piece of paper the pros and cons of doing Drive. Moved by Winding Refn's interest, he accepted the part.[13] Christina Hendricks plays the small role of Blanche.[17] "Trying to work in a more reality arena for a character like that," Winding Refn originally auditioned porn stars for Blanche. However, he was unable to find anyone with the necessary acting talent. After meeting with Hendricks, he decided to cast her, feeling her "powerhouse" persona would click with the character.[13]

Albert Brooks plays the foul-mouthed, morose Bernie Rose. When Winding Refn suggested him, Gosling agreed but thought the actor would not be up for playing a character who is violent and sullen, or for appearing in a film that he did not work on himself.[17] Brooks accepted the role to go against typecasting and because he loved that Bernie was not a cliché. "There are six people you could always get to play this kind of part, and I like that the director was thinking outside of the box. For me, it was an opportunity to act outside the box. I liked that this mobster had real style. Also, he doesn’t get up in the morning thinking about killing people. He’s sad about it. Upset about it. It’s a case of, 'Look what you made me do.'"[18]

Nino, a key villain, is portrayed by Ron Perlman, one of the last actors to join the cast. Regarding the casting of Perlman, Winding Refn said, "The character of Nino was originally not particularly interesting, so I asked Ron why he wanted to be in my movie when he’s done so many great films. When Ron said, ‘I always wanted to play a Jewish man who wants to be an Italian gangster’, and I asked why, and he said, ‘because that’s what I am – a Jewish boy from New York’, well, that automatically cemented it for me."[17] Oscar Isaac portrays a Latino convict named Standard who is married to Irene and is just released from prison a week after Irene meets The Driver. He found the role to be a bit unappealing and chose to turn the archetypal character into something more. He said of the role,

"As soon as I sat down with Nicolas, he explained this universe and world of the story, so we made the character into someone interested in owning a restaurant, someone who made some wrong decisions in his life, ending up in a bad place. By making ‘Standard’ more specific and more interesting, we found that it made the story that more compelling."[17]

Filming and cinematography

The film was made on a production budget of about $13 million and shot in various parts of Los Angeles, California, beginning on September 25, 2010.[1][19] Locations were picked by Winding Refn while Gosling drove him around the city at night. Under the director's request, Los Angeles was picked as the shooting site due to budget concerns.[20] Winding Refn moved into a Los Angeles home and insisted that the cast members and screenwriter Amini move in with him. They would work on the script and film all day, then watch films, edit or drive at night.[21] Refn requested that the editing suite be placed in his home as well.[1] With a shooting script of 81 pages, Winding Refn and Gosling continued to trim down dialog during filming.[13]

Its opening chase scene involving Gosling's character was primarily filmed by Winding Refn within the car's interior. In an interview, Winding Refn revealed the idea for this scene was to emulate the feeling of a "diver in an ocean of sharks", never leaving the vehicle during a car chase so that the audience can see what's happening from the character's point of view.[22] Tight on money and time, he shot the scene in two days. With two different set-ups prepared in the car, the director found it difficult to have mobility with the camera, so he would then switch the camera to two additional set-ups nearby. As downtown Los Angeles had changed for the better, Refn avoided certain areas to preserve the gloomy atmosphere. Additionally, the scene was shot at low-angles with minimal light.[22]

One scene in the film that has no dialog is the elevator sequence, "a series of stunning visuals and graphic imagery that’s a prime example of how the film conveys so many ideas and emotions through images rather than words."[23] For this, he spoke to Gaspar Noé and asked him how he did the head-smashing scene in Noé's Irréversible (2002).[1] Crossing the line from romance to violence, the scene starts off with The Driver and Irene tenderly kissing. What they share is really a goodbye kiss,[24] as he then becomes a "werewolf,"[25] violently stomping the hit-man's head in. Subsequently, Irene sees the Driver in a new light.[23] "Every movie has to have a heart—a place where it defines itself—and in every movie I've made there's always a scene that does that. On Drive, it was hard for me to wrap my head around it. I realized I needed to show in one situation that Driver is the hopelessly romantic knight, but he's also completely psychotic and is willing to use any kind of violence to protect innocence. But that scene was never written. As I was going along, it just kind of popped up," Refn said.[26]

Car scenes were filmed with a "biscuit rig," a camera car rig developed for the film Seabiscuit (2003), which allowed stunt driver Robert Nagle[27] to steer the car, freeing Gosling to concentrate on acting. Consistent with Winding Refn's usual visual style, wide-angle lenses were heavily used by cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel. Handheld camerawork was avoided.[28] Preferring to keep the film more "grounded" and authentic, he also avoided use of computer-generated imagery (CGI). Unable to afford CGI due to budgeting restrictions also played a factor in this decision.[29] Although many stunt drivers are credited, Gosling did a number of stunts himself,[30] after completing a stunt driving car crash course.[31] During production, Gosling re-built the 1973 Chevrolet Malibu used in the film, taking it apart and putting it back together.[32] Filming concluded on 12 November 2010.[19][33]

Refn filmed Drive digitally with an Arri Alexa camera.

Beth Mickle was hired as Drive's production designer on Gosling's recommendation; they had worked together on 2006's Half Nelson. Prior to filming, Mickle supervised a crew of 40, routinely working 16-to-18-hour days. This was her most expensive film to date, and Mickle felt freer since, compared to Half Nelson, "there was another zero added to the budget."[34] The crew built The Driver's apartment building, which included a hallway and elevator that linked his unit to Irene's. Mickle also built a strip club set and Bernie Rose's apartment in an abandoned building. Turning a "run-of-the-mill" Los Angeles auto body shop into a grandiose dealership was one of the most challenging. Painting the walls an electric blue color, she brought in a showroom full of vintage cars.[34]

Using an Arri Alexa camera, the film was shot digitally.[35] According to Drive's executive producer Lancaster, the film contains abundant, evocative, intense images of Los Angeles that are not often seen. "From the little seen back streets of downtown LA to the dry arid outposts on the peaks of the desert landscape surrounding it, Siegel has re-imagined an LA all the way down to the rocky cliffs by the sea."[28] Drab background settings include the Southern California commercial strip. As the Los Angeles Times pointed out, whenever gleaming buildings are shown, it is because they are being seen from a far distance. Refn shot those scenes from a helicopter at night in Bunker Hill, Los Angeles.[36]

While Drive is set in the present day, it carries a heavy 1980s atmosphere that is cautiously set from beginning to end and is underlined not only by the vehicles or music and clothes, but also by its architecture. The parts of the city seen in the Valley and by downtown Los Angeles are actually cheap stucco and mirrored glass, which has been carefully edited to largely leave out more contemporary buildings.[36]

Style and inspiration

"Thinking back, there isn't really all that much driving in Drive – a couple of chase scenes here and there, staged efficiently, thrillingly. It's more about the questionable choices that drive people – and, ultimately, the ones that drive them away."

—Associated Press reporter Christy Lemire[37]

Journalists and reviewers have called Drive a "classic Los Angeles heist-gone-wrong story" that is a "tribute to the genre of car films" in the vein of movies like Bullitt (1968). A character study,[38] themes Drive examines consist of "loyalty, loneliness and the dark impulses that rise up even when we try our hardest to suppress them."[23] It combines comic gore, film noir and B-movie aesthetics, and Hollywood spectacle, resulting in "a bizarre concoction...reminiscent of David Lynch's Mulholland Drive...Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction, and [with] angst-laden love scenes that would not be out of place in a Scandinavian drama".[21][39][40][41] Other comparisons have been to the works of Walter Hill, John Carpenter, Michael Mann, Nathanael West, J.G. Ballard and Mike Davis.[36] According to Refn, Drive is dedicated to filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky and includes some of Jodorowsky's existentialism.[1]

Drive has been called a tough, hard-edged neo-noir art house feature,[1] extremely violent and very stylish, with European art and grindhouse influences.[21][39] According to Refn, Drive turns into a superhero film during the elevator scene because that is when The Driver kills the villains.[32] Drive also references 1970s and 1980s cult hits such as The Day of the Locust (1975)[36] and To Live and Die in L.A. (1985). Other influences can be seen in the neon-bright opening credits and the retro song picks – "a mix of tension-ratcheting synthesizer tones and catchy club anthems that collectively give the film its consistent tone."[30] Drive's title sequence is hot-pink,[1] which was inspired by 1983's Risky Business' editing table.[13] Refn has also indicated that the film's romance was partially inspired by the films of John Hughes.[42]

Winding Refn's inspiration for Drive came partly from reading Grimm's Fairy Tales, and his goal was to make "a fairy tale that takes Los Angeles as the background,"[1] with the Driver as the hero. To play with the common theme of fairy tales, The Driver protects what is good while at the same time killing degenerate people in violent ways.[23] Refn was also inspired by films such as Point Blank (1967), Two-Lane Blacktop (1971), and The Driver (1978). Jean-Pierre Melville’s crime productions influenced the cinematography.[32] Amini's script propensity imposes "a kind of sideways moral code," where even those who comply with it are almost never rewarded for their efforts, as seen when The Driver helps Standard with Irene and her son's best interests in mind.[23] Within their vehicles, the characters not only make escapes or commit murder, but try to obtain peace and search for romance.[23]

The film's main character, The Driver, has been compared to the Man With No Name, a character Clint Eastwood portrayed in the Sergio Leone westerns, because he almost never speaks, communicating mostly non-verbally.[40] The Driver's meager dialogue is not designed to present him as tough, but to soften him. Winding Refn chose to give The Driver very little dialogue and instead have him drive around listening to synthpop music, taking control when it counts.[39] One reviewer noted that what The Driver lacks in psychology, he makes up through action and stylish costuming.[30] The Driver's wardrobe, in particular the satin jacket with the logo of a golden scorpion on the back, was inspired by the band KISS and Kenneth Anger's 1964 experimental film Scorpio Rising.[32] Refn sees the former as the character's armor and the logo a sign of protection.[43] According to reviewer Peter Canavese, the jacket is a reference to the fable of the scorpion and the frog, mentioned in the movie, which in turn evokes the use of the fable in the Orson Welles film Mr. Arkadin.[44]

Music and soundtrack

Most of its ethereal electronic-pop score was composed by Cliff Martinez.[45] Refn was a particular fan of his ambient work on the Sex, Lies, and Videotape soundtrack.[23] The score contains tracks with vintage keyboards and bluntly descriptive titles.[46] Refn wanted electronic music for the film and to have the music occasionally be abstract so viewers can see things from The Driver's perspective.[47] He gave composer Martinez a sampling of songs he liked and asked Martinez to emulate the sound, resulting in "a kind of retro, 80ish, synthesizer europop". Editor Matt Newman suggested Drive's opening credits song – "Nightcall" by French electronic musician Kavinsky.[1][32]

As Winding Refn was going through mixer Johnny Jewel's catalog, he picked out "Under Your Spell" and "A Real Hero" because he thought of Drive being a fairytale. During Drive's climax, "A Real Hero"'s keynote melody, about becoming "a real human being, and a real hero", refrains because that is when The Driver changes into both those statuses'.[48] At first, Jewel worried that "Under Your Spell" might be too literal but soon realized it is used in Drive "in the exact same way that I was feeling it when I wrote it. He definitely got the nuance of the song, and understood what it was supposed to mean, and he wanted to give that emotion to the viewer, that same feeling."[47]

Thinking of music in terms of basic elements, Jewel would tell the director that for certain scenes, it should not have bass since, as an earth tone, it usually is used for a more emotional or ominous part. Jewel thought the music should be upper register and relaxing for the "dreamlike" scene. To help himself with the writing process and conjure up melodies, the mixer would perform a procedure where he highlighted many phrases from the novel, then printed those words in large font and hung them on his walls or drew pictures during viewings of Drive.[47]

Sold as Drive (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), it was released in CD format to stores on September 27, 2011 by Lakeshore Records[49], and owned by Cutting Edge Film Scores.[50] Prior to that however, thanks to viral reviews, such as those found on social networking website Twitter, the soundtrack sold well on iTunes, climbing as high as number four on the sales charts.[51] The album was released on vinyl in June, 2012, by Mondo.[52] The nineteen-track album has amassed positive reviews. James Verniere of the Boston Herald graded it an A, stating, "The cool crowd isn't just watching Drive; they're listening to it, too... The Drive soundtrack is such an integral part of the experience of the film, once you see it, you can't imagine the film without it."[53] Allmusic reviewer James Christopher Monger selected opening track "Nightcall", "I Drive", "Hammer" and "Bride of Deluxe" as highlights on it.[54] Digital Spy's Mayer Nissim gave it a four out of five star rating, finding it to be as important as the film itself. She stated the album beginning with non-Martinez songs instead of mixing it up for a more enjoyable listening experience cost it a star.[46]

Track listing

No.TitleArtist(s)[49]Length
1."Nightcall" (Vincent Pierre Claude Belorgey, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo)Kavinsky featuring Lovefoxxx4:19
2."Under Your Spell" (Johnny Jewel)Desire3:52
3."A Real Hero" (David Grellier, Austin Garrick, Bronwyn Griffin)College featuring Electric Youth4:27
4."Oh My Love" (Riz Ortolani, Rina Ranieri)Riz Ortolani featuring Katyna Ranieri2:50
5."Tick of the Clock" (Jewel)Chromatics4:48
6."Rubber Head"Cliff Martinez3:08
7."I Drive"Cliff Martinez2:03
8."He Had a Good Time"Cliff Martinez1:37
9."They Broke His Pelvis"Cliff Martinez1:58
10."Kick Your Teeth"Cliff Martinez2:40
11."Where's the Deluxe Version?"Cliff Martinez5:32
12."See You in Four"Cliff Martinez2:37
13."After the Chase"Cliff Martinez5:25
14."Hammer"Cliff Martinez4:44
15."Wrong Floor"Cliff Martinez1:31
16."Skull Crushing"Cliff Martinez5:57
17."My Name on a Car"Cliff Martinez2:19
18."On the Beach"Cliff Martinez6:35
19."Bride of Deluxe"Cliff Martinez3:57

Charts

Chart (2011–12) Peak
position
Austrian Albums Chart[55] 33
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)[56] 28
Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)[57] 24
Danish Albums Chart[58] 12
French Albums Chart[59] 13
German Albums Chart[60] 59
Irish Compilation Albums Chart[61] 2
Norwegian Albums Chart[62] 35
Polish Albums Chart[63] 8
Swiss Albums Chart[64] 72
UK Compilation Albums Chart[65] 12
US Billboard 200[66] 31
US Independent Albums[66] 4
US Soundtracks[66] 1

Release

Ryan Gosling at Drive's Toronto International Film Festival premiere.

Originally planned as a blockbuster, Drive was eventually re-labeled as an independent film. Prior to principal photography, Refn went to the 2010 Cannes Film Festival in an effort to sell the rights to Drive and released promotional posters for the film.[12][67][68] In November 2010, FilmDistrict acquired North American distribution rights.[19] The owners were so eager to get their hands on Drive, they started negotiating to buy it before seeing any footage, believing it could appeal to people who enjoy a genre movie, as well as the arthouse crowd.[69] The film had a release date of September 16, 2011, in the United States.[19][70]

The film premiered on May 20, in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[71] At its first showing to the media, it received abundant praise[72] and received "some of the best responses of the festival",[73] but one positive review said it "can't win, won't win" Cannes's top prize.[39] It was greeted with hoots and howls of joy from the media, with viewers cheering on some of the scenes featuring extreme violence.[21][40] Drive also received a 15 minute standing ovation from the crowd.[74] Xan Brooks of The Guardian called the film his guilty pleasure of the 2011 competition, labeling it an enjoyable affair. "Over the past 10 days we've witnessed great art and potent social commentary; the birth of the cosmos and the end of the world. Turns out what we really wanted all along was a scene in which a man gets his head stomped in a lift. They welcome it in like a long-lost relation," he wrote.[41] The festival named Refn best director for Drive.[75]

Drive was also screened at the Los Angeles Time's Los Angeles Film Festival (LAFF) on June 20 at its gala screenings program. It was among more than 200 feature films, short projects, and music videos, from more than 30 countries, to be shown at the festival.[76] After Red Dog's release date was pushed up by several days, Drive replaced it as the Melbourne International Film Festival's closing night film.[77] Additionally, the movie was screened during FilmDistrict's studio panel presentation at the San Diego Comic-Con function.[78] A secret screening for Drive was held at London's Empire Big Screen during the middle of August.[32] In September, Drive screened as a special presentation during the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, alongside another movie starring Gosling, The Ides of March.[79]

The film's marketing suggested primarily action scenes. A Michigan woman sued both FilmDistrict and Emagine Theaters located in Novi, Michigan in October 2011 due to suffering "damages," feeling that the previews were misleading. Filing under the Michigan Consumer Protection Act, she stated its distributor marketed Drive as similar to the Fast and the Furious film series, and, in a bait and switch act, gave her a motion picture with little racing. Furthermore, she accused Drive of containing antisemitic themes. She has asked for the cost of her ticket to be refunded, and later plans to file a class action lawsuit to prevent future false film advertising.[80]

Home media

Drive was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 30, 2012;[81] however, it was released early via iTunes, the PlayStation Store, and Xbox Live on January 17, 2012.

Reception

Critical response

Drive received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 228 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10, making the film a "Certified Fresh" on the website's rating system.[82] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 79, based on 40 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews".[83] Gosling's and Brooks' performances, as well as Drive's aesthetics, were generally the most praised aspects of the film by movie critics. Rolling Stone writer Peter Travers considered this film to be the type to evoke polarized reception among its viewers.[84] CinemaScore polls reflect this sentiment, with audiences grading it with a "C-" average, noting its slow, meditative nature.[85]

Peter Debruge of Variety praised Drive for standing out from other similarly themed films whose visuals and narration fall flat. However, Debruge expected more driving scenes and found Mulligan to be a misfit for Irene.[30] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called Drive a "tasty, if sketchy, modern noir with car chases and bloody action that should turn the trick for genre-seeking audiences."[86] Noting Drive's "wonderfully assembled" cast, he said Gosling takes on the right behavior for his role, making a bid to enter the ranks of Steve McQueen and Clint Eastwood. In contrast to Debruge, McCarthy found Mulligan to be a charming choice for Irene.[86] Reviewing it for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert wrote: "The entire film, in fact, seems much more real than the usual action-crime-chase concoctions we've grown tired of. Here is a movie with respect for writing, acting and craft. It has respect for knowledgable moviegoers."[87] Richard Roeper has declared it as his favorite film of 2011.

Movieline's Stephanie Zacharek thought Drive defined the current standard for motion pictures,[88] and Mike D'Angelo of the The A.V. Club gave it a "B+" rating, saying he will remember at least half a dozen of the movie's scenes for the rest of his life.[89] Chris Lackner of the Vancouver Sun echoed a comment similar to Zacharek's, finding Drive to be a refreshing different change of pace, avoiding Hollywood's trite film formula routine.[90] Awarding the film a four out of five star rating, Orlando Sentinel journalist Roger Moore deemed Drive to be "the quietest car picture ever" and, based on what he had seen with this production, said he was looking forward to future collaborations between the star and director.[91] Jessica Winter of Time said the scene involving the twofer car crash makes Drive for a moment turn into "a lost entry in the Halloween franchise – Michael Myers Hits the Beach."[92]

Karen Durbin of Elle praised the chemistry between Gosling and Mulligan, pointing out that Drive does not conform to typical male-entertainment. She also rebuked Refn for underusing Hendricks.[93] Grading it a "B+", Entertainment Weekly reviewer Lisa Schwarzbaum clashed with Durbin's opinion on the former, finding the two to never click.[94] Despite giving Drive a high star rating, The Arizona Republic's Randy Cordova criticized how the plot and characters all easily come together: "It's all too neat; someone like John Sayles (Lone Star) could have linked these elements in a far more compelling way."[95] Giving Drive four out of five stars, The Guardian's Xan Brooks observed the film to be quite "self-consciously retro" with a series "of cool, blank surfaces."[96]

In his polarized analysis of the film, The New York Times columnist A. O. Scott believed its supporting performances saved Drive from tedium. "Drive is somber, slick and earnest, and also a prisoner of its own emptiness, substituting moods for emotions and borrowed style for real audacity. This is not to say that the movie is bad – as I have suggested, the skill and polish are hard to dispute – but rather that it is, for all its bravado, timid and conventional."[97] Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan praised several aspects of Drive but overall disliked the violence executed in it. Understanding that the level of violence is not uncommon for a Winding Refn film, he stated that it was overdone, disquieting and "throws you out of the picture, diluting the mood rather than enhancing it."[98]

A negative review came from New York magazine writer David Edelstein, who referred to the film as "higher trash" and deemed it to be as inane as Conan the Barbarian. Edelstein went on to chide Gosling for his choice to appear in the production and believed most viewers would watch solely for the popularity of Drive's actors.[99] Another negative analysis came from the Chicago Tribune's Michael Phillips. Finding its pre-credit sequence to be one of the year's most gripping openings, he felt Drive goes from compelling in the beginning to "a muddle of ultraviolence, hypocrisy and stylistic preening" by the end.[100] Neil Rosen of NY1 echoed the latter comment, adding that the violence shown in Drive came off as lackluster.[101]

Box office

Playing at 2,886 locations on about 3,100 screens in the US, Drive made slightly more than $4 million in ticket sales on its opening day. While numerous R-rated action and horror films usually make less on their first Saturday, Drive had a "healthy" 11% increase.[102] It performed lower than FilmDistrict's weekend expectations – grossing $11 million and taking third place at the box office, despite being the widest new release.[103] Drive was originally predicted to supersede Contagion from second place with a gross of about $12–$14 million.[102] Box Office Mojo analyst Brandon Gray felt prior to release that its "hipster factor" may alienate audiences like True Romance (1993), Domino in 2005, and 2007's Eastern Promises and Shoot 'Em Up did.[103]

Following the weekend results, analyst Ray Subers, from the same publication, said that this film's commercial performance is yet another "example of how endless Internet hype is rarely a strong indicator of mainstream appeal."[104] By its second weekend, Drive remained within the top 3 at many theaters, but wound up at 7th place with a 50% drop in revenue.[102] Currently, the picture has amassed a total of $35,060,689 from US box office and $41,114,477 from international box office, for a total take of $76,175,166, five times its $15 million budget.[2]

Accolades

Further information: List of accolades received by Drive

Sequel

James Sallis, author of the original Drive novel, wrote a sequel titled Driven, which was published in April 2012.[105] Director Nicolas Winding Refn has expressed interest in filming a sequel, saying: "The character is born, he's out there, he transforms himself completely into what he's meant to be, he was always meant to be this... He goes on to more and new adventure[s]."[106] Refn further says that he intends the sequel to feature two drivers, one of them a villain counterpart to Ryan Gosling's character, comparing the new driver to Lex Luthor and Professor Moriarty.[106] Gosling also expressed interest in starring in a sequel, saying that he would "love to make a Drive 2" but that he "[doesn't] want to make the same movie" again.[12]

See also

Further reading

  • "Press kit from Cannes" (PDF). FilmDistrict. 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

References

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