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Government-in-exile

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 193.32.30.68 (talk) at 11:22, 23 December 2012 (→‎Past governments in exile). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"GiE" redirects here. For other uses, see GiE (disambiguation).

A government in exile is a political group which claims to be a country's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country.[1] Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that a rump state controls at least part of its former territory.[2] For example, during World War I, nearly all of Belgium was occupied by Germany, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west. A government in exile, conversely, has lost all its territory.

Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation, or in the aftermath of a civil war, revolution, or military coup. For example, during German expansion in World War II, some European governments sought refuge in the United Kingdom, rather than face destruction at the hands of Nazi Germany. A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. For instance, the Syrian National Council was formed as a result of the Syrian Civil War, which sought to end the rule of the ruling Ba'ath Party.

The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of external support it can receive, either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some governments in exile develop into a formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the incumbent regime of the country, while others are maintained chiefly as a symbolic gesture.

The phenomenon of a government in exile predates formal use of the term. In periods of monarchical government, exiled monarchs or dynasties sometimes set up exile courts—as the House of Stuart did when driven from their throne by Oliver Cromwell and at the Glorious Revolution, or the House of Bourbon did during the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon. With the spread of constitutional monarchy, monarchical governments in exile started to include a prime minister.[example needed]

Activities

International law recognizes that governments in exile may undertake many types of actions in the conduct of their daily affairs. These actions include:

In cases where a host country holds a large expatriate population from a government in exile's home country, or an ethnic population from that country, the government in exile might come to exercise some administrative functions within such a population. For example, the WWII Provisional Government of Free India had such authority among the ethnically Indian population of British Malaya, with the consent of the then Japanese military authorities.

Current governments in exile

Governments in exile may have little or no recognition from other states. Some exiled governments have some characteristics in common with rump states. Such disputed or partially in exile cases are noted in the tables below.

Deposed governments of current states

These governments in exile were created by deposed governments or rulers who continue to claim legitimate authority of the state they once controlled.

Name Exile since State controlling its claimed territory (entirely or partially) Notes References
Belarus Council of the Belarusian People's Republic 1920  Republic of Belarus The oldest current government (formally, a provisional parliament) in exile, currently led by Ivonka Survilla in Toronto, in a council of 14 called the Rada; see also History of Belarus [3]
Qajar dynasty 1925  Islamic Republic of Iran The Qajar dynasty went into exile in 1923 and continue to claim the Iranian throne, which is currently claimed by Mohammad Hassan Mirza II who is based in Dallas, Texas
Myanmar National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma 1990  Republic of the Union of Myanmar Currently led by Sein Win and composed of members of parliament elected in 1990 but not allowed by the military to take office; based in Rockville, Maryland, United States
Pahlavi dynasty 1979  Islamic Republic of Iran The Pahlavi dynasty, led by Reza Pahlavi and living in Potomac, Maryland; see also Iranian Revolution
Laos Royal Lao Government in Exile 1975  Lao People's Democratic Republic The former government of the Kingdom of Laos; based in Paris
 Republic of China
(disputed due mainly to the controversial political status of Taiwan [4][5][6][7][8]) 		1949

 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
 Kingdom of Bhutan
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of China itself
 Republic of India
 Japan
 Mongolia
 Republic of the Union of Myanmar
 Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Russian Federation
 Republic of Tajikistan

The Republic of China (ROC) is the state which governs Taiwan and some of its surrounding islands.[9] Its status as a government in exile is disputed.

[4][5][6][7][8][10][11] Proponents of this view argue that because Taiwan is not a part of the Republic of China, the ROC is located in foreign territory, therefore effectively making it a government in exile.[12] Opponents claim that Taiwan is part the ROC, and the government is still located in its own territory, qualifying it not as a government in exile but as a rump state. For further information, see Political status of Taiwan, Legal status of Taiwan, and Chinese Civil War.

Exiled governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories

These governments in exile are governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories. They claim legitimate authority over a territory they once controlled, or claim legitimacy of a post-decolonization authority. The claim may stem from an exiled group's election as a legitimate government.

The United Nations recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility of establishing independent sovereign states.

Name Exile since State controlling its claimed territory (entirely or partially) Notes References
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1976  Kingdom of Morocco
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Republic itself 		Headquartered in the Tindouf region of Algeria, controlling what it calls the Free Zone in the eastern part of Western Sahara; claims de jure sovereignty over the entire territory
State of Palestine State of Palestine[13][14] 1988  State of Israel Unilaterally declared in exile in Algiers by the Palestine Liberation Organization that later established the Palestinian National Authority interim territorial administration as result of the Oslo Accords signed by the PLO, Israel, the United States, and Russia. Currently, ultimate control[15] over all of the territories is exercised by Israel,[16][17][18][19][20] but it allows the PNA to execute some functions there, depending on special area classification. The members of the institutions of the State of Palestine meet inside its claimed territory[21][22][23][24] without having sovereignty over any part of it.[25][26][27]

Deposed governments of subnational territories

These governments in exile claim legitimacy of autonomous territories of another state and have been created by deposed governments or rulers, who and do not claim independence as a separate state.

Name Exile Current control of claimed territory Notes References
since as by as
Georgia (country) Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia 1993 autonomous republic Abkhazia Republic of Abkhazia independent state Georgian provincial government, led by Giorgi Baramia, whose territory is under the control of Abkhaz separatists
South Ossetia Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia 2008 provisional administrative entity South Ossetia Republic of South Ossetia independent state Georgian provincial administration, led by Dmitry Sanakoyev, whose territory is under the control of South Ossetian separatists

Alternative governments of current states

These governments have been created in exile by political organisations and opposition parties, aspire to become actual governing authorities or claim to be legal successors to previously deposed governments, and have been created as alternatives to incumbent governments.

Name Claimed exile Exile proclamation Government presently controlling claimed territory Notes References
Ethiopia Crown Council of Ethiopia 1974 1993  Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Led by Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie and based in the Washington D.C. area
South Vietnam Government of Free Vietnam 1975 1995  Socialist Republic of Vietnam Based in Garden Grove, California and Missouri City, Texas United States; since 1995, has claimed to be a continuation of the Republic of Vietnam [28]
Iran National Council of Resistance of Iran — 1981  Islamic Republic of Iran Political umbrella coalition of five Iranian opposition political organizations, the largest organization being the People's Mujahedin of Iran led by Maryam and Massoud Rajavi; based in Paris [29]
Quetta Shura — 2001  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Based in Quetta, Pakistan as as continuation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Equatorial Guinea Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea — 2003  Republic of Equatorial Guinea Proclaimed Severo Moto President of Equatorial Guinea in Madrid [30]
Syria National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces — 2012  Syrian Arab Republic Opposes the regime of President Bashir al-Assad; based in Istanbul; has ties to the Free Syrian Army; see also 2011 Syrian uprising. [31]

Alternative separatist governments of current subnational territories

See also: List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

These governments have been created in exile by political organisations, opposition parties, and separatist movements, and desire to become the governing authorities of their territories as independent states, or claim to be the successor to previously deposed governments, and have been created as alternatives to incumbent governments.

Name Claimed exile Exile proclamation Government presently controlling claimed territory Notes References
Republic of South Maluku 1950 1950  Republic of Indonesia Exiled in the Netherlands
West Papuan Government in Exile 1963 1969  Republic of Indonesia Campaigns for an independent West Papua; based in the Netherlands [32][33]
 Biafran Government in Exile 1970 2007  Federal Republic of Nigeria An arm of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, seeking to reestablish the Republic of Biafra; based in Washington, DC [34]
Republic of Cabinda 1975 1975  Republic of Angola Based in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2000 2000  Russian Federation Some members are fighting as rebels against the Russian Army; based in Western Europe and the United States, with its leaders in London.
There is a contested claim that it has been succeeded by the Caucasus Emirate. 		[35]
Republic of Serbian Krajina Republic of Serbian Krajina 1996 2005  Republic of Croatia Reconstituted in 2005 in Belgrade, by the remains of the government of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, after Croatian forces pushed out the internationally unrecognized entity in 1995 during Operation Storm at the end of the Croatian War of Independence
Koma Civakên Kurdistan — 1998  Republic of Turkey Aims to create a Kurdish state in Turkey; successor organization of Kurdish parliament in exile [36]
Republic of Ambazonia — 1999  Republic of Cameroon Former British territory of Southern Cameroons; declared independence on December 31, 1999 [37]
Western Kurdistan Government in Exile — 2004  Syrian Arab Republic Aims to create a Kurdish state in Syria; based in London [38]
East Turkestan East Turkistan Government in Exile 1949 2004  People's Republic of China Seeking independence for Xinjiang as "East Turkestan"; based in Washington, DC [39]
Interim Government of Federated Shan States - 2005  Republic of the Union of Myanmar Aims to establish an independent state for the Shan ethnic group [40]
Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam 2009 2010  Sri Lanka Aims to establish an independent state of Tamil Eelam [41]

Exiled Governments with ambiguous status

These governments have ties to the area(s) they represent, but their claimed status and/or stated aims are sufficiently ambiguous that they could fit into other categories.

Name Exile Current control of claimed territory Notes References
Tibet Central Tibetan Administration 1959  People's Republic of China Founded by the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India with cooperation of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; see also Tibetan sovereignty debate and Tibetan independence movement Tibet.net,[42]
Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 2001 Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Taliban gained control over most of Afghanistan in the Afghan civil war, but were removed from power in the current Afghan war. ,[43][44][45]

Past governments in exile

Name Exiled or created(*) since Defunct, reestablished,(*) or integrated(°) since State controlling its claimed territory Notes References
England Privy Council of England 1649 1660* Commonwealth of England (1649—1653)
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653—1659)
Commonwealth of England (1659—1660) 		Based for most of the Interregnum in the Spanish Netherlands and headed by Charles II; actively supported Charles' claim to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland
Bangladesh Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971* 1972°  Pakistan Based in Kolkata, India; led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who later became President of Bangladesh [46]
Dutch Republic Government of the Dutch Republic in exile 1795 1814°  Batavian Republic Based in London, and led by William V, Prince of Orange; ultimately they returned to create the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Philippine Government in Exile 1897 1898*  Spain Based in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo set up a government in exile in the former British colony. A result of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato [47]
South Korea Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1919* 1948°  Empire of Japan Based in Shanghai, and later in Chongqing; after Japan’s defeat in World War II, President Syngman Rhee became the first president of the First Republic of South Korea
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1939 1945°  Czechoslovakia Based in Paris and later in London, during German occupation of Czechoslovakia. After defeat of Germany, it took control of Czechoslovakia.
Azad Hind Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) 1943 1943°  British Raj Based in Rangoon and later in Port Blair. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was the leader of the government and the Head of State of this Provisional Indian Government in Exile. This government was disestablished in 1945 following the lost of axis powers in World War II
Algeria Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic 1958* 1962* France French Algeria (France) Established during the latter part of the Algerian War of Independence; after the war, a compromise agreement with the Armée de Libération Nationale dissolved it but allowed most of its members to enter the post-independence government
Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile 1962* 1992° Angola Republic of Angola Based in Kinshasa; its military branch, the National Liberation Front of Angola, was recognized as a political party in 1992 and holds three seats in Angola’s parliament
Namibia Namibian Government in Exile 1966* 1989°  South Africa Formed after opposition to the apartheid South African administration over South-West Africa, which had been ruled as illegal by the United Nations; in 1990, Namibia achieved independence. [48]
Cambodia Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 1982* 1993° People's Republic of Kampuchea Established with UN recognition in opposition to the Vietnamese-backed government. Elections in 1993 brought the reintegration of the exiled government into the newly reconstituted Kingdom of Cambodia.
Poland Polish government-in-exile 1939* 1990° Occupied Poland Based in Paris, Angers, and London, it opposed German occupied Poland and the Soviet satellite state, the People's Republic of Poland; disbanded following the fall of communism in Poland
Estonia Estonian Government in Exile 1953* 1992 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Established in Sweden by several members of Otto Tief's government; did not achieve any international recognizion. In fact, it was not recognized even by Estonian diplomatic legations that were seen by western countries as legal representatives of the annexed state.

A rival government was created by another group of Estonian exiles in the same year in Munich but it was short lived.

[49]
Second Spanish Republic Spanish Republican government in exile 1939 1977  Spanish State Created after Francisco Franco's coup d'état; based in Mexico City from 1939 to 1946, when it was moved to Paris, where it lasted until Franco's death
Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile 1921 1954 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Formed after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921; based in Leuville-sur-Orge, France
Ukrainian People's Republic 1920 1992 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Poland Second Polish Republic Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Republic  Kingdom of Romania

Organized after the Soviet occupation of Ukraine
Aceh Aceh 1976* 2005 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Headquartered in Sweden; surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian government
Gabon Bongo Doit Partir 1998 2009  Gabon Founded by Daniel Mengara in opposition to president Omar Bongo; after Bongo's death in June 2009, Mengara returned to Gabon in order to participate in the country's elections [50][51]
Confederate government of Missouri 1861 1865  United States of America (Union) Missouri had both Union and Confederate governments, but the Confederate government was exiled, eventually governing out of Marshall, Texas. [52]
Kentucky Confederate government of Kentucky 1861 1865  United States of America (Union) Kentucky had both Union and Confederate governments. The Confederate government was soon forced out of the state, and was an exiled government traveling with the Confederate Army of Tennessee, except for during a short return when the Confederate army briefly occupied Frankfort.
Hawaii Kingdom of Hawaii 1893 1895 Hawaii Republic of Hawaii Formed by members of the deposed government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii; a failed insurgency in 1895 forced the queen to formally disband the kingdom
Belgium Kingdom of Belgium in exile (1914-1918) 1914 1918 German Empire German Empire Formed in 1915 by the Government of Belgium following the German invasion during World War I. It was disbanded following the restoration of Belgian sovereignty with the Armistice with Germany.

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta may be considered a case of a government in exile, since it is without territory but recognised as a sovereign government by numerous sovereign countries. However, it does not claim to be a sovereign state, rather a "sovereign subject" of international law. In addition, it no longer claims jurisdiction over Malta, and recognises and maintains diplomatic relations with the Republic of Malta.

World War II

Many countries established a government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with World War II:

Other exiled leaders in Britain in this time included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.

The Provisional Government of Free India (1943–45) was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the war; unlike most other governments in exile in this war, it was affiliated to the Axis and claimed power over an Allied (specifically, British) territory. A Bulgarian government in exile and Vichy France were also allied with the Axis.

The Danish exception

The Occupation of Denmark (9 April 1940) was administered mainly by the German Foreign Office, contrary to other occupied lands that were under military or civilian administration. Denmark did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London. King Christian X and his government remained in Denmark, and functioned comparatively independently for the first three years of German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies, and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands, Iceland during World War II, and History of Greenland during World War II.)

Persian Gulf War

Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia, where they set up a government-in-exile operating out of a luxury hotel in Dhahran. The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Iraqi occupation and mobilising public opinion in the West in favor of war with Iraq. In March 1991, following the American victory in the Persian Gulf War, the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.

See also

Lists

References

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  2. ^ Tir, J. , 2005-02-22 "Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-25 from allacademic.com[dead link]
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  6. ^ a b Kerry Dumbaugh (Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division) (23 February 2006). "Taiwan's Political Status: Historical Background and Ongoing Implications". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 20 December 2009. While on October 1, 1949, in Beijing a victorious Mao proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Chiang Kai-shek re-established a temporary capital for his government in Taipei, Taiwan, declaring the ROC still to be the legitimate Chinese government-in-exile and vowing that he would "retake the mainland" and drive out communist forces.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b John J. Tkacik, Jr. (19 June 2008). "Taiwan's "Unsettled" International Status: Preserving U.S. Options in the Pacific". Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 20 December 2009. Chiang Kai-shek wanted to fight it out on an all-or-nothing basis. There are also reports that Chiang's advisors convinced him that if the ROC mission stayed to represent Taiwan, Chiang would be under pressure to demonstrate in some constitutional way that his Chinese government-in-exile represented the people of Taiwan rather than the vast population of China. Doing so would require Chiang to dismantle his existing regime (which was elected in 1947 on the Chinese mainland and continued to rule in Taiwan under emergency martial law provisions without benefit of elections), adopt an entirely new constitu­tion, and install an entirely new government. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help); soft hyphen character in |quote= at position 611 (help)
  8. ^ a b "ROC Government in Exile Is Illogical (English transl.)". (original source: "「流亡政府」邏輯不通" by NOWnews Network). June 1, 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Henckaerts, Jean-Marie (1996). The international status of Taiwan in the new world order: legal and political considerations. Kluwer Law International. p. 337. ISBN 90-411-0929-3. p117. "The ROC joined the United Nations in 1945 as a Charter member and was until 1971 one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. The ROC membership in the United Nations continued to exist through 1971 despite the fact that the ROC government lost the Chinese mainland and moved to Taiwan in 1949. The reduction of a huge area under its effective control in 1949 did not eliminate the very existence of the ROC as a sovereign state as defined by international law. In short, the ROC government has continued to exercise its sovereignty over territories under its effective control since 1912. It has never disappeared from the world as a sovereign state."
    p118. "President Harry S. Truman of the United States stated on January 5, 1950 that 'Taiwan was surrendered to ... Chiang Kai-Shek, and for the past four years, the United States and the other Allied Powers have accepted the exercise of the Chinese authority over the island.'"
    p118.-119. "The Republic of China is, by any standard, a political entity, recognized by 29 countries as of today. It has a defined territory, with Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu together with its population of 21 million, under its effective control ever since 1945 or earlier. ...
    The Republic of China indeed is a sovereign state as defined by the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States of 1933. It also complies with the definition as 'state' defined by current theory of international law, as discussed in the Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States of 1987."
  10. ^ TIME magazine, Far Eastern Economic Review, Stanford University, US State Dept., Public Broadcasting Service, BBC, US Congressional Research Service, UK Parliament, UK Foreign Office, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and numerous law journals have all referred to the Republic of China on Taiwan as a government in exile. However, the ROC is recognised as the legitimate government of China by 11 UN member states and the Holy See. The PRC claims that the ROC government no longer exists. Republic of China government in exile, retrieved 2010-02-27
  11. ^ Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan, American Journal of International Law, July 2000, archived from the original on 2004-06-22, retrieved 2011-02-28 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Robert I. Starr (July 13, 1971), Starr Memorandum of the Dept. of State, retrieved 2012-05-18, Following World War II, the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang (KMT) became the governing polity on Taiwan. In 1949, after losing control of mainland China following the Chinese civil war, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to occupied Taiwan and Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. Japan formally renounced all territorial rights to Taiwan in 1952 in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, but neither in that treaty nor in the peace treaty signed between Japan and China was the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan awarded to the Republic of China.
  13. ^ Application for the admission of Palestine as a Member of State of UNESCO: "A government-in-exile, having no effective control in the territory and not having had previous control, ..."
  14. ^ PLO Executive Committee: "The Executive Committee of the PLO, in practice the "government in exile" of the State of Palestine"
  15. ^ Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on special area classification with minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air, sea beyond internal waters, land) in the Gaza strip and maximum in "Area C".
  16. ^ Gold, Dore (26 August 2005). "Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2010-07-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). "International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  18. ^ "Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
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  25. ^ Palestinian PM: Declaration of statehood just a formality: "The Palestinians already declared independence unilaterally on Nov. 15, 1988. The declaration was recognized by dozens of countries, but never implemented on the ground."
  26. ^ Top Ten Governments Currently In Exile[dead link]:"The state of Palestine was proclaimed in 1988, but in exile. A declaration of a "State of Palestine" was approved on November 15, 1988, by the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). The declaration was ignored, and eventually rejected, by the State of Israel. Israel controls the territories since 1967 Six-Day War when it captured them from Egypt and Jordan. Currently, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) envision the establishment of a State of Palestine to include all the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, living in peace with Israel under a democratically elected and transparent government. The PNA, however, does not claim sovereignty over any territory and therefore is not the government of the "State of Palestine" proclaimed in 1988. Enough said."
  27. ^ Palestinians 'may declare state':"Saeb Erekat, disagreed arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in 1988. "Now we need real independence, not a declaration. We need real independence by ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence,"
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