Gojoseon
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Gojoseon 고조선 (古朝鮮) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown–108 BC | |||||||||||
 Gojoseon at its decline in 108 BC | |||||||||||
| Capital | Asadal, Wanggeom-seong | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Proto-Korean | ||||||||||
| Religion | Korean shamanism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• 194 BC - ? | Wi Man | ||||||||||
• ? - 108 BC | King Ugeo | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||||
• Established | Unknown | ||||||||||
• Gojoseon-Han War | 109-108 BC | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 108 BC | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of |  North Korea South Korea China | ||||||||||
| 'Gojoseon' | |
| Hangul | 고조선 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 古朝鮮 |
| Revised Romanization | Gojoseon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kojosŏn |
| History of Korea |
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| Timeline |
 Korea portal |
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Gojoseon (Korean pronunciation: [kodʑosʰʌn]) was an ancient Korean kingdom. The addition of Go (고, 古), meaning "ancient", distinguishes it from one of the various names of Joseon.
During its early phase, the capital of Gojoseon was located in Liaoning; around 400 BC, and was moved to Pyongyang, while in the south of the peninsula, the Jin state arose by the 3rd century BC.[1][2]
The territory of Gojoseon was invaded by the Han dynasty of China during the Gojoseon–Han War in 108 BC, which is said to have led to the collapse of the kingdom into many small states, until the Proto–Three Kingdoms emerged and marked their own period in Korean history.
Their language was probably a predecessor of the equally prehistoric Buyeo languages, and perhaps a form of Proto-Korean.[3]
Founding legend
The Zhanguoce, Shanhaijing, and Shiji—containing some of the earliest records—refers to Chaoxian (Joseon) as a region, until the text Shiji began referring it as a country from 195 BC onwards.[4] There are three different founding myths concerning Gojoseon.[5]
The first story involves Jizi (Gija/Kija), who was a man from Shang China that had fled to the Korean peninsula in 1122 BC during the fall of the Shang to the Zhou dynasty.[4] The Shiji recorded Jizi's flight, but it did not associate him with Gojoseon.[4]
The second story involves Dangun which was recorded in the much-later Korean work Samguk Yusa of the 13th century.[6] This work states that Dangun—the offspring of a heavenly prince and a bear-woman—founded Gojoseon in 2333 BC, only to be succeeded by Jizi after King Wu of Zhou had placed him onto the throne in 1122 BC.[6] The origin of this myth is unknown.[6]
The third story involves Wiman (Wei Man), who was a military officer of the Yan kingdom of the Han dynasty that had fled to the Korean peninsula in 195 BC.[6] He founded the principality of Wangxian, which is thought to be on the region of present-day Pyongyang.[6] The 3rd-century text Weilüe of the Sanguozhi recorded that Wiman had usurped the rulership from King Jun (Zhun) of the Qi [Jizi] dynasty, thus taking the kingship over Gojoseon.[6]
Hatada (1969), following the Jizi story, suggested that Gojoseon had its origin during the 3rd century BC (rather than 1122 BC) to account for its emergence in that period.[7] Henderson (1959) and McCune (1962) concluded that the Jizi story must have been conflated and respectively relate it to the increasing influence of the Yan state (of the Zhou China) or the conquest by the Han dynasty.[8] Han W.K. (1970), ascribing the Dangun myth as legend and accepting the Wiman story, placed the emergence of Gojoseon in the 4th century BC.[8] Choi M.L. (1983, 1984, 1985, 1992), following the Wiman story, suggested that the military force and trade was cause of the establishment of Gojoseon, placing it in 194 BC.[8] Sohn et al. (1970) suggested that Gojoseon was rather a tribal group with rulers as early as 10th to 7th century BC, who fought with other tribes before coming in conflict with the Yan state of Zhou China.[8] They rejected the Dangun myth as legend, the Jizi story as a fabrication, and accepted the Weiman story while noting that this gave Gojoseon the ability to unite the tribes into one state.[9]
Samguk Yusa says Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of Emperor Yao's reign, Sejong Sillok says the first year, and Dongguk Tonggam says the 25th year.[10]
State formation
Gojoseon is first found in contemporaneous historical records of early 7th century BC, as located around Bohai Bay and trading with Qi (齊) of China.[11]
By the 4th century BC, other states with defined political structures developed in the areas of the earlier Bronze Age "walled-town states"; Gojoseon was the most advanced of them in the peninsular region.[2] The city-state expanded by incorporating other neighboring city-states by alliance or military conquest. Thus, a vast confederation of political entities between the Taedong and Liao rivers was formed. As Gojoseon evolved, so did the title and function of the leader, who came to be designated as "king" (Han), in the tradition of the Zhou Dynasty, around the same time as the Yan (燕) leader.[12] Records of that time mention the hostility between the feudal state in Northern China and the "confederated" kingdom of Gojoseon, and notably, a plan to attack the Yan beyond the Liao River frontier. The confrontation led to the decline and eventual downfall of Gojoseon, described in Yan records as "arrogant" and "cruel". But the ancient kingdom also appears as a prosperous Bronze Age civilization, with a complex social structure, including a class of horse-riding warriors who contributed to the development of Gojoseon, particularly the northern expansion[13] into most of the Liaodong basin.
Around 300 BC, Gojoseon lost significant western territory after a war with the Yan state, but this indicates Gojoseon was already a large enough state that could wage war against Yan and survive the loss of 2000 li (800 kilometers) of territory.[14] Gojoseon is thought to have relocated its capital to the Pyongyang region around this time.[12]
Gija Joseon and its controversy
According to Chinese records, Gija Joseon is the kingdom founded by Shang descendants led by Gija in the 12th century BC. The earliest survived Korean record, Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms admitted Gija Joseon. The Korean historical record "Tongsa Kangmok" (東史綱目) in 1778 described Gija's activities and contributions in Gojoseon. The records of Gija refer to eight laws (Beomgeum Paljo, 범금팔조, 犯禁八條), that are recorded by Book of Han and evidence a hierarchical society and legal protection of private property.[14]
In the pre-modern Korea, Gija represented the authenticating presence of Chinese civilization, and until the 12th century Koreans commonly believed that Danjun bestowed upon Korea its people and basic culture, while Gija gave Korea its high culture—and presumably, standing as a legitimate civilization.[15]
However, Nationalist sentiment in the modern era has diminished Gija's place today to the point of near extinction.[15] Many Korean scholars deny its existence for various reasons.[16] They point to the Bamboo Annals and the Analects of Confucius, which were among the first works to mention Gija, but do not mention his migration to Gojoseon.[17] Some revisionist historians in Korea who believe in the existence of Gija Joseon divide Gojoseon into an eastern and western part. They argue that the western part includes areas around Hebei, Liaoning and southeast Inner Mongolia, and that it was there where Gija Joseon and Wiman Joseon were both established, while the eastern part remained under the control of Dangun's Joseon. [citation needed]
Wiman Joseon and fall
In 195 BC, King Jun appointed a refugee from Yan, Wiman. Wiman later rebelled in 194 BC, and Jun fled to southern Korean Peninsula.
In 109 BC, Emperor Wu of Han invaded near the Liao River. A conflict would erupt in 109 BC, when Wiman's grandson King Ugeo (右渠, 우거) refused to permit Jin's ambassadors to reach China through his territories. When Emperor Wei sent an ambassador She He (涉何) to Wanggeom to negotiate right of passage with King Ugeo, King Ugeo refused and had a general escort She back to Han territory — but when they got close to Han borders, She assassinated the general and claimed to Emperor Wu that he had defeated Joseon in battle, and Emperor Wu, unaware of his deception, made him the military commander of the Commandery of Liaodong. King Ugeo, offended, made a raid on Liaodong and killed She He.
In response, Emperor Wu commissioned a two-pronged attack, one by land and one by sea, against Joseon. The two forces attacking Joseon were unable to coordinate well with each other and eventually suffered large losses. Eventually the commands were merged, and Wanggeom fell in 108 BC. Han took over the Joseon lands and established Four Commanderies of Han in the western part of former Gojoseon area.
The Gojoseon disintegrated by 1st century BC as it gradually lost the control of its former fiefs. As Gojoseon lost control of its confederacy, many successor states sprang from its former territory, such as Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye. Goguryeo and Baekje evolved from Buyeo.
Culture
Around 2000 BC, a new pottery culture of painted and chiseled design is found. These people practiced agriculture in a settled communal life, probably organized into familial clans. Rectangular huts and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout the peninsula. Bronze daggers and mirrors have been excavated, and there is archaeological evidence of small walled-town states in this period.[13][18] Dolmens and bronze daggers found in the area are uniquely Korean and can't be found in China.
Mumun pottery
In the Mumun Pottery Period (1500–300 BC), plain coarse pottery replaced earlier comb-pattern wares, possibly as a result of the influence of new populations migrating to Korea from Manchuria and Siberia. This type of pottery typically has thicker walls and displays a wider variety of shapes, indicating improvements in kiln technology.[2] This period is sometimes called the "Korean bronze age", but bronze artifacts are relatively rare and regionalized until the 7th century BC.
Rice cultivation
Sometime around 1200 to 900 BC, rice cultivation spread to Korea from China and Manchuria. The people also farmed native grains such as millet and barley, and domesticated livestock.[19]
Bronze tools
The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is usually said to be 1000 BC, but estimates range from the 13th to 8th centuries BC.[20] Although the Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the Liaoning and Manchuria, it exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.[citation needed]
By the 7th century BC, a Bronze Age material culture, with influences from northeastern China as well as Siberia and Scythian bronze styles, flourishes on the peninsula. Korean bronzes contain a higher percentage of zinc than those of the neighboring bronze cultures. Bronze artifacts, found most frequently in burial sites, consist mainly of swords, spears, daggers, small bells, and mirrors decorated with geometric patterns.[2][21]
Gojoseon's development seems linked to the adoption of bronze technology. Its singularity finds its most notable expression in the idiosyncratic type of bronze swords, or "mandolin-shaped daggers" (비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍). The mandolin-shape dagger is found in the regions of Liaoning, Hebei, and Manchuria down to the Korean peninsula. It suggest the existence of Gojoseon dominions, at least in the area shown on the map. Remarkably, the shape of the "mandolin" dagger of Gojoseon differs significantly from the sword artifacts found in China.
Dolmen tombs
Around 900 BC, burial practices become more elaborate, a reflection of increasing social stratification. Goindol, the Dolmen tombs in Korea and Manchuria, formed of upright stones supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous in Korea than in other parts of East Asia. Other new forms of burial are stone cists (underground burial chambers lined with stone) and earthenware jar coffins. The bronze objects, pottery, and jade ornaments recovered from dolmens and stone cists indicate that such tombs were reserved for the elite class.[2][22]
Around the 6th century BC, burnished red wares, made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.[2]
Iron culture
Around this time, Jin state occupied the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about this state, except it was the apparent predecessor to the Samhan confederacies.
Around 300 BC, iron technology was introduced into Korea from Yan state. Iron was produced locally in the southern part of the peninsula by the 2nd century BC. According to Chinese accounts, iron from the lower Nakdong River valley in the southeast, was valued throughout the peninsula and Japan.[2]
Proto–Three Kingdoms
Numerous small states and confederations arose from the remnants of Gojoseon, including Goguryeo, Buyeo, JeonJoseon, Okjeo, and Dongye. Three of the Chinese commanderies fell to local resistance within a few decades, but the last, Nakrang, remained an important commercial and cultural outpost until it was destroyed by the expanding Goguryeo in 313.
King Jun of Gojoseon is said to have fled to the state of Jin in southern Korean peninsula. Jin developed into the Samhan confederacies, the beginnings of Baekje and Silla, continuing to absorb migration from the north. The Samhan confederacies were Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. King Jun ruled Mahan, which was eventually annexed by Baekje. Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla gradually grew into the Three Kingdoms of Korea that dominated the entire peninsula by around the 4th century.
See also
- Names of Korea
- History of Korea
- List of Korea-related topics
- List of Korean monarchs
- Three Confederate States of Gojoseon
Notes
- ^ 고조선(古朝鮮) (in Korean).
- ^ a b c d e f g "Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BC – 1 AD". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ Jaehoon Lee (2004). "The Relatedness Between The Origin of Japanese and Korean Ethnicity" (PDF). The Florida State University. p. 31. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ a b c Barnes 2001, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Barnes 2001, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e f Barnes 2001, p. 11.
- ^ Barnes 2001, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Barnes 2001, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Barnes 2001, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Yoon, N.-H. (윤내현), The Location and Transfer of Go-Chosun's Capital (고조선의 도읍 위치와 그 이동), 단군학연구, 7, 207–38 (2002)
- ^ 고조선 (in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b "Korea's Place in the Sun". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Template:Ko icon Daum 백과사전 : 고조선
- ^ a b Kyung Moon hwang, "A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative", 2010, pp. 4
- ^ http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?pid=694&isid=30674&arid=657709&topMenu=&topMenu1=
- ^ 네이버 백과사전
- ^ North Korea - The Origins Of The Korean Nation
- ^ "Timeline of Art and History". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ Template:Ko icon 청동기문화 靑銅器文化 (고고학사전, 2001.12, 국립문화재연구소)
- ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Arts of Korea, Bronze Age Objects
- ^ Unesco.
Bibliography
- Barnes, Gina Lee (2001). State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1323-3.
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