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Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

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2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the Russia–Turkey proxy conflict[1][2]

  Republic of Artsakh including Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh
  Territory claimed by the Republic of Artsakh but controlled by Azerbaijan
  Territory retaken by Azerbaijan
(per Azerbaijan)
Date27 September 2020 (2020-09-27) – present
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 Azerbaijan captured some positions,[3] a number of which were later recaptured[4] (per Armenia)
Azerbaijan captured 7 villages and 1 mountain peak (per Azerbaijan)[5]
Belligerents
 Azerbaijan  Armenia
 Republic of Artsakh
Commanders and leaders
Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev
(President of Azerbaijan, Commander-in-Chief)
Azerbaijan Zakir Hasanov (Defence Minister of Azerbaijan)
 Armenia Nikol Pashinyan
(Prime Minister of Armenia, Commander-in-Chief)
Republic of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan (President of Artsakh, Commander-in-Chief)
Armenia David Tonoyan (Defence Minister of Armenia)
Republic of Artsakh Jalal Harutyunyan (Defence Minister of Artsakh)
Casualties and losses

Per Azerbaijan:

  • Unknown
  • One helicopter lost[6]

Per Armenia:[7]

  • ~200 servicemen killed
  • 4 helicopters shot down
  • 36 tanks/IFVs destroyed
  • 11 IFV/armoured vehicles captured[8]
  • 27 drones shot down

Per Armenia:

  • 59 servicemen killed[7][9]
  • ~100 servicemen wounded[10]

Per Azerbaijan:

  • 550+ servicemen killed or wounded
  • 24 tanks/IFVs lost
  • 18 UAVs lost
  • 8 artillery pieces lost
  • 3 ammunition depots lost
  • 15 anti-aircraft systems lost[11][12]
6 Azerbaijani and 2 Armenian civilians killed;[13] 27 Azerbaijani[14] and 30+ Armenian civilians injured[15]

The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Azerbaijani and Armenian armed forces in Nagorno-Karabakh, the latest flareup in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The clashes began in the morning of 27 September 2020 along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact. Both sides reported military and civilian casualties.[16] In response to the clashes, Armenia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh introduced martial law and total mobilization,[17][18] while Azerbaijan introduced martial law and a curfew,[19] with Vilayet Eyvazov being the commandant.[20] On 28 September partial mobilization was declared in Azerbaijan.[21]

Background

The clashes stem from the dispute over the Armenian-majority Nagorno-Karabakh, an internationally recognised territory of Azerbaijan, which is presently held by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.[22][23][24][17] The Nagorno-Karabakh War had ended with a ceasefire in 1994, with Armenia in control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, as well as in the surrounding districts Aghdam, Jabrail, Fuzuli, Kalbajar, Gubadli, Lachin and Zangilan of Azerbaijan. According to the 2018 war report prepared by the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, "Armenia exercises its authority over Nagorno-Karabakh by equipping, financing or training and providing operational support to the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and its forces, but also in coordinating and helping the general planning of their military and paramilitary activities".[25] For three decades multiple violations of the ceasefire have occurred, the most serious being the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes and the July 2020 clashes at the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[26]

On 23 July 2020, Armenia announced the start of a joint air defence system exercises with Russia and an analysis of July 2020 clashes.[27] A week later, Azerbaijan conducted a series of military exercises that lasted from 29 July to 10 August[28][29][30] and then again in early September with the involvement of Turkey.[31] In late September, Armenia took part in joint military exercises on the southern territories of Russian Federation, in Armenia as well as Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both self-declared independent states within what most of the international community regards as the national borders of Georgia. During the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made a statement supporting the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and Georgia.[32][33]

Also prior to the resumption of hostilities, allegations emerged that Syrian National Army members from the Hamza Division were transferred to Azerbaijan,[34] while according to Turkish sources, many YPG and PKK members from Iraq and Syria were transferred to Nagorno-Karabakh in order to train Armenian militias against Azerbaijan.[35] At the same time, the relocation of thousands of Lebanese Armenians to Karabakh after the Beirut port explosion further inflamed the conflict.[36]

Clashes

27 September

According to the press secretary of the President of the Republic of Artsakh, Vahram Poghosyan, hostilities commenced when at 08:03 am Azerbaijani armed forces launched artillery and aerial strikes against civilian settlements, including the capital Stepanakert. Authorities urged the population to seek cover in bomb shelters.[37]

The Azerbaijani side stated that at about 06:00 local time, Armenian armed forces started intensive shelling from large-caliber weapons, mortars, and artillery mounts of various calibers of the positions of the Azerbaijan army along the entire frontline and Azerbaijani settlements in the frontline zone.[38] Azerbaijan said the Armenian side attacked and that Azerbaijan launched a counteroffensive in response.[39] Hikmet Hajiyev, senior adviser to Azerbaijan's president, Ilham Aliyev, accused Armenian forces of launching "deliberate and targeted" attacks along the front line.[40]

File:Annihilation of Azerbaijani military equipment.png
Screen capture of video released by Armenian Armed Forces showing an Azerbaijani erupting in flames after either running over a mine or being struck by anti-tank rounds.
File:Armenian tank getting destroyed.jpg
File:Armenian military equipment getting destroyed.jpg
File:Dead Armenian soldiers in Talış heights.jpg
Images and video footages captured by the Azerbaijani Defence Ministry show destroyed Armenian military equipment, including tanks, and killed soldiers.

The Armenian Defence Ministry said the Azerbaijani offensive, also aimed at Stepanakert, began at 08:10 local time (04:10 GMT).[41] In the offensive Azerbaijan deployed manpower, tank and rocket artillery units, aviation and UAVs.[42] The self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh introduced martial law and total mobilization of its male population.[18] On the same day Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev addressed the nation concerning the clashes.[43] In the afternoon martial law and curfew was also introduced in Azerbaijan. The martial law in Azerbaijan is effective from midnight, 28 September, while the curfew is effective in Baku, major cities and some regions from 21:00 to 06:00 local time. In the clashes the Azerbaijani military deployed tanks, artillery, missile systems and aircraft near the front line and went deeper into Armenian-occupied territory.[6] Civilians in Nagorno-Karabakh have been urged to go into shelters.[6] According to Artsrun Hovhannisyan, in the morning Azerbaijani armed forces also attacked in the direction of Vardenis on the territory of Armenia proper.[44] By the afternoon on 27 September Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence reported the retaking of seven villages in Nagorno-Karabakh: Garakhanbayli, Garvand, Horadiz, Yuxarı Əbdürrəhmanlı, Aşağı Əbdürrəhmanlı, Boyuk Marjanli and Nuzgar.[45][46] The Ministry of Defence of Artsakh denied these claims saying the "The statement issued by the Ministry of Defence of Azerbaijan that the Azerbaijani army allegedly occupied 6 settlements does not correspond with reality" and "is the usual provocative information [churned out] by the Azerbaijani propaganda machine."[47] At 16:29, the ministry announced that the Azerbaijani Military Command proposed the Armenian command in this direction not to resist and to surrender, in order to "not completely destroy the garrison of the Armenian Armed Forces in the settlement of Aghdara and not to increase the number of casualties", also stating that the "treatment of prisoners of war and civilians will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Geneva Convention and international humanitarian law", and that if met by resistance, "every armed person will be neutralized" by the Azerbaijani forces.[48] In the afternoon, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence reported the takeover of a mountain peak in the Murovdag range.[49] The ministry also reported that that the Azerbaijani forces have taken "visual control, as well as firearm and artillery control" over the Vardenis–Martakert/Aghdara highway, connecting Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia.[50] Stepanyan denied these claims.[51] Then, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence published a video of an Azerbaijani drone destroying a "weapon and ammunition depot belonging to the Armenian Armed Forces."[52]

Iranian officials reported that as a result of the clashes, a stray artillery projectile hit the village of Khalaf Beygluy-e Sofla in Khoda Afarin County, resulting in no "financial or human damage."[53][54]

28 September

At about 01:00, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence published a video depicting 3 Armenian military vehicles being targeted on the line of contact, by strikes by Azerbaijani Army units. The ministry denied any Armenian claims, stating that the "information spread by the Armenian Defence Ministry on the number of casualties in the Azerbaijani Army is baseless and does not reflect the reality. This claim is aimed at alleviating the anxiety and chaos in the Armenian population in the face of the success of the Azerbaijani Army."[12] Then, at about 6:45, the ministry released more footage, depicting the elimination of Armenian military equipment and vehicles.[55] At about 08:00, the ministry reported that Armenian forces fired upon Tartar in the early morning, and stated that the "enemy is warned for the last time",[56] while the Ministry of Foreign Affairs added that the Armenian forces targeted "civilians and civil objects of city purposefully."[57] The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence also published a video depicting "two more tanks belonging to the Armenian Armed Forces" being destroyed.[58] The President of Artsakh reported that during the clashes in the morning, the Armenian side regained control over a number of previously ceded positions.[59] After which, at about 10:00, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence released footage, and reported that Azerbaijani forces had cleared "advantageous high grounds" around Talış, while the Armenians "suffered heavy losses."[60] Furthermore, Chief of the Press Service of the Ministry of Defence of Azerbaijan, Colonel Vagif Dargahli, alleged that among the Armenian casualties are "mercenaries of Armenian origin from Syria and different countries of the Middle East."[61] At about 13:10, Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence published footage of two Armenian tanks getting destroyed by the Azerbaijani UAVs.[62] At about 14:00, the Armenian media reported that an Azerbaijani UAV was shot down near Vardenis.[63] Simultaneously, Chief of the Main Information Department of the Presidential Administration of Artsakh Vahram Poghosyan reported that the Azerbaijani forces were "facing powerful and crushing attacks from the Defense Army everywhere".[64]

Casualties

Human rights advocate Artak Beglaryan of Artsakh said that on 27 September, a woman and a child were killed by Azerbaijani shelling of civilian settlements in Martuni Province in Nagorno-Karabakh. According to him, schools were shelled, and there was large-scale damage to civilian infrastructure in many settlements.[65] According to Beglaryan, "In Stepanakert alone, there are more than 10 injured, including children and women."[66] The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence denied these claims.[67]

The Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in a statement, reported the during the clashes, as a result of intensive firing from the Armenian heavy artillery installations, 27 people were hospitalized with various injuries,[14] while the Azerbaijani Minister of Foreign Affairs Jeyhun Bayramov stated that 6 civilians were killed as of 28 September[68] According to the Press Service of the Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs, residents of the Qaşaltı Qaraqoyunlu, Naftalan, 69-year-old Elbrus Gurbanov, and four members of his family, 64-year-old Shafayat Gurbanova, 14-year-old Fidan Gurbanova, 13-year-old Shahriyar Gurbanov, and 39-year-old Afag Amirova were killed as a result of artillery fire by Armenian armed forces.[69] On 28 September, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan, reported that one of the bullets fired by the Armenian forces hit the house of 41-year-old Joshgun Anvar oglu Pashayev, a civilian from Evoğlu, and resulted in his death.[14] It also reported that 45-year-old Mehman Sovet oglu Aliyev was killed by shrapnel falling near the administrative building of the Tartar District Court on Heydar Aliyev Avenue in Tartar.[70] The driver of an ambulance passing through the area, 52-year-old Ganbar Asgar oglu Asadov, and a military police officer in the vehicle, 26-year-old Fakhraddin Farman oglu Huseynov, as well as another Tartar resident, 29-year-old Tural Firdovsi oglu Ibrahimov, were also injured.[71] According to the statement, the Armenian Armed Forces were targeting "densely populated areas—regional and rural centers, civil infrastructure objects—hospitals, medical centers, school buildings, kindergartens".[72]

In regards to military losses, Azerbaijan has claimed that more that 550 Armenian servicemen have been killed or wounded, and that it has destroyed 24 tanks and other armored vehicles, 15 Armenian 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft units, 8 artillery pieces, 18 UAVs, and 3 ammunition depots.[11][12] In turn they lost one helicopter, though its crew survived the shootdown.[16]

Armenia and Artsakh authorities initially claimed the downing of four Azerbaijani helicopters and the destruction of ten tanks and IFVs, as well as 15 drones.[73] Later the numbers were revised to 200 Azerbaijani soldiers killed, 36 tanks and armored personnel vehicles destroyed, 2 armored combat engineering vehicles destroyed and the downing of 4 helicopters and 27 unmanned aerial vehicles all within the first day of hostilities.[7] They released footage to that effect, showing the destruction or damage of 5 Azerbaijani tanks.[74][75][76]

Artsakh authorities reported the deaths of 59 servicemen.[7][9] with 100 injured.[77]

Analysis

In an interview given on 27 September regional expert Thomas de Waal stated that it was highly unlikely that the hostilities were initiated by the Armenian side. “Basically, Armenians won the war of the 1990s, they have all the territory they want,” de Waal said. “Their incentive is to normalize the status quo.” “For various reasons, Azerbaijan calculates that military action will win it something,” he said.[78]

Official statements

Armenia

On September 27, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan accused the Azerbaijani authorities of a large-scale provocation. The Prime Minister said that the "recent aggressive statements of the Azerbaijani leadership, large-scale joint military exercises with Turkey, as well as the rejection of OSCE proposals for monitoring clearly indicate that this aggression was pre-planned and constitutes a large-scale provocation against peace and security in region."[79]

On 28 September, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia issued a statement, claiming that the "people of Artsakh are at war with the Turkish–Azerbaijani alliance".[80] The Ambassador of Armenia to Russia, Vardan Toganyan did not rule out that Armenia may turn to the Russian Federation for new arms supplies.[81]

Azerbaijan
Meeting of the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev with the country's Security Council on 27 September.

On September 26, according to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense, the day before the offensive, the Armenian military fired from large-caliber machine guns and sniper rifles in different directions along the front line, violating the ceasefire 48 times. Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian side attacked first, and the Azerbaijani forces then launched a counter-offensive.[82]

On September 27, Hikmet Hajiyev, Senior Advisor to the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, accused the Armenian forces in the conduct of "willful and deliberate" attack on the front line,[83] and in "deliberately targeting of the residential areas and the civilians", calling it a "gross violation of international humanitarian law."[84]

On September 28, Hajiyev stated that the "policy pursued by Armenia so far has led to the destruction of the negotiation process. This is assessed as another act of aggression against Azerbaijan."[85] He also added that a "war has been launched against Azerbaijan. The people of Azerbaijan are mobilized in such a difficult period. This is the Great Patriotic War of the Azerbaijani people."[86] Hajiyev then stated that the "deployment of the Armenian Armed Forces in Nagorno-Karabakh is a threat to regional peace", and accused Armenia of preparing "very false and needless information", adding that the "Armenian people themselves do not trust the armed forces that prepare so much false information. The Azerbaijani Armed Forces operate in accordance with the principles of international law."[87] The State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs said in a statement that the "purposeful targeting of women and children among the wounded and killed civilian population as a result of this military aggression, once again demonstrates Armenian vandalism to the world community."[88] Furthermore, the Azerbaijani Minister of Foreign Affairs denied any claims of "Turkish interference", saying that "If we are talking about military-technical cooperation between Turkey and Azerbaijan, then Azerbaijan has military-technical cooperation with a number of countries, and even more so with Russia."[89]

Reactions

Domestic reactions

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani authorities restricted access to the Internet across entire country shortly after the clashes began, announced the Ministry of Transport, Connections and High-Tech Technologies of Azerbaijan.[90] The State Committee on Work with Diaspora of the Republic of Azerbaijan also appealed to Azerbaijanis living abroad not to use unofficial, unspecified and biased information on social networks, electronic media and other media.[91] In connection with the military situation, the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan declared curfew in Baku, Ganja, Goygol, Yevlakh and a number of districts from 00:00 on 28 September.[92][93] Also, the press service of Azerbaijan Airlines announced that all airports of the Republic of Azerbaijan will be closed for regular passenger flights until September 30.[94] Then, the Military Prosecutor's Offices of Fizuli, Tartar, Karabakh and Ganja started criminal and investigation cases in violation of the Articles 100.1 (planning, preparation or initiation of an aggressive war), 116.0.7 (attacking unprotected areas, settlements and demilitarized zones), 116.0.8 (attack on non-military, clearly visible and distinguished religious, educational, scientific, charitable, medical facilities, places where the sick and wounded are placed without military necessity), and 120.2.12 (murder with national, racial, religious hatred or hostility) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the basis of the materials collected in connection with the events."[95]

International reactions

Supranational organisations

  •  European Union – President of the European Council Charles Michel called for an "immediate return to negotiations, without preconditions".[38]
  •  UN – Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for an "immediately stop fighting, de-escalate tensions and return to meaningful negotiations without delay".[96]
  • OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe urged both sides to stop military actions and return to negotiations.[97]
  •  Turkic Council – The Secretary General of the Turkic Council Baghdad Amreyev expresses his deep concern on the military confrontation in the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Turkic Council called for territorial integrity and inviolability of internationally recognized borders of Azerbaijan, and demanded an immediate, unconditional and full withdrawal of the armed forces of Armenia from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[98]

UN-member states

The governments of Pakistan and Turkey expressed their support for Azerbaijan, putting the blame on Armenia for violating the ceasefire.[99][100][101]

Cyprus condemned "breach of the ceasefire by Azerbaijan" and any escalating actions by "parties involved, or any interventions by third parties", calling for return to peaceful negotiation.[102]

Representatives of several countries, including Albania,[103] Argentina,[104] Canada,[105] France,[106] Georgia,[107] Germany,[99] Greece,[108] Iran,[109] Poland,[110] Romania,[111][112] Russia,[113] Turkey,[39] the United States[114] and Vatican City,[99] called for peace.

See also

References

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