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'''7 World Trade Center''' is a building in [[New York City]] located across from the [[World Trade Center site]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]. NIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGERNIGGER
'''7 World Trade Center''' is a building in [[New York City]] located across from the [[World Trade Center site]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]. The name 7 World Trade Center has referred to two buildings: the original structure, developed in 1984, and the current structure. The original building was destroyed on [[September 11, 2001]] and replaced with the new 7 World Trade Center, which opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by [[Larry Silverstein]] who holds a [[ground rent|ground lease]] for the site from the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].
⚫
The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoid-shaped footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the [[World Trade Center]] plaza. The building was situated above a [[Con Edison]] power substation which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the building opened in 1988, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1989, the [[Salomon Brothers]] signed a long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On [[September 11]], [[2001]], the building was heavily damaged by debris when the adjacent twin towers [[collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]]. Its structural integrity was further compromised by fires which burned throughout the afternoon. The original 7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5:20 p.m. on September 11 due to the combined effect of structural and fire damage.


⚫
The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoid-shaped footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the [[World Trade Center]] plaza. The building was situated above a [[Con Edison]] power substation which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, the [[Salomon Brothers]] signed a long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On [[September 11]], [[2001]], the building was heavily damaged by debris when the adjacent twin towers [[collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]]. Its structural integrity was further compromised by fires which burned throughout the afternoon. The original 7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5:20 p.m. on September 11 due to the combined effect of structural and fire damage.
⚫
The new 7 World Trade Center construction began in 2003 and was completed in 2006. It is 52 stories tall and situated above a power substation. Built on a smaller footprint than the original to allow Greenwich Street to be restored from [[TriBeCa]] through the World Trade Center site and south to [[Battery Park]], the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7 World Trade Center's design placed emphasis on safety, with a [[reinforced concrete]] core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns, and incorporates numerous [[environmentally friendly]] features.

⚫
The new 7 World Trade Center construction began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. It is 52 stories tall and situated above a power substation. Built on a smaller footprint than the original to allow Greenwich Street to be restored from [[TriBeCa]] through the World Trade Center site and south to [[Battery Park]], the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7 World Trade Center's design placed emphasis on safety, with a [[reinforced concrete]] core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns, and incorporates numerous [[environmentally friendly]] features.


==1983–2001==
==1983–2001==
[[Image:Wtc7 from wtc observation deck.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A view of the original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, taken on [[August 14]], [[1992]].]]
[[Image:Wtc7 from wtc observation deck.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A view of the original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, taken on [[August 14]], [[1992]].]]
[[Image:Wtc7 transfer trusses.png|thumb|Transfer trusses used on the 5–7th floors to redistribute load to the foundation]]
[[Image:Wtc7 transfer trusses.png|thumb|Transfer trusses used on the 5–7th floors to redistribute load to the foundation]]
The original 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was a 49-story building, designed by [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]], with a red granite façade. The building was 610&nbsp;feet (186&nbsp;m) tall, with a trapezoid-shaped footprint that was 330&nbsp;ft (101&nbsp;m) long and 140&nbsp;ft (43&nbsp;m) wide.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. 13 |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref><ref name="emporis1">
The original 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]], with a red granite façade. The building was 610&nbsp;feet (186&nbsp;m) tall, with a trapezoid-shaped footprint that was 330&nbsp;ft (101&nbsp;m) long and 140&nbsp;ft (43&nbsp;m) wide.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. 13 |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref><ref name="emporis1">
{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 |publisher=Emporis.com |title=Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11) |accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref> [[Tishman Realty & Construction]] managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13"/> In March 1987, the building opened, to become the seventh structure of the [[World Trade Center]].
{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 |publisher=Emporis.com |title=Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11) |accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref> [[Tishman Realty & Construction]] managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p13"/> In March 1987, the building opened, to become the seventh structure of the [[World Trade Center]].


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{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/oct05NCSTAR1-1index.htm |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems |author=Lew, H.S., ''et al'' |publisher=NIST |date=September 2005 |pages=p. xxxvii |format=pdf}}</ref>
{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/oct05NCSTAR1-1index.htm |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems |author=Lew, H.S., ''et al'' |publisher=NIST |date=September 2005 |pages=p. xxxvii |format=pdf}}</ref>


The structural design of 7 World Trade Center included features to allow a larger building than originally planned to be constructed. A system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders was located between floors 5 and 7 to transfer loads to the smaller foundation.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> Existing caissons installed in 1966 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The fifth floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the new and old caissons. Above the seventh floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.<ref name="salvarinas"/>
The structural design of 7 World Trade Center included features to allow a larger building than originally planned to be constructed. A system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders was located between floors 5 and 7 to transfer loads to the smaller foundation.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> Existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The fifth floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the new and old caissons. Above the seventh floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.<ref name="salvarinas"/>


A shipping/receiving ramp, which served the entire World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7&nbsp;World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the third floor, providing space for truck clearance on the shipping ramp.<ref name="salvarinas">{{cite conference |author=Salvarinas, John J. |date=1986 |title=Seven World Trade Center, New York, Fabrication and Construction Aspects |booktitle=Proceedings of the 1986 Canadian Structural Engineering Conference |location=Vancouver |publisher=Canadian Steel Construction Council}}</ref> The spray-on [[fireproofing]] for structural steel elements was [[gypsum]]-based [[Monokote]] which had a two-hour fire rating for steel beams, girders and truss, and a three-hour rating for columns.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>
A shipping/receiving ramp, which served the entire World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7&nbsp;World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the third floor, providing space for truck clearance on the shipping ramp.<ref name="salvarinas">{{cite conference |author=Salvarinas, John J. |date=1986 |title=Seven World Trade Center, New York, Fabrication and Construction Aspects |booktitle=Proceedings of the 1986 Canadian Structural Engineering Conference |location=Vancouver |publisher=Canadian Steel Construction Council}}</ref> The spray-on [[fireproofing]] for structural steel elements was [[gypsum]]-based [[Monokote]] which had a two-hour fire rating for steel beams, girders and truss, and a three-hour rating for columns.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>
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Mechanical equipment, including 12&nbsp;[[transformer]]s on the fifth floor, was installed on floors four through seven. Several generators in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon Smith Barney and others.<ref name="fema-ch5"/> Storage tanks contained 24,000&nbsp;gallons (91,000&nbsp;L) of [[diesel]] fuel to supply the generators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fpemag.com/archives/article.asp?issue_id=14&i=183&p=1 |title=Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster |author=Milke, James |publisher=Fire Protection Engineering |date=Spring 2003}}</ref> Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-1J.pdf |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7 |date=September 2005 |author=Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson |publisher=NIST}}</ref> The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/>
Mechanical equipment, including 12&nbsp;[[transformer]]s on the fifth floor, was installed on floors four through seven. Several generators in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon Smith Barney and others.<ref name="fema-ch5"/> Storage tanks contained 24,000&nbsp;gallons (91,000&nbsp;L) of [[diesel]] fuel to supply the generators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fpemag.com/archives/article.asp?issue_id=14&i=183&p=1 |title=Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster |author=Milke, James |publisher=Fire Protection Engineering |date=Spring 2003}}</ref> Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-1J.pdf |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |chapter=NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7 |date=September 2005 |author=Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson |publisher=NIST}}</ref> The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/>


Each floor had 45,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (4,366&nbsp;m²) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerably larger than most office buildings in the City.<ref>
Each floor had 47,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (4,366&nbsp;m²) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerably larger than most office buildings in the City.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Horsley, Carter B. |title=Lower Manhattan Luring Office Developers |publisher=The New York Times |date=October 25, 1981}}</ref>
{{cite news |author=Horsley, Carter B. |title=Lower Manhattan Luring Office Developers |publisher=The New York Times |date=October 25, 1981}}</ref>
In all, 7 World Trade Center had 1,868,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (174,000&nbsp;m²) of office space.<ref name="fema-ch5">
In all, 7 World Trade Center had 1,868,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (174,000&nbsp;m²) of office space.<ref name="fema-ch5">
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{{cite news |author=Berg, Eric N. |title=Talking Deals; Developer Plays A Waiting Game |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 7, 1988}}</ref>
{{cite news |author=Berg, Eric N. |title=Talking Deals; Developer Plays A Waiting Game |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 7, 1988}}</ref>


In November 1989, [[Salomon Brothers]] withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at [[Columbus Circle]] in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]] and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>
In November 1988, [[Salomon Brothers]] withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at [[Columbus Circle]] in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]] and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Berkowitz, Harry |title=Salomon to Move Downtown |publisher=Newsday |date=November 29, 1988}}</ref>
{{cite news |author=Berkowitz, Harry |title=Salomon to Move Downtown |publisher=Newsday |date=November 29, 1988}}</ref>
The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers.<ref name="Salomonsolution">
The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers.<ref name="Salomonsolution">
{{cite news |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 19, 1989 |title=The Salomon Solution; A Building Within a Building, at a Cost of $200 Million |author=McCain, Mark}}</ref>
{{cite news |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 19, 1989 |title=The Salomon Solution; A Building Within a Building, at a Cost of $200 Million |author=McCain, Mark}}</ref>
Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350&nbsp;tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. "Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building - and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation," said a district manager of [[Silverstein Properties]]. The unusual task was possible, said [[Larry Silverstein]], because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."<ref name="Salomonsolution"/>
Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350&nbsp;tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. "Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building - and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation," said a district manager of [[Silverstein Properties]]. The unusual task was possible, said [[Larry Silverstein]], because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."<ref name="Salomonsolution"/>

At the time of the [[September 11]], [[2001]] attacks, [[Salomon Smith Barney]] was by far the largest tenant in 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (111,750&nbsp;m²) (64&nbsp;percent of the building) which included floors 28–45.<ref name="tenants">
{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants7.html |title=Building: 7 World Trade Center |publisher=CNN | date = 2001 | accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref><ref name="fema-ch5">{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf |title=WTC7 - Building Performance Study |publisher=FEMA |date=May 2002}}</ref>
Other major tenants included [[The Hartford|ITT Hartford Insurance Group]] (122,590&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/11,400&nbsp;m²), [[American Express]] Bank International (106,117&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/9,900&nbsp;m²), [[Standard Chartered Bank]] (111,398&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/10,350&nbsp;m²), and the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] (106,117&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/9,850&nbsp;m²).<ref name="tenants"/> Smaller tenants included the [[Internal Revenue Service]] Regional Council (90,430&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/8,400&nbsp;m²) and the [[United States Secret Service]] (85,343&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft/7,900&nbsp;m²).<ref name="tenants"/> The smallest tenants included the [[New York City Office of Emergency Management]], [[National Association of Investors Corporation|NAIC Securities]], [[Federal Home Loan Bank]], First State Management Group Inc., [[PNC Financial Services|Provident Financial Management]], and the [[United States Immigration and Naturalization Service|Immigration and Naturalization Service]].<ref name="tenants"/> The [[Department of Defense]] (DOD) and [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS.<ref name="fema-ch5"/> Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as well as the bottom six floors and part of the seventh floor.<ref name="fema-ch5"/><ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/05/archive/main316911.shtml |publisher=CBSNews.com / AP |title=CIA Lost Office In WTC: A secret office operated by the CIA was destroyed in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, seriously disrupting intelligence operations' |date=2001, November 5, 2001}}</ref>


=== Collapse ===
=== Collapse ===
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In May 2002, the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States|Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] under leadership of Dr. [[W. Gene Corley]], P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1&nbsp;WTC and 2&nbsp;WTC but by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual firefighting. Structural elements were exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient period of time to reduce their strength to the point of collapse.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>
In May 2002, the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States|Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] under leadership of Dr. [[W. Gene Corley]], P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1&nbsp;WTC and 2&nbsp;WTC but by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual firefighting. Structural elements were exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient period of time to reduce their strength to the point of collapse.<ref name="fema-ch5"/>

The report did not reach final conclusions about the cause of the collapse, but listed several issues requiring further investigation. FEMA made these findings:


<blockquote>Loss of structural integrity was likely a result of weakening caused by fires on the 5th to 7th floors. The specifics of the fires in WTC&nbsp;7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue. [Ch. 5, p. 31.]</blockquote>
<blockquote>Loss of structural integrity was likely a result of weakening caused by fires on the 5th to 7th floors. The specifics of the fires in WTC&nbsp;7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue. [Ch. 5, p. 31.]</blockquote>
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NIST has released a video and still-photo analysis of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center before its collapse that appears to indicate a greater degree of structural damage from falling debris than originally assumed by FEMA. Specifically, NIST's interim report on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center displays photographs of the southwest façade of the building that show it to have significant damage. The report also highlights a 10-story gash in the center of the south façade, toward the bottom, extending approximately a quarter of the way into the interior.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html |title=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=Popular Mechanics |date=March 2005}}</ref><ref name="NIST-june2004"/> A unique aspect of the design of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was that each outer structural column was responsible for supporting 2,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (186&nbsp;m²) of floor space, suggesting that the simultaneous removal of a number of columns severely compromised the structure's integrity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/WTC%20Part%20IIC%20-%20WTC%207%20Collapse%20Final.pdf |title=NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster (Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse) |date=April 5, 2005 |publisher=NIST |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Consistent with this theory, news footage shows cracking and bowing of the building's east wall immediately before the collapse, which began at the penthouse floors.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> In video of the collapse, taken from the north by [[CBS News]] and other news media, the first visible sign of collapse is movement in the east penthouse 8.2&nbsp;seconds before the north wall began to collapse, which took at least another 7&nbsp;seconds.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/><ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.archive.org/details/cbs200109111651-1733 |people=CBS News |year=2001 |date=September 11 |title=CBS Sept. 11, 2001 4:51 pm - 5:33 pm (September 11, 2001) |publisher=[[WUSA (TV)|WUSA]], CBS 9, Washington, D.C. |medium=Television}}</ref>
NIST has released a video and still-photo analysis of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center before its collapse that appears to indicate a greater degree of structural damage from falling debris than originally assumed by FEMA. Specifically, NIST's interim report on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center displays photographs of the southwest façade of the building that show it to have significant damage. The report also highlights a 10-story gash in the center of the south façade, toward the bottom, extending approximately a quarter of the way into the interior.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html |title=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=Popular Mechanics |date=March 2005}}</ref><ref name="NIST-june2004"/> A unique aspect of the design of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center was that each outer structural column was responsible for supporting 2,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (186&nbsp;m²) of floor space, suggesting that the simultaneous removal of a number of columns severely compromised the structure's integrity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/WTC%20Part%20IIC%20-%20WTC%207%20Collapse%20Final.pdf |title=NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster (Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse) |date=April 5, 2005 |publisher=NIST |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Consistent with this theory, news footage shows cracking and bowing of the building's east wall immediately before the collapse, which began at the penthouse floors.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/> In video of the collapse, taken from the north by [[CBS News]] and other news media, the first visible sign of collapse is movement in the east penthouse 8.2&nbsp;seconds before the north wall began to collapse, which took at least another 7&nbsp;seconds.<ref name="NIST-june2004"/><ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.archive.org/details/cbs200109111651-1733 |people=CBS News |year=2001 |date=September 11 |title=CBS Sept. 11, 2001 4:51 pm - 5:33 pm (September 11, 2001) |publisher=[[WUSA (TV)|WUSA]], CBS 9, Washington, D.C. |medium=Television}}</ref>


A progress report was released in June 2005, outlining NIST's working hypothesis.<ref>{{cite web | year = 2004 |url = http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_keyfindings.htm | title = Key Findings of NIST’s June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster | work = Fact sheets from NIST | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref><ref name="NIST-june2004"/> The hypothesis, which was reiterated in a June 2007 status update, is that an initial failure in a critical column occurred below the 13th floor, caused by damage from fire and/or debris induced structural damage of a critical column, from the collapse of the two main towers. The collapse progressed vertically up to the east mechanical penthouse. The interior structure was unable to handle the redistributed load, resulting in horizontal progression of the failure across lower floors, particularly the 5th to 7th floors. This resulted in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure."<ref name="NIST7STAT1"/>
A progress report was released in June 2004, outlining NIST's working hypothesis.<ref>{{cite web | year = 2004 |url = http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_keyfindings.htm | title = Key Findings of NIST’s June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster | work = Fact sheets from NIST | publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref><ref name="NIST-june2004"/> The hypothesis, which was reiterated in a June 2007 status update, is that an initial failure in a critical column occurred below the 13th floor, caused by damage from fire and/or debris induced structural damage of a critical column, from the collapse of the two main towers. The collapse progressed vertically up to the east mechanical penthouse. The interior structure was unable to handle the redistributed load, resulting in horizontal progression of the failure across lower floors, particularly the 5th to 7th floors. This resulted in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure."<ref name="NIST7STAT1"/>


NIST anticipates the release of a draft report of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center by the end of 2007.<ref name="NIST7STAT1">{{cite press release |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc_062907.html|title=NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation|year=2007|last=Newman|first=Michael|date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology}}</ref> The NIST is utilizing [[ANSYS]] to model events leading up to collapse initiation and [[LS-DYNA]] models to simulate the global response to initiating events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/WTC7_Approach_Summary12Dec06.pdf |title=WTC 7 Technical Approach and Status Summary |author=McAllister, Therese |publisher=NIST |date=December 12, 2006}}</ref> The investigation of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center has been delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005, to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers.<ref name="NISTFAQ">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |title=Answers to Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=August 2006}}</ref> In June 2007, he explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The WTC&nbsp;7 investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our work on the towers."<ref name="NIST7STAT1"/>
NIST anticipates the release of a draft report of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center by the end of 2007.<ref name="NIST7STAT1">{{cite press release |url=http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc_062907.html|title=NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation|year=2007|last=Newman|first=Michael|date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology}}</ref> The NIST is utilizing [[ANSYS]] to model events leading up to collapse initiation and [[LS-DYNA]] models to simulate the global response to initiating events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/WTC7_Approach_Summary12Dec06.pdf |title=WTC 7 Technical Approach and Status Summary |author=McAllister, Therese |publisher=NIST |date=December 12, 2006}}</ref> The investigation of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center has been delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7&nbsp;World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005, to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers.<ref name="NISTFAQ">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |title=Answers to Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=August 2006}}</ref> In June 2007, he explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The WTC&nbsp;7 investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our work on the towers."<ref name="NIST7STAT1"/>
Line 102: Line 110:
The building was officially opened at noon on [[May 23]], [[2006]], with a free concert featuring [[Suzanne Vega]], Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, [[Pharaoh's Daughter]], [[Ronan Tynan]] (of the [[Irish Tenors]]), and special guest [[Lou Reed]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title= 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie ''[[Perfect Stranger (film)|Perfect Stranger]]'' with [[Halle Berry]] and [[Bruce Willis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_149/undercover.html |title=Under Cover, Tower 7 is no ‘Stranger’ to fame |date=2006, March 17–23 |publisher=Downtown Express}}</ref>
The building was officially opened at noon on [[May 23]], [[2006]], with a free concert featuring [[Suzanne Vega]], Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, [[Pharaoh's Daughter]], [[Ronan Tynan]] (of the [[Irish Tenors]]), and special guest [[Lou Reed]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title= 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7&nbsp;World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie ''[[Perfect Stranger (film)|Perfect Stranger]]'' with [[Halle Berry]] and [[Bruce Willis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_149/undercover.html |title=Under Cover, Tower 7 is no ‘Stranger’ to fame |date=2006, March 17–23 |publisher=Downtown Express}}</ref>


Since the building opened, several leased upper floors have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, homosexual events, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/54369?page_no=2 |title=The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center |author=Birkner, Gabrielle |publisher=New York Sun |date=May 14, 2007}}</ref> From [[September 8]] to [[October 7]], [[2006]], the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the [[World Trade Center Memorial Foundation]] at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the [[United States]] after the [[September 11]], [[2001]], attacks. The exhibit took place on the 46th floor while the space remained available for lease.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.buildthememorial.org/site/DocServer/5th_Anniversary_Exhibitions.pdf?docID=1881 |title=WTC Memorial Foundation Announces Photography Exhibitions to Mark 5th Anniversary of 9/11 |publisher=World Trade Center Memorial Foundation |date=August 7, 2006 |format=pdf}}</ref>
Since the building opened, several unleased upper floors have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/54369?page_no=2 |title=The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center |author=Birkner, Gabrielle |publisher=New York Sun |date=May 14, 2007}}</ref> From [[September 8]] to [[October 7]], [[2006]], the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the [[World Trade Center Memorial Foundation]] at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the [[United States]] after the [[September 11]], [[2001]], attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th floor while the space remained available for lease.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.buildthememorial.org/site/DocServer/5th_Anniversary_Exhibitions.pdf?docID=1881 |title=WTC Memorial Foundation Announces Photography Exhibitions to Mark 5th Anniversary of 9/11 |publisher=World Trade Center Memorial Foundation |date=August 7, 2006 |format=pdf}}</ref>


{{New World Trade Center}}
{{New World Trade Center}}

Revision as of 03:58, 21 November 2007

7 World Trade Center
7 World Trade Center
The new 7 World Trade Center (view from southeast)
Map
General information
Location250 Greenwich Street
New York City, New York, United States
Height
Roof750 ft (228 m)
Technical details
Floor count52
Floor area1.7 million sq ft
158,000 m²
Design and construction
Architect(s)David Childs (S.O.M.)
DeveloperSilverstein Properties

7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. The name 7 World Trade Center has referred to two buildings: the original structure, developed in 1984, and the current structure. The original building was destroyed on September 11, 2001 and replaced with the new 7 World Trade Center, which opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by Larry Silverstein who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoid-shaped footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated above a Con Edison power substation which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, the Salomon Brothers signed a long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11, 2001, the building was heavily damaged by debris when the adjacent twin towers collapsed. Its structural integrity was further compromised by fires which burned throughout the afternoon. The original 7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5:20 p.m. on September 11 due to the combined effect of structural and fire damage.

The new 7 World Trade Center construction began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. It is 52 stories tall and situated above a power substation. Built on a smaller footprint than the original to allow Greenwich Street to be restored from TriBeCa through the World Trade Center site and south to Battery Park, the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7 World Trade Center's design placed emphasis on safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns, and incorporates numerous environmentally friendly features.

1983–2001

A view of the original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, taken on August 14, 1992.
Transfer trusses used on the 5–7th floors to redistribute load to the foundation

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, with a red granite façade. The building was 610 feet (186 m) tall, with a trapezoid-shaped footprint that was 330 ft (101 m) long and 140 ft (43 m) wide.[1][2] Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.[1] In March 1987, the building opened, to become the seventh structure of the World Trade Center.

The building was constructed above a Con Edison substation, which had been on the site since 1967.[3] The substation had a caisson foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building on the site of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft (55,700 m²).[4] The final design for 7 World Trade Center was for a much larger building covering a larger footprint than originally planned when the substation was built.[5]

The structural design of 7 World Trade Center included features to allow a larger building than originally planned to be constructed. A system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders was located between floors 5 and 7 to transfer loads to the smaller foundation.[3] Existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The fifth floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the new and old caissons. Above the seventh floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.[4]

A shipping/receiving ramp, which served the entire World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7 World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the third floor, providing space for truck clearance on the shipping ramp.[4] The spray-on fireproofing for structural steel elements was gypsum-based Monokote which had a two-hour fire rating for steel beams, girders and truss, and a three-hour rating for columns.[6]

7 World Trade Center, behind and to the left of the Twin Towers

Mechanical equipment, including 12 transformers on the fifth floor, was installed on floors four through seven. Several generators in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon Smith Barney and others.[6] Storage tanks contained 24,000 gallons (91,000 L) of diesel fuel to supply the generators.[7] Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.[8] The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.[3]

Each floor had 47,000 sq ft (4,366 m²) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerably larger than most office buildings in the City.[9] In all, 7 World Trade Center had 1,868,000 sq ft (174,000 m²) of office space.[6] Two pedestrian bridges connected the main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street, to the third floor of 7 World Trade Center. The lobby of 7 World Trade Center had three murals by artist Al Held: The Third Circle, Pan North XII, and Vorces VII.[10][11] A sculpture by Alexander Calder, called WTC Stabile (also known by other names, The Cockeyed Propeller and Three Wings) was on a plaza in front of the building.[12]

Tenants

The position of Building 7 in relation to the other WTC buildings before September 11, 2001.

In June 1986, before construction was completed, Silverstein signed Drexel Burnham Lambert as a tenant to lease the entire 7 World Trade Center building for $3 billion over a term of 30 years.[13] In December 1986, after the Boesky insider-trading scandal, Drexel Burnham Lambert canceled the lease leaving Silverstein to find other tenants.[14] Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14 percent of the space but for more than a year, as Black Monday and other factors adversely affected the Lower Manhattan real estate market, Silverstein was unable to find tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988, Silverstein had lowered the rent and made other concessions.[15]

In November 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at Columbus Circle in Midtown and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[16] The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers.[17] Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350 tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. "Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building - and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation," said a district manager of Silverstein Properties. The unusual task was possible, said Larry Silverstein, because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."[17]

At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Salomon Smith Barney was by far the largest tenant in 7 World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900 sq ft (111,750 m²) (64 percent of the building) which included floors 28–45.[18][6] Other major tenants included ITT Hartford Insurance Group (122,590 sq ft/11,400 m²), American Express Bank International (106,117 sq ft/9,900 m²), Standard Chartered Bank (111,398 sq ft/10,350 m²), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (106,117 sq ft/9,850 m²).[18] Smaller tenants included the Internal Revenue Service Regional Council (90,430 sq ft/8,400 m²) and the United States Secret Service (85,343 sq ft/7,900 m²).[18] The smallest tenants included the New York City Office of Emergency Management, NAIC Securities, Federal Home Loan Bank, First State Management Group Inc., Provident Financial Management, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[18] The Department of Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS.[6] Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as well as the bottom six floors and part of the seventh floor.[6][19]

Collapse

7 World Trade Center on fire after the collapse of the Twin Towers on 9/11
See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center

As the North Tower collapsed on September 11, 2001, debris hit 7 World Trade Center, causing heavy damage to the south face of the building.[3] The bottom portion of the building's south face was heavily damaged from debris, including: damage to the southwest corner from the 8th to 18th floor, a large vertical gash on the center-bottom extending at least ten floors, and other damage as high as the 18th floor.[3] The building was equipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure. The sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system. The sprinkler floor level controls had just a single connection to the sprinkler water riser, and the sprinkler system required some power for the fire pump to deliver water. Loss of power to the fire pump or other damage to the structure would have meant no functioning sprinklers. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers.[20][21]

After the north tower collapsed, some firefighters entered 7 World Trade Center to search the building. They attempted to extinguish small pockets of fire, but low water pressure hindered their efforts.[22] A massive fire burned into the afternoon on the 11th and 12th floors of 7 World Trade Center, the flames visible on the east side of the building.[23][24] During the afternoon, fire was also seen on floors 6–10, 13–14, 19–22, and 29–30.[3] At approximately 2:00 p.m., firefighters noticed a bulge in the southwest corner of 7 World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th floors which was a sign that the building was unstable and might collapse.[25] During the afternoon, firefighters also heard creaking sounds coming from the building.[26] Around 3:30 pm, given that 7 World Trade Center was unstable and would possibly collapse, FDNY Chief Daniel Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal and searches along the surface of the debris near 7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area due to concerns for the safety of personnel.[27][25] At 5:20 p.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center collapsed. The building had been evacuated and there were no casualties associated with the collapse.

In May 2002, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers under leadership of Dr. W. Gene Corley, P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC but by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual firefighting. Structural elements were exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient period of time to reduce their strength to the point of collapse.[6]

The report did not reach final conclusions about the cause of the collapse, but listed several issues requiring further investigation. FEMA made these findings:

Loss of structural integrity was likely a result of weakening caused by fires on the 5th to 7th floors. The specifics of the fires in WTC 7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue. [Ch. 5, p. 31.]

Plan view of collapse progression, with structural failure initiating on lower floors, on the east side of the building and vertical progression up to the east mechanical penthouse

In response to FEMA's concerns, the Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was authorized to lead a three-year, $16 million investigation into the structural failure and collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers and 7 World Trade Center.[28] The investigation, led by Dr S. Shyam Sunder, drew not only upon in-house technical expertise, but also the knowledge of several outside private institutions, including the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), and the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY).[29]

Few photos and video clips exist that show the damage sustained to south face of 7 World Trade Center on 9/11. From a news helicopter, ABC News captured footage of the south face of 7 World Trade Center, including a glimpse of a gash, extending approximately 10 stories

NIST has released a video and still-photo analysis of 7 World Trade Center before its collapse that appears to indicate a greater degree of structural damage from falling debris than originally assumed by FEMA. Specifically, NIST's interim report on 7 World Trade Center displays photographs of the southwest façade of the building that show it to have significant damage. The report also highlights a 10-story gash in the center of the south façade, toward the bottom, extending approximately a quarter of the way into the interior.[30][3] A unique aspect of the design of 7 World Trade Center was that each outer structural column was responsible for supporting 2,000 sq ft (186 m²) of floor space, suggesting that the simultaneous removal of a number of columns severely compromised the structure's integrity.[31] Consistent with this theory, news footage shows cracking and bowing of the building's east wall immediately before the collapse, which began at the penthouse floors.[3] In video of the collapse, taken from the north by CBS News and other news media, the first visible sign of collapse is movement in the east penthouse 8.2 seconds before the north wall began to collapse, which took at least another 7 seconds.[3][32]

A progress report was released in June 2004, outlining NIST's working hypothesis.[33][3] The hypothesis, which was reiterated in a June 2007 status update, is that an initial failure in a critical column occurred below the 13th floor, caused by damage from fire and/or debris induced structural damage of a critical column, from the collapse of the two main towers. The collapse progressed vertically up to the east mechanical penthouse. The interior structure was unable to handle the redistributed load, resulting in horizontal progression of the failure across lower floors, particularly the 5th to 7th floors. This resulted in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure."[34]

NIST anticipates the release of a draft report of 7 World Trade Center by the end of 2007.[34] The NIST is utilizing ANSYS to model events leading up to collapse initiation and LS-DYNA models to simulate the global response to initiating events.[35] The investigation of 7 World Trade Center has been delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7 World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005, to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers.[36] In June 2007, he explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The WTC 7 investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our work on the towers."[34]

BMCC's Fiterman Hall was heavily damaged from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, and is undergoing deconstruction

Rejecting preliminary findings by FEMA and NIST that fire caused them, some conspiracy theorists believe the dramatic building collapses on September 11, including that of building seven, were the result of controlled demolition.[37][38] NIST has "found no evidence of a blast or controlled demolition event", though in its final report on building 7, they would "like to determine the magnitude of hypothetical blast scenarios that could have led to the structural failure of one or more critical elements."[36]

When 7 World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damage and contamination to the Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall building, located adjacent at 30 West Broadway, to the extent that the building is not salvageable. As of August 2007, Fiterman Hall is undergoing deconstruction.[39] The adjacent Verizon Building, an art deco building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east façade from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, though was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4 billion.[40]

Rebuilding 7 World Trade Center

Design

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 750 ft (228 m) tall.[41] The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1,700,000 sq ft (158,000 m²) of office space.[41] The first ten floors house an electrical substation, which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than its predecessor so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored in an effort to reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District.[42]

7 World Trade Center under construction in October 2004

David Childs worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light, with stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.[43] Stainless steel used in the building façade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.[44] To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation for the machinery.[45] During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it illuminates with blue LED lights.[46] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[47] At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk it transitions to violet and back to blue.[48] Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created a large light installation with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.[43] The entire wall, which is 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4 m) tall, changes color according to the time of day. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The wall is structurally fortified as a security measure.[49]

The new 7 World Trade Center

The building is being promoted as the safest skyscraper in the U.S.[50] According to Silverstein Properties, the owner of the building, it "will incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction".[51] The building has 2 ft (60 cm) thick reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts.[52] The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.[52] Steel columns are encased in much thicker fire protection, which consists of a medium-density, portland cement-based product that adheres well to the steel columns, among other advantages over alternate types of spray-applied fire-resistive material.[53]

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators.[54] After pressing a destination floor number on a lobby keypad, passengers are grouped and directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor (there are no buttons to press inside the elevators). This system is designed to reduce elevator waiting and travel times. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby turnstile and card reader system that identifies the floor on which a person works as he/she enters and can automatically call the elevator for that floor.[55]

The building is considered New York City's first "green" office tower and gained gold status in the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program.[56] Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.[57] Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[43] Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.[58][59]

Construction

Fireproofing is visible on floor beams (at top) on the 45th floor of 7 World Trade Center, in September 2006, while the space was yet to be leased and modified for tenant needs

Tishman Construction Corporation of New York began work at the new 7 World Trade Center in 2002, soon after the site was cleared of debris. Restoring the Con Ed electrical substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[42] Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16 acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval only from the Port Authority and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.[60] Building Seven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan by Daniel Libeskind, but was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill under the leadership of David Childs, who largely redesigned the Freedom Tower.

Once construction of the power substation was complete in October 2003, work proceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.[61] Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[43] Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the old building, he had $400 million remaining in mortgage to pay off.[62] Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.[63]

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m²) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[64] As the seasons change, so will the colors in the park, providing a natural complement to the adjacent tower. At the center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created Balloon Flower (Red), whose mirror-polished stainless steel represents a twisted balloon in the shape of a flower.[65]

Building opened

The building was officially opened at noon on May 23, 2006, with a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega, Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed.[66] Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7 World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie Perfect Stranger with Halle Berry and Bruce Willis.[67]

Since the building opened, several unleased upper floors have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.[68] From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation at 7 World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th floor while the space remained available for lease.[69]

World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History
New York Academy of Sciences office (lobby) on the 40th floor

As of March 2007, 60 percent of the building had been leased.[70] In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-year lease to rent 15 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[71][72] Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade Center, as of May 2007, include ABN Amro,[73] Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[74] Darby & Darby P.C.,[75] Mansueto Ventures LLC, business publisher of Fast Company and Inc.,[76] and the New York Academy of Sciences.[77]

The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been designed to use the maximum amount of natural light and has an open floor plan.[78] The space used by the New York Academy of Sciences on the 40th floor, designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the green design of the building, the NYAS uses recycled materials in many of the office furnishings, has zoned heating and cooling, and lights that detect motion, coming on automatically only when people are present, and adjust according to incoming sunlight.[79]

Silverstein Properties also has offices in 7 World Trade Center, along with office space used by the architectural and engineering firms working on the Freedom Tower, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street.[80][81] As of July 2007, space remains available on the ten uppermost floors and floors 35 through 37 of 7 World Trade Center.[82]

See also

References

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  5. ^ Lew, H.S.; et al. (September 2005). "NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems". Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (pdf). NIST. pp. p. xxxvii. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
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