Tira, Israel: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 32°13′56″N 34°56′54″E / 32.23222°N 34.94833°E / 32.23222; 34.94833
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{{Other uses|Tira (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Tira (disambiguation)}}
{{POV|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tira
| name = Tira
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}}[[File:TiraIsrael.jpg|thumb|Tira's southern entrance]]
}}[[File:TiraIsrael.jpg|thumb|Tira's southern entrance]]


'''Tira''' ({{lang-ar|الطـّيرة}} ''al-Tira'', {{lang-he|טִירָה}}), lit. "The Fort")<ref>Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/194/mode/1up 194]</ref> is a city in the [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]] of [[Israel]]. Part of [[Triangle (Israel)|The Triangle]], a concentration of towns and villages of [[Arab citizens of Israel]] adjacent to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], Tira is close to [[Kfar Saba]], and is well known by its neighbors for its weekly outdoor market, as well as for its [[Arab cuisine]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Tire}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} Much of its traditional village land had been appropriated by the state.<ref>Nimer Sultany,
'''Tira''' ({{lang-ar|الطـّيرة}} ''al-Tira'', {{lang-he|טִירָה}}), lit. "The Fort")<ref>Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/194/mode/1up 194]</ref> is a city in the [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]] of [[Israel]]. Part of [[Triangle (Israel)|The Triangle]], a concentration of [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] towns and villages adjacent to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], Tira is close to [[Kfar Saba]], and is well known by its neighbors for its weekly outdoor market, as well as for its [[Arab cuisine]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Tire}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}
⚫
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/19/peaceful-coexistence-israel-myth-palestinian-denied-rights 'Benjamin Netanyahu publicly assured the police not to worry about investigations and commissions of inquiry.'] [[The Guardian]] 18 May 2021.</ref>


==History==
==History==
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[[File:Et Tire 1942.jpg|thumb|Tira (Et Tire) 1942 1:20,000]]
[[File:Et Tire 1942.jpg|thumb|Tira (Et Tire) 1942 1:20,000]]
[[File:Qalqilya 1945.jpg|thumb|Tira 1945 1:250,000]]
[[File:Qalqilya 1945.jpg|thumb|Tira 1945 1:250,000]]

===State of Israel===

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the Israeli [[Alexandroni Brigade]] was ordered to "capture and destroy" Tira.<ref name=MorrisTira>{{cite book | author = Benny Morris | title = The birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2004 | pages = 246,302,531}}</ref> However, the village was held by Iraqi troops and not captured. In May 1949, the village was transferred to Israeli sovereignty as part of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements|Jordan-Israeli Armistice Agreement]] and the villagers were not expelled.<ref name=MorrisTira/>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Line 68: Line 72:


==Income==
==Income==
According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,654 salaried workers and 953 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]] 3,767, a real change of 2.4% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 4,494 (a real change of 6.1%) versus ILS 2,319 for females (a real change of −13.0%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,289. There are 69 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,183 people who receive an income guarantee. In 2004, 41.9% of the population was part of the workforce.
Tira is described as a prosperous Arab community.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-08-et-williams8-story.html Israeli Arab porn sparks outrage]</ref> According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,654 salaried workers and 953 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]] 3,767, a real change of 2.4% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 4,494 (a real change of 6.1%) versus ILS 2,319 for females (a real change of −13.0%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,289. There are 69 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,183 people who receive an income guarantee. In 2004, 41.9% of the population was part of the workforce.


==Education==
==Education==
According to CBS, there are 10 schools and 4,735 students in the city. They are spread out, as seven elementary schools with 2,896 elementary school students, and three high schools with 1,839 high school students. Of 12th grade students, 64.8% were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.
According to CBS, there are 10 schools and 4,735 students in the city. There are seven elementary schools with 2,896 students, and three high schools with 1,839 students. Of 12th grade students, 64.8% were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.


In 2004, 6.5% of the population had 0 years of education, 17.1% had up to 8 years, 55% had 9 to 12 years, 11.8% had 13–15 years, and 9.7% had 16 or more years of education. Ten percent had an academic degree.
In 2004, 6.5% of the population had 0 years of education, 17.1% had up to 8 years, 55% had 9 to 12 years, 11.8% had 13–15 years, and 9.7% had 16 or more years of education. Ten percent had an academic degree.
Line 88: Line 92:
#Technological High School
#Technological High School
#Tira's Science High School
#Tira's Science High School
#Q School, focused on English language education<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/maverick-educator-seeks-to-change-israeli-arab-world-from-within/ Maverick educator seeks to change Israeli Arab world from within]</ref>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
High school students from Tira have received scholarships from Israeli universities and participate in exchange programs such as Y.E.S ([[Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs]]), [[Seeds of Peace]], and [[CISV]].
High school students from Tira have received scholarships from Israeli universities and participate in exchange programs such as Y.E.S ([[Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs]]), [[Seeds of Peace]], and [[CISV]].

== Crime==
Tira, like much of the Arab community in Israel, has been plagued by violent crime,<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-arab-men-killed-in-separate-violent-incidents-on-first-day-of-new-year/ Two Arab men killed in separate violent incidents on first day of new year]</ref> and organized crime is seen as the main driver. <ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/woman-38-shot-dead-in-her-beauty-parlor-in-central-city-of-tira/ Woman, 38, shot dead in her beauty parlor in central city of Tira]</ref> Other factors leading to the crime wave include family feuds and organised gangs.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58183954 The murderous crime wave sweeping Israel's Arabs]</ref> Violence in the name of protecting "honor" is also a problem. In 2003, a Tira couple who took part in a pornographic film were attacker by a lynch mob in the town square, beaten and had to be hospitalized under police guard. Residents were of the opinion that the couple had brought this upon themselves, and were disappointed was that they were not killed by the mob. <ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-08-et-williams8-story.html Israeli Arab porn sparks outrage]</ref>

According to the Israeli police, a contributor to problems policing towns such as Tira is inadequate co-operation from local population, whose fear and suspicion of the police makes them reluctant to report crime.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/national-news/cautious-optimism-for-new-police-station-in-tira-311659 Cautious optimism for new police station in Tira]</ref> Calling for extra police to be assigned, Tira's leaders charge that police treat Arabs as second class citizens and don't properly investigate crime,<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-oct-29-la-fg-israel-police-arabs-20121024-story.html Arab citizens in Israel bemoan lack of policing]</ref> pointing to the fact that only 1 of 8 murders in Tira since 2020 has been solved, versus 71% percent of murders in Jewish communities.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-police-solved-71-of-murders-in-jewish-community-but-only-23-for-arabs-1.10097156 Israel Police Solved 71 Percent of Murders in Jewish Community, but Only 23 Percent for Arabs]</ref>
Between 2011 and 2019, Tira was the site of 31 homicides, the fifth highest per capita rate of all Arab towns in Israel. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.momken.org/Public/files/9YOB%20report%20english.pdf|title=Nine Years of Bloodshed|website=www.momken.org}}</ref> In response, a new police station was opened in Tira in 2013. Most Tira residents were opposed to this, but the Mayor overrode them. <ref>[https://www.jpost.com/national-news/cautious-optimism-for-new-police-station-in-tira-311659 Cautious optimism for new police station in Tira]</ref>
According to a native Arab Israeli resident of Tira, Nimer Sultany, now reader in law at [[SOAS]], Tira has a high crime and poverty rate, problems with education, employment, elements which the author attributes to the effects of decades of land confiscation.<ref name="Sultany" >Nimer Sultany,
⚫
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/19/peaceful-coexistence-israel-myth-palestinian-denied-rights 'Benjamin Netanyahu publicly assured the police not to worry about investigations and commissions of inquiry.'] [[The Guardian]] 18 May 2021:'Tira used to be an agricultural town. Decades of confiscation, home demolitions, incarceration, and discrimination in education, employment and welfare made my town, like virtually every Palestinian town in Israel, a ghetto with substandard schools and high rates of poverty and crime.
.'</ref>


==Sister cities==
==Sister cities==

Revision as of 16:15, 31 August 2021

For other uses, see Tira (disambiguation).
Tira
  • טִירָה‎
  • الطـّيرة
City
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Ṭira
 • Also spelledTire (official)
Official logo of Tira
Tira is located in Israel
Tira
Tira
Coordinates: 32°13′56″N 34°56′54″E / 32.23222°N 34.94833°E / 32.23222; 34.94833
Grid position145/182 PAL
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorMamoun Abd al-Hay
Area
 • Total11,894 dunams (11.894 km2 or 4.592 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total27,802
 • Density2,300/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
Name meaningThe High Land
Tira's southern entrance

Tira (Arabic: الطـّيرة al-Tira, Hebrew: טִירָה), lit. "The Fort")[2] is a city in the Central District of Israel. Part of The Triangle, a concentration of Arab towns and villages adjacent to the Green Line, Tira is close to Kfar Saba, and is well known by its neighbors for its weekly outdoor market, as well as for its Arab cuisine. In 2022 it had a population of 27,802.[1]

History

In the 12th century, during the Crusader period, the village was owned by the Order of St. John. It was lease to Robert of Sinjil and his heirs. In the 14th and 15th century, Tira was a stop on the road between Gaza and Damascus,[3] and a khan was constructed.[4]

Ottoman era

Pierre Jacotin called the village Ertahah on his map from 1799.[5]

In 1870, Victor Guérin found it to be a “village of seven hundred inhabitants, with gardens planted with fig trees and pomegranates, separated from each other by hedges of cactus.”[6]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Tira as: "A conspicuous village on a knoll in the plain, surrounded by olives, with a well on the west side."[7]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tireh had a population of 1,588 inhabitants; 1,582 Muslims[8] and 6 Orthodox Christians,[9] increasing in the 1931 census to 2,192; 2,190 Muslims and 2 Christians, in a total of 380 houses.[10]

In the 1945 statistics, Tira had 3,180 Muslim inhabitants,[11] who owned a total of 26,803 dunams of land.[12]

Tira (Et Tire) 1942 1:20,000
Tira 1945 1:250,000

State of Israel

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the Israeli Alexandroni Brigade was ordered to "capture and destroy" Tira.[13] However, the village was held by Iraqi troops and not captured. In May 1949, the village was transferred to Israeli sovereignty as part of the Jordan-Israeli Armistice Agreement and the villagers were not expelled.[13]

Demographics

According to CBS, in 2004 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.9% Sunni Muslim Arab citizens of Israel (see also: Population groups in Israel).

A small number of Jews also live in Tira, mainly due to the cheaper housing costs offered by Tira than in many Jewish localities, such as nearby Kfar Saba.[14]

According to CBS, in 2001 there were 9,600 males and 9,300 females. The population of the city was spread out, with 47.4% 19 years of age or younger, 16.2% between 20 and 29, 19.9% between 30 and 44, 10.8% from 45 to 59, 1.8% from 60 to 64, and 3.8% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 2.8%. In 2004, 41.3% of the population was 17 years or younger, 54.5% were between 18 and 64 years of age, and 4.2% were aged 65 and above.

Income

Tira is described as a prosperous Arab community.[15] According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,654 salaried workers and 953 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is ILS 3,767, a real change of 2.4% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 4,494 (a real change of 6.1%) versus ILS 2,319 for females (a real change of −13.0%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,289. There are 69 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,183 people who receive an income guarantee. In 2004, 41.9% of the population was part of the workforce.

Education

According to CBS, there are 10 schools and 4,735 students in the city. There are seven elementary schools with 2,896 students, and three high schools with 1,839 students. Of 12th grade students, 64.8% were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.

In 2004, 6.5% of the population had 0 years of education, 17.1% had up to 8 years, 55% had 9 to 12 years, 11.8% had 13–15 years, and 9.7% had 16 or more years of education. Ten percent had an academic degree.

The city's schools include:

  1. Al-Zahraa
  2. Al-Najah
  3. Al-G'azali
  4. Al-Majd
  5. Al-Aomareya
  6. Junior High A
  7. Junior High B
  8. Junior High c(g)
  9. Amal 1- Ibrahim Qsaem High School
  10. Technological High School
  11. Tira's Science High School
  12. Q School, focused on English language education[16]

High school students from Tira have received scholarships from Israeli universities and participate in exchange programs such as Y.E.S (Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs), Seeds of Peace, and CISV.

Crime

Tira, like much of the Arab community in Israel, has been plagued by violent crime,[17] and organized crime is seen as the main driver. [18] Other factors leading to the crime wave include family feuds and organised gangs.[19] Violence in the name of protecting "honor" is also a problem. In 2003, a Tira couple who took part in a pornographic film were attacker by a lynch mob in the town square, beaten and had to be hospitalized under police guard. Residents were of the opinion that the couple had brought this upon themselves, and were disappointed was that they were not killed by the mob. [20]

According to the Israeli police, a contributor to problems policing towns such as Tira is inadequate co-operation from local population, whose fear and suspicion of the police makes them reluctant to report crime.[21] Calling for extra police to be assigned, Tira's leaders charge that police treat Arabs as second class citizens and don't properly investigate crime,[22] pointing to the fact that only 1 of 8 murders in Tira since 2020 has been solved, versus 71% percent of murders in Jewish communities.[23] Between 2011 and 2019, Tira was the site of 31 homicides, the fifth highest per capita rate of all Arab towns in Israel. [24] In response, a new police station was opened in Tira in 2013. Most Tira residents were opposed to this, but the Mayor overrode them. [25]

According to a native Arab Israeli resident of Tira, Nimer Sultany, now reader in law at SOAS, Tira has a high crime and poverty rate, problems with education, employment, elements which the author attributes to the effects of decades of land confiscation.[26]

Sister cities

Tira is twinned with:

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p.194
  3. ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 307, citing al-Zahri ed. Ravaisse, 199, Hartmann 1910, 689
  4. ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 307, citing al-Umari ed. Shams al-Din
  5. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 170
  6. ^ Guérin, 1875, p. 355
  7. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 166
  8. ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. 28
  9. ^ Barron, 1923, table XV, p. 48
  10. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 58
  11. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 22
  12. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970 p.77
  13. ^ a b Benny Morris (2004). The birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246, 302, 531.
  14. ^ [1], Ynet
  15. ^ Israeli Arab porn sparks outrage
  16. ^ Maverick educator seeks to change Israeli Arab world from within
  17. ^ Two Arab men killed in separate violent incidents on first day of new year
  18. ^ Woman, 38, shot dead in her beauty parlor in central city of Tira
  19. ^ The murderous crime wave sweeping Israel's Arabs
  20. ^ Israeli Arab porn sparks outrage
  21. ^ Cautious optimism for new police station in Tira
  22. ^ Arab citizens in Israel bemoan lack of policing
  23. ^ Israel Police Solved 71 Percent of Murders in Jewish Community, but Only 23 Percent for Arabs
  24. ^ "Nine Years of Bloodshed" (PDF). www.momken.org.
  25. ^ Cautious optimism for new police station in Tira
  26. ^ Nimer Sultany, 'Benjamin Netanyahu publicly assured the police not to worry about investigations and commissions of inquiry.' The Guardian 18 May 2021:'Tira used to be an agricultural town. Decades of confiscation, home demolitions, incarceration, and discrimination in education, employment and welfare made my town, like virtually every Palestinian town in Israel, a ghetto with substandard schools and high rates of poverty and crime. .'
  27. ^ Sayed Kashua, 'Sayed Kashua: why I have to leave Israel ,', 20 July 2014. The Guardian.

Bibliography

External links

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