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MF Doom

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MF Doom
Dumile performing in November 2011
Dumile performing in November 2011
Background information
Birth nameDaniel Dumile
Also known as
  • Zev Love X
  • King Geedorah
  • Viktor Vaughn
  • Metal Fingers
  • DOOM
  • Metal Face
Born(1971-07-13)July 13, 1971
London, England
DiedOctober 31, 2020(2020-10-31) (aged 49)
Genres
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • record producer
Years active1988–1993, 1997–2020
Labels
Websitegasdrawls.com

Daniel Dumile[a] (/ˈduːmiːleɪ/ DOOM-ee-lay;[3] July 13, 1971[4][5] – October 31, 2020), best known by his stage name MF Doom or simply Doom (both stylized in all caps), was a British-American rapper and record producer. Noted for his intricate wordplay, signature metal mask, and "supervillain" stage persona, Dumile became a major figure of underground hip hop in the 2000s. After his death, Variety described him as one of the scene's "most celebrated, unpredictable and enigmatic figures".[6]

Born in London, Dumile moved to Long Island, New York, at a young age. He began his career in 1988 as a member of KMD, performing under the name Zev Love X. The group disbanded in 1993 upon the death of member DJ Subroc, Dumile's brother. After a hiatus, Dumile reemerged in the late 1990s, performing at open mic events while wearing a metal mask resembling that of Marvel Comics supervillain Doctor Doom, who is depicted on the cover of his 1999 debut solo album Operation: Doomsday. He adopted the MF Doom persona and rarely made unmasked public appearances thereafter.

Between 2003 and 2005, Dumile released four solo albums and three collaborative albums. In addition to the critically acclaimed Mm..Food (2004) under the MF Doom moniker, he released solo albums including one under the pseudonym King Geedorah and two as Viktor Vaughn. Madvillainy (2004), recorded with producer Madlib under the name Madvillain, is often cited as Dumile's magnum opus and is regarded as a landmark album in hip hop.[7] The following year he released The Mouse and the Mask with producer Danger Mouse as Danger Doom.

Though he lived the majority of his life in the United States, Dumile never gained American citizenship and was denied reentry in 2010 after returning from an international tour for his sixth and final solo album, 2009's Born Like This. He relocated to London and, in his final years, worked mostly in collaboration with other artists, releasing albums with Jneiro Jarel (as JJ Doom), Bishop Nehru (NehruvianDoom), and Czarface (Czarface Meets Metal Face).

Early life

Dumile was born in London on July 13, 1971,[4][8][5] the son of a Trinidadian mother and Zimbabwean father.[9][10] According to Dumile, he was conceived in the United States, and happened to be born in London because his mother was visiting family.[11] As a child, Dumile moved with his family to Long Island, New York. He grew up in Long Beach, New York,[12] but remained a British citizen, never gaining American citizenship.[13] He said he had no memory of his London childhood and his parents had no affiliation with British cultural identity.[11]

Dumile began DJing during the summer after third grade.[14][15] As a child, he was a fan and collector of comic books and earned the nickname "Doom" (a phonetic play on his last name Dumile) among friends and family.[16][17]

Career

1988–1997: KMD, Subroc's death, and hiatus

Dumile as Zev Love X (left) with fellow KMD members DJ Subroc and Onyx the Birthstone Kid in 1991

As Zev Love X, the first of many pseudonyms,[18] Dumile formed the group KMD in 1988 with his younger brother DJ Subroc and another MC, Rodan. Rodan was later replaced by Onyx the Birthstone Kid.[19] Artists and repertoire representative Dante Ross learned of KMD through the hip hop group 3rd Bass and signed them to Elektra Records.[20] Their recording debut came on 3rd Bass's song "The Gas Face" on The Cactus Album,[19] followed in 1991 by their debut album Mr. Hood. Dumile performed the last verse on "The Gas Face"; according to Pete Nice's verse on the track, Dumile came up with the phrase.[21] In May 1991, Dumile and Onyx testified before the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration in support of a voter registration bill.[22]

In 1993, just before the release of the second KMD album, Black Bastards,[19] Subroc was struck by a car and killed while attempting to cross the Nassau Expressway. In the same week, the group was dropped from Elektra Records.[23] The album was shelved before it was released due to its controversial cover art,[20] which featured a cartoon of a stereotypical pickaninny or sambo character being hanged.[24]

After his brother's death, Dumile retreated from the hip hop scene from 1994 to 1997, living "damn near homeless, walking the streets of Manhattan, sleeping on benches".[25] In the late 1990s, he settled in Atlanta. According to interviews with Dumile, he was "recovering from his wounds" and swearing revenge "against the industry that so badly deformed him".[19] Black Bastards had been bootlegged by that time,[24] but was not formally released until 2000.[26]

1997–2001: Operation: Doomsday and production work

In 1997 or 1998,[b] Dumile began freestyling incognito at open-mic events at the Nuyorican Poets Café in Manhattan, obscuring his face by putting tights over his head.[27][28] He had taken on a new identity, MF Doom, with a mask similar to that of Marvel Comics supervillain Doctor Doom.[29]

In the late 1990s, Dumile released three singles on Bobbito Garcia's Fondle 'Em Records: "Dead Bent" (as Metal Face Doom),[30] "Greenbacks" (1997),[31] and "The M.I.C." (1998).[32] Fondle 'Em released Operation: Doomsday, Dumile's first full-length LP as MF Doom, in 1999. Dumile's collaborators on Operation: Doomsday included fellow members of the Monsta Island Czars collective, for which each artist took on the persona of a monster from the Godzilla films. Dumile went by the alias "King Geedorah", a three-headed golden dragon space monster modeled after King Ghidorah.[33] The album's productions sampled cartoons including Fantastic Four.[34] Jon Caramanica, in a review of Operation: Doomsday for Spin, emphasized the contrast between Dumile's flow as Zev Love X in KMD and his revised approach as a solo artist: "Doom's flow is muddy, nowhere near the sprightly rhymes of KMD's early days, and his thought process is haphazard."[35] Caramanica revisited Operation: Doomsday in The New York Times in 2021, calling it "one of the most idiosyncratic hip-hop albums of the 1990s, and one of the defining documents of the independent hip-hop explosion of that decade".[36] Cyril Cordor, in a review for AllMusic, described Operation: Doomsday as Dumile's "rawest" lyrical effort.[37]

In 2001, Dumile began releasing his Special Herbs instrumentals series under the pseudonym Metal Fingers.[38][39] A review of Special Herbs volumes 5 and 6 in CMJ New Music Monthly compared Dumile's beats to "soul jazz".[40] In a review of a 2011 box set containing ten volumes of the Special Herbs series, Pitchfork observed that the instrumentals stand on their own without vocal tracks: "most of these tracks sound plenty 'finished' even in rhyme-less form".[39]

2002–2004: King Geedorah, Viktor Vaughn, and Madvillainy

In 2003, Dumile released the album Take Me to Your Leader under his King Geedorah moniker.[41][42] Geedorah is credited as producer, but only appears as an MC on two tracks.[43] In Pitchfork, Mark Martelli described Take Me to Your Leader as close to a concept album, noting how it lays out the "mythos" of the eponymous King Geedorah.[43] Martelli praised the album, particularly tracks such as "One Smart Nigger" which, in his view, were superior to other artists' attempts at political hip hop.[43] Fact, in a brief notice for a 2013 reissue of Take Me to Your Leader, called it "arguably the most cinematic" of Dumile's albums from the turn of the 21st century.[44]

Later in 2003, Dumile released the LP Vaudeville Villain under the moniker Viktor Vaughn (another play on Doctor Doom, whose "real name" is Victor von Doom). NME described the Viktor Vaughn persona as a "a time travelling street hustler".[45] A review for Pitchfork named Vaudeville Villain a best new album and highlighted its lyricism, noting that "[t]here's no exaggeration made when you hear someone referring to Metal Face as one of the best writers in rap".[46] [47]

Photo of a man with a short goatee and mustache wearing a durag
Madlib in late 2003, around the time he was working on Madvillainy with Dumile

Dumile's commercial breakthrough came in 2004 with the album Madvillainy, created with producer Madlib under the group name Madvillain. Madlib and Dumile met in 2002 at the Stones Throw Records headquarters in Los Angeles.[48] They recorded the album in a series of sessions over two years before a commercial release on March 23, 2004.[49] Madvillainy was a critical and commercial success,[17] and has since become known as Dumile's masterpiece.[50]

Also in 2004, Dumile released a follow-up LP under the Viktor Vaughn moniker, VV:2. Nathan Rabin noted in The A.V. Club that VV:2, coming as it did after the commercial and critical success of Madvillainy, represented an unusual career choice for Dumile whereby he went "deeper underground" instead of embracing wider fame.[51] Later in 2004, the second MF Doom album Mm..Food was released by Rhymesayers Entertainment.[50] A lukewarm review in Pitchfork emphasized the album's standard lyrical subject matter, but suggested that Dumile intended it to be "merely good or somewhat inconsequential" in order to demonstrate his ability on the mic and behind the boards.[52] Nathan Rabin described Mm..Food as a "crazy pastiche" but argued that it grew more coherent on repeated listening.[53]

2005–2009: Danger Doom, Born Like This, and Ghostface collaboration

Although still an independent artist, Dumile took a bigger step towards the mainstream in 2005 with The Mouse and the Mask, a collaboration with producer DJ Danger Mouse under the group name Danger Doom. The album, released on October 11, 2005, by Epitaph and Lex, was developed in collaboration with Cartoon Network's Adult Swim and featured voice actors and characters from its programs (mostly Aqua Teen Hunger Force). The Mouse and the Mask reached #41 on the Billboard 200.[54] Critic Chris Vognar, discussing the role of comedy in hip hop, argued that "Doom and Danger exemplify an absurdist strain in recent independent hip-hop, a willingness to embrace the nerdy without a heavy cloak of irony".[55]

Dumile produced tracks for both of Ghostface Killah's 2006 albums Fishscale[56] and More Fish.[57] In February 2013, Ghostface Killah said that he and Dumile were in the process of choosing tracks for a collaborative album.[58] In 2015, Ghostface Killah announced that the album, Swift & Changeable, would be released in 2016, and later posted promotional artwork for the collaboration.[59][60][61] It remains unreleased.

Dumile's Born Like This was released on Lex Records on March 24, 2009. The album was Dumile's first solo album to chart in the US.[62] In a largely favorable review for Pitchfork, Nate Patrin cast the album as a return to form for Dumile, following a period of limited output.[63] Patrin observed that Dumile's lyrics and flow—"a focused rasp that's subtly grown slightly more ragged and intense"—were darker in tone on Born Like This than in earlier records.[63] He also highlighted the overtly homophobic "Batty Boyz" (whose title evidently refers to batty boy, a slur), a diss track against unnamed rappers.[63] Steve Yates, reviewing the album in The Guardian, likewise saw Born Like This as hearkening back to Dumile's earlier output.[64] The album, Yates wrote, presented Dumile at "his scalpel-tongued, scatter-mouthed best".[64] Both Patrin and Yates noted the influence of Charles Bukowski on Born Like This: the first line of Bukowski's poem "Dinosauria, We" gives the album its title.[63][64]

2010–2020: Move to London and later collaborations

Photo portrait of a man wearing a golden mask and hoodie, holding a sampler and pointing at the viewer
Dumile in 2008

In early 2010, Dumile released the EP Gazzillion Ear on Lex, a compilation of remixes of the track "Gazzillion Ear" from Born Like This that included a remix by Thom Yorke and two mixes by Jneiro Jarel.[65] A further remix by Madvillain featuring a voicemail message from Kanye West was released online.[66] The EP coincided with Dumile's first performances outside North America. On March 5, 2010, Lex and Sónar presented the first Doom show in London, at the Roundhouse in Camden.[67] Expektoration, Dumile's second live album, was released on September 14, 2010, through Gold Dust.[68] In a review of Expektoration, Pitchfork noted that Dumile's vocal performance was considerably more energetic than on his recordings, which it characterized as "laidback" by comparison.[69]

After completing his European tour, Dumile was refused entry into the United States.[70][71] He settled in the UK and began recording an album with fellow Lex artist Jneiro Jarel under the moniker JJ Doom.[72] Dumile contributed two exclusive JJ Doom tracks to the Lex 10th-anniversary compilation album Complex Volume 1: an alternative version of "Retarded Fren" made with Yorke and Jonny Greenwood,[73] and the Dave Sitek remix of "Rhymin Slang".[74] They were released digitally in December 2011, and released on vinyl on Record Store Day 2012. The JJ Doom album Key to the Kuffs was released on August 20, 2012, and included guest features from Damon Albarn, Beth Gibbons of Portishead, Khujo Goodie of Goodie Mob and Dungeon Family, and Boston Fielder.[75] Reviews of Key to the Kuffs in Pitchfork and Fact emphasized its references to Dumile's "exile" in the United Kingdom,[76][77] while Resident Advisor noted its play on Britishisms in tracks like "Guv'nor".[78]

NehruvianDoom, Dumile's collaboration with rapper Bishop Nehru, was released on October 7, 2014.[79] Dumile produced all the tracks on NehruvianDoom, often using beats developed in the Special Herbs series; vocals are primarily Nehru's, with some contributions from Dumile.[80] The album was Nehru's major label debut.[81] Critics emphasized Nehru's comparative youth (he was still in his teens when the album was recorded) and the consequent limits to his artistic achievement on the album—especially given its brevity, at just over 30 minutes.[81][82] Dumile's contributions were also seen as limited: Pitchfork wrote that he often seemed on "autopilot";[80] XXL suggested that neither he nor Nehru were able to "push the envelope".[82]

In August 2017, an Adult Swim executive announced that Doom would release a collection of music, to be titled The Missing Notebook Rhymes, which would consist of songs from his upcoming projects as well as featured appearances on other artists' songs. The Adult Swim website was to release one new song per week over the course of 15 weeks.[83] However, the arrangement was canceled in mid-September after the release of only seven tracks.[84]

In February 2018, Dumile and Czarface released "Nautical Depth", the first single from their collaborative album, Czarface Meets Metal Face.[85] The album was released on March 30, 2018. In a lukewarm review for Pitchfork, Mehan Jayasuriya compared verses by Open Mike Eagle favorably to Dumile's own, but noted that Dumile's contribution to "Nautical Depth" exhibited his "once razor-sharp lyricism".[86] Ben Beaumont-Thomas, in The Guardian, was more complimentary, noting Dumile's "stoner surrealism" in "Captain Crunch".[87]

Aside from the album with Czarface, Dumile's musical output in the final three years of his life was limited to one-off guest appearances on other artists' songs.[88] His first posthumous recordings were appearances on two songs for The Music of Grand Theft Auto Online: Cayo Perica Heist—"Lunch Break" by Flying Lotus and "The Chocolate Conquistadors" by BadBadNotGood—both released in early December, before his death became publicly known at the end of the month.[89] Shortly after the announcement of Dumile's death, Flying Lotus revealed that they had been working together on an EP.[90]

Style and artistry

Dumile's lyrics are known for wordplay, and his productions frequently incorporated samples and quotations from film.[91][30] Bradley and DuBois, describing Dumile as "among the most enigmatic figures in hip-hop", wrote that Dumile's "raspy baritone weaves an intricate web of allusions drawn from comic books and metaphysics along with seeming nonsense and non sequiturs".[26] According to an obituary in The Ringer, "his flow was loose and conversational, but delivered with technical precision", and his usage of rhyme and meter eclipsed that of Big Pun and Eminem.[88]

MF Doom persona

Portrait illustration of a man with thinning hair wearing a metal mask and T-shirt
Portrait illustration of Dumile from a poster promoting his 2011 Born Like This tour of the UK

Dumile created the MF Doom character as an alter ego with a backstory he could reference in his music.[92] The character combines elements from the Marvel Comics supervillain Doctor Doom, Destro, and the Phantom of the Opera.[93] Its signature mask is similar to that of Doctor Doom,[29] who is depicted rapping on the cover of Dumile's 1999 debut album Operation: Doomsday.[94] Dumile wore the mask while performing, and would not be photographed without it, except for short glimpses in videos and in earlier photos with KMD.[95] Later versions of the mask were based on a prop from the 2000 film Gladiator.[96]

Academic Hershini Bhana Young argued that, by appropriating the Doctor Doom mask, Dumile "positions himself as enemy, not only of the music industry but also of dominant constructions of identity that relegate him as a black man to second-class citizenship".[29]

Dumile sometimes sent stand-ins to perform in the mask, which he saw as a "logical extension" of the concept but angered audiences.[92] Dumile initially claimed that he had lost weight and thus looked and sounded different.[97] At a 2010 show in Toronto, an imposter was booed off stage before being replaced by Dumile.[98] In an interview with The New Yorker, Dumile described himself as the "writer and director" of the character and that he "might send a white dude next ... whoever plays the character plays the character".[92]

In November 2019, during his performance at the Adult Swim Festival, electronic artist Flying Lotus announced that he would be joined onstage by Dumile; instead, the masked figure who appeared on stage was revealed to be comedian Hannibal Buress. Dumile's involvement in the prank has not been confirmed.[99]

Legacy and influence

Upon his death, Variety called Dumile "one of the most celebrated, unpredictable and enigmatic figures in independent hip-hop".[6] After his death, Thom Yorke, who collaborated with Dumile on two occasions, said: "He was a massive inspiration to so many of us, changed things... for me the way he put words was often shocking in its genius, using stream of consciousness in a way I'd never heard before."[100] Although Dumile spent most of his career as an independent artist, his lyrical style had a large influence on his contemporaries and a younger generation of rappers.[101] El-P of Run the Jewels described him as a "writer's writer".[102] Stereogum, reviewing Operation: Doomsday on its 20th anniversary, noted Dumile's "formative" influence on numerous younger rappers.[93]

Personal life

Dumile's worldview was informed by Islam and the Afrocentrism espoused by African-American Muslims. His parents raised him and his brother as Muslims in the Five-Percent Nation, a religious movement influenced by Islam.[25] Dumile's father taught him about pan-African history, including historical figures such as Marcus Garvey and Elijah Muhammad—lessons that he then strove to impart upon his peers.[103] By the early 1990s, Dumile and the other members of KMD identified as a member of the Ansaar Allah Community, later known as the Nuwaubian Nation.[104] In their music, the members of KMD professed a religious message based on tenets of Nuwaubianism, which Dumile distinguished from Five-Percent beliefs in an early interview.[105] In the music video for "Peachfuzz", Dumile and the other members of KMD wear kufi caps.[106] By 2000, though he was no longer as strictly observant, Dumile still participated in Nuwaubian events such as the Savior's Day celebration at the Tama-Re compound in Georgia and held a positive opinion of the community.[107]

Dumile was refused reentry to the United States in late 2010 after completing a European tour.[108] Although he had lived in the country for most of his life, he never became a naturalized citizen.[71][109] He had previously avoided leaving the United States—it had only been his second international tour—but had acquired a British passport prior to the tour. He had believed he would be able to secure reentry based on his longterm residency and family connections.[108] The denial of reentry forced Dumile apart from his wife and three children, and for nearly two years he saw them only via video calls or during their brief visits to the United Kingdom. He was reunited with his family when they moved to London in 2012.[9] The same year, Dumile said he was "done with the United States".[108]

In December 2017, Dumile announced that his 14-year-old son, King Malachi Ezekiel Dumile, had died.[30][110]

Death

On December 31, 2020, Dumile's wife announced on social media that he had died on October 31, aged 49. His representative confirmed the death. The cause of death was not announced.[111][112] Numerous musicians offered tributes, including Danny Brown, Denzel Curry, DJ Premier, El-P, Flying Lotus, Ghostface Killah, JPEGMafia, Ugly God,[113] Busta Rhymes,[114] Noname, Joey Bada$$, Talib Kweli, Lupe Fiasco,[115] Aesop Rock,[116] Homeboy Sandman,[116], Q-Tip, Playboi Carti, [117] Questlove, Tyler, the Creator,[102] and Thom Yorke.[100]

Selected discography

Main articles: MF Doom discography and MF Doom production discography
See also: KMD § Discography

Solo albums

Collaborative albums

Footnotes

  1. ^ Occasionally credited as Daniel Dumile Thompson.[2]
  2. ^ Sources differ on when precisely Dumile first performed with his face obscured.

References

  1. ^ LeRoy, Dan. "MF Doom Biography by Dan LeRoy". AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  2. ^ Bradley & DuBois 2010, pp. 856–857.
  3. ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (September 21, 2009). "The Mask of Metal Face Doom". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  4. ^ a b @stonesthrow (January 9, 2021). "This is cool to see from the Knicks. Hope they do it again on Doom's birthday, July 13" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  5. ^ a b "Everyone, Including Us, Thought January 9th was MF DOOM's Birthday - It's Not". Okayplayer. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Barker, Andrew; Moreau, Jordan (December 31, 2020). "Rapper MF Doom Dies at 49". Variety. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  7. ^ Strauss, Matthew (December 31, 2020). "MF DOOM Dead at 49". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
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  9. ^ a b Lester, Paul (August 16, 2012). "Doom: 'It's all new, all fun'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. ProQuest 1033747721. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  10. ^ Allah, Sha Be (January 9, 2020). "Happy 48th Birthday to the Legendary MF Doom". The Source. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  11. ^ a b Mlynar, Phillip. "A Revealing DOOM Q&A: Supervillain on Nas' Pool Parties, His Rap-Hating Mom". Spin. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  12. ^ Levine, Mike (September 3, 2014). "MF Doom". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2267192.
  13. ^ Morrison, Sean (December 31, 2020). "Rapper and producer MF Doom dies aged 49". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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  24. ^ a b Ducker, Eric (November 6, 2014). "A Rational Conversation: The 20-Year-Old Album That's MF DOOM's Missing Link". NPR. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  25. ^ a b Hsu 2005, p. 48.
  26. ^ a b Bradley & DuBois 2010, p. 606.
  27. ^ "MF Doom: Hip-hop star dies aged 49". BBC News. December 31, 2020. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  28. ^ Nemtusak, Brian (August 12, 2004). "MF Doom". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Young 2014, p. 59.
  30. ^ a b c Jacobs, Julia (December 31, 2020). "MF Doom, Masked Rapper With Intricate Rhymes, Is Dead at 49". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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  35. ^ Caramanica, Jon (August 2000). "Operation: Doomsday". Spin: 152.
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  39. ^ a b Harvell, Jess (February 25, 2011). "Metal Fingers / DOOM: Special Herbs: The Box Set Vol. 0-9". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  40. ^ Gladstone, Neil (2004). "MF Doom: Special Herbs Vols. 5 & 6". CMJ New Music Monthly. 123: 42. ISSN 1074-6978.
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  42. ^ "MF DOOM's classic King Geedorah album Take Me To Your Leader re-pressed for 2013". Fact. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  43. ^ a b c Martelli, Mark (July 1, 2003). "King Geedorah: Take Me to Your Leader". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  44. ^ "MF DOOM's classic King Geedorah album Take Me To Your Leader re-pressed for 2013". Fact. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  45. ^ Saleh, Oumar (January 11, 2021). "Why 'Vaudeville Villain' is MF DOOM's undersung masterpiece". NME. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  46. ^ Pemberton, Rollie (September 15, 2003). "Viktor Vaughn: Vaudeville Villain". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
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  48. ^ "MF DOOM and Madlib Drop 'Madvillainy' Album 15 Years Ago Today". XXL. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
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Further reading

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