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Not to be confused with Young Ottomans.
This article is about members of the reform movement within the Ottoman Empire. For other uses, see Young Turks (disambiguation).

List of Young Turks is an incomplete list that refers to people who were part of the Young Turk movement in the Ottoman Empire. This revolutionary and progressive[1][2] movement consisted of several factions, with the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) at its forefront. Despite the name Young Turks, followers were diverse in their religious and ethnic origins,[3][4][5] and some were not from the Ottoman Empire. Aside from Turks, supporters as well as members were mostly Jews, Albanians, Circassians, Kurds, Armenians, Greeks, and Arabs.[6][7][8][9]: 200, 403 

Jewish and Arab members of Ottoman society were among the most active and radical in late Ottoman politics, which could be an explanation for their disproportionally large presence in the movement.[10] British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Sir Gerard Lowther referred to the CUP as an 'Albanian business' and the 'Jew Committee of Union and Progress' to highlight the ethnic diversity of the Young Turks and the political activeness of ethnic minorities within the movement.[11][9]: 425 

There were also other majority non-Muslim ethnicities that had a considerable presence in, or a support base for, the Young Turk movement. These included but were not limited to: Aromanians,[12] Germans,[13] Hungarians,[14] Poles,[15]: 2, 15  and Serbs.[16]

Flag of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution

Members

Portrait Name Birth date and place Death date and place Occupation(s) Ethnic origin(s) Other name(s)
Abdülhalik Renda (1881-11-29)November 29, 1881
Yanya, Janina vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		October 1, 1957(1957-10-01) (aged 75)
Erenköy, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey 		Acting President of Turkey
Speaker of the Grand National Assembly
Minister of Finance
Minister of Defense 		Tosk Albanian
Abdullah Cevdet (1869-09-09)September 9, 1869
Arapgir, Malatya, Ottoman Empire 		November 29, 1932(1932-11-29) (aged 63)
Istanbul, Turkey 		One of the founders of the CUP
Ophthalmologist 		Kurdish
Abdyl Ypi 1876 (1876)
Kolonjë, Janina vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		January 15, 1920(1920-01-15) (aged 43–44)
Durrës, Albania 		One of the initiators of the Congress of Lushnjë
Politician 		Albanian
Agop Babikyan 1856 (1856)
Edirne, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 1, 1909(1909-08-01) (aged 52–53)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Jurist
Politician 		Armenian
Agop Boyacıyan 1854 (1854)
Tekirdağ, Adrianople eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		Jurist
Politician 		Armenian
Ahmed Niyazi Bey 1873 (1873)
Resne, Ottoman Empire 		1913(1913-00-00) (aged 39–40)
Vlorë, Albania 		Bey
Adjutant Major (kolağası) 		Tosk Albanian
Ahmet Emin Yalman 1888 (1888)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		December 19, 1972(1972-12-19) (aged 83–84)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Journalist
Writer
Academic 		Jewish
Ahmet Rüstem Bey (1862-04-18)April 18, 1862
Lesbos, Eyalet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire 		September 24, 1934(1934-09-24) (aged 72)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Last Ottoman ambassador to the United States Polish–British Alfred Bilinski
Ahmet Rıza 1858 (1858)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		February 26, 1930(1930-02-26) (aged 71–72)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Key early leader of the CUP
Politician
Educator 		Hungarian–Turk
Alexander Parvus (1867-09-08)September 8, 1867
Byerazino, Russian Empire 		December 12, 1924(1924-12-12) (aged 57)
Berlin, Weimar Republic 		Political and financial advisor of the Young Turks
Marxist theoretician
Publicist
Activist 		Lithuanian Jew Israel Lazarevich Gelfand, Helphand
Ali bey Huseynzade (1864-02-24)February 24, 1864
Salyan, Russian Empire 		March 17, 1940(1940-03-17) (aged 76)
Istanbul, Turkey 		One of the founders of the CUP
Creator of the modern flag of Azerbaijan
Philosopher
Doctor
Writer
Artist 		Azerbaijani
Ali Münif Yeğenağa 1874 (1874)
Adana, Adana vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		January 4, 1951(1951-01-04) (aged 76–77)
Adana, Turkey 		Minister of Education Turkish
Artin Boşgezenyan 1861 (1861)
Gaziantep, Aintab Sanjak, Ottoman Empire 		1923(1923-00-00) (aged 61–62)
Aleppo, State of Aleppo 		Politician Armenian Artin Boshgezenian
Atıf Kamçıl 1880 (1880)
Çanakkale, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		January 21, 1947(1947-01-21) (aged 66–67)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Politician Turkish
Avram Galanti (1873-01-04)January 4, 1873
Bodrum, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 8, 1961(1961-08-08) (aged 88)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Politician
Scholar
Historian 		Jewish Abraham Galante
Ayetullah Bey 1888 (1888)
Kadıköy, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		March 16, 1918(1918-03-16) (aged 29–30)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Founder and second president of the major Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe SK Circassian Anzawurıqo Şəwqiqo Ayetulah-biy
Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde 1878 (1878)
Diyarbakır, Diyarbekir vilayet Ottoman Empire 		February 17, 1933(1933-02-17) (aged 54–55)
Turkey 		Politician Kurdish
Babanzade Ahmed Naim 1872 (1872)
Baghdad, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 13, 1934(1934-08-13) (aged 61–62)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Politician
Philosopher 		Kurdish
Bahaeddin Şakir 1874 (1874)
Sliven, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		April 17, 1922(1922-04-17) (aged 47–48)
Berlin, Weimar Republic 		Politician
Writer 		Turkish
Bedros Hallaçyan 1871 (1871)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Paris, France Politician Armenian
Bekir Fikri 1882 (1882)
Çorhlu, Ottoman Empire 		December 21, 1914(1914-12-21) (aged 31–32)
Sarıkamış, Kars, Ottoman Empire 		Lieutenant colonel (Binbaşı) Albanian–Turk Beqir Grebeneja
Black Musa 1880 (1880)
Crete, Ottoman Empire 		1919(1919-00-00) (aged 38–39)
Üsküdar, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Secret police in the Special Organization of the Ottoman Empire
Volunteer soldier 		Sudanese Zenci Musa
Celal Nuri İleri (1881-08-15)August 15, 1881
Gelibolu, Sanjak of Gelibolu, Ottoman Empire 		November 1, 1938(1938-11-01) (aged 57)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Important figure in the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a Republic
Politician
Writer 		Albanian
Chaim Nahum 1872 (1872)
Manisa, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		1960(1960-00-00) (aged 87–88)
Cairo, Egypt 		Last Grand Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire
Scholar
Jurist
Linguist 		Jewish Haim Nahum
Çerkes Ethem 1886 (1886)
Bandırma, Hüdavendigâr vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		September 21, 1948(1948-09-21) (aged 61–62)
Amman, Jordan 		Founder of the Kuva-yi Seyyare
Social bandit
Efe
Soldier 		Circassian Ethem the Circassian
David Yellin (1864-03-19)March 19, 1864
Jerusalem, Jerusalem Sanjak, Damascus Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		December 12, 1941(1941-12-12) (aged 77)
Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine 		Central in the process of the revival of the Hebrew language
Researcher of the Hebrew language and literature
One of the leaders of the Yishuv
Founder of the first Hebrew College for Teachers
One of the founders of the Hebrew Language Committee and the Israel Teachers Union
Founder of the Zikhron Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem
Politician 		Jewish
Dervish Hima 1872 (1872)
Struga, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		April 13, 1928(1928-04-13) (aged 55–56)
Tirana, Albania 		One of the delegates who participated at the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Politician 		Albanian Ibrahim Mehmet Naxhi
Despina Storch 1894 or 1895
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		March 30, 1918 (aged 23–24)
Ellis Island, Jersey City and New York City, United States 		Spy Greek Despina Davidovitch, Baroness de Bellville, Madame Hesketh, Madame Nezie
Djemal Pasha (1872-05-06)May 6, 1872
Midilli, Vilayet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire 		July 21, 1922(1922-07-21) (aged 50)
Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union 		One of the Three Pashas
Military leader 		Turkish Cemal Paşa, Ahmed Djemal
Djevdet Bey 1878 (1878)
İşkodra, Scutari vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		January 15, 1955(1955-01-15) (aged 76–77)
Istanbul, Turkey 		One of the leaders of the CUP
Governor of the Van vilayet during World War I 		Albanian Tahir Cevdet Belbez, Djevdet Tahir Belbez, Jevdet Bey
Doctor Nazım 1872 (1872)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		July 26, 1926(1926-07-26) (aged 53–54)
Ankara, Turkey 		Founding member of the CUP
Physician
Politician 		Jewish–Turk Selanikli Mehmed Nâzım Bey
Emmanouil Emmanouilidis 1867 (1867)
Tavlusun, Melikgazi, Angora vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		1943(1943-00-00) (aged 75–76)
Athens, Greece 		Jurist
Politician 		Greek
Emmanuel Carasso 1862 (1862)
Selanik, Sanjak of Salonica, Salonica Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		1934(1934-00-00) (aged 71–72)
Trieste, Kingdom of Italy 		Lawyer Jewish Emanuel Karasu
Enver Pasha (1881-11-22)November 22, 1881
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		August 4, 1922(1922-08-04) (aged 40)
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, Soviet Union 		One of the Three Pashas
Military officer 		Albanian–Tatar İsmail Enver
Ernst Jackh (1875-02-22)February 22, 1875
Bad Urach, Kingdom of Württemberg 		August 17, 1959(1959-08-17) (aged 84)
New York City, United States 		Diplomat
Author
Journalist
Professor 		German Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Jäckh
Essad Pasha Toptani 1863/1864 or 1875
Tirana, Scutari vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		June 13, 1920 (aged 44–57)
Paris, France 		Prime Minister of Albania
Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament 		Albanian Esad Pashë Toptani
Eyüp Sabri Akgöl 1876 (1876)
Ohrid, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 16, 1950(1950-08-16) (aged 87–88)
Istanbul, Turkey 		One of the leaders of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution
Soldier
Politician 		Albanian Ohrili Eyüp Sabri, Ejup Sabriu
Ferhat Bey Draga 1880 (1880)
Mitroviça, Ottoman Empire 		December 2, 1944(1944-12-02) (aged 63–64)
Kralan, Gjakova, Yugoslavia 		Politician Albanian
Filip Mișea 1873 (1873)
Chroupista, Ottoman Empire 		May 16, 1944(1944-05-16) (aged 70–71) Activist
Physician
Politician 		Aromanian Filip Mişa, Filip Mise Efendi
Friedrich Naumann (1860-03-25)March 25, 1860
Störmthal, German Confederation 		August 24, 1919(1919-08-24) (aged 59)
Leipzig, Weimar Republic 		Theologian
Politician 		German Joseph Friedrich Naumann
Gregorios Anagnostu 1881 (1881)
Grevena, Greece 		Lawyer
Politician 		Greek
Gyula Germanus (1884-11-06)November 6, 1884
Budapest, Austria-Hungary 		November 7, 1979(1979-11-07) (aged 95)
Budapest, Hungary 		Islamologist
Professor
Writer
Soldier
Politician 		German–Jew Julius Abdulkerim Germanus
Hacı Sait Efendi 1859 (1859)
Süleymaniye, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		Politician Iraqi
Halil Menteşe 1874 (1874)
Milas, Aidin Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		April 2, 1948(1948-04-02) (aged 73–74)
Milas, Turkey 		Official in the CUP Turkish
Hasan Prishtina (1873-09-27)September 27, 1873
Vıçıtırın, Kosovo vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 13, 1933(1933-08-13) (aged 59)
Thessaloniki, Greece 		Prime Minister of Albania Albanian Hasan Berisha
Hasan Tahsin 1888 (1888)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		May 15, 1919(1919-05-15) (aged 30–31)
Izmir, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		Turkish war hero
Member of the Ottoman Special Organization
Journalist 		Jewish Osman Nevres
Hristo Chernopeev (1868-07-16)July 16, 1868
Dermantsi, Danube vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		November 6, 1915(1915-11-06) (aged 47)
Krivolak, Kingdom of Serbia 		Among the leaders of the Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
Army officer 		Macedonian–Bulgarian
Ibrahim Temo (1865-03-22)March 22, 1865
Struga, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 5, 1945(1945-08-05) (aged 80)
Medgidia, Kingdom of Romania 		Main founder of the CUP
Politician
Intellectual
Doctor 		Albanian Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu, Ibrahim Bërzeshta, Ibrahim Starova
İshak Sükuti 1868 (1868)
Diyarbakır, Diyarbekir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		February 9, 1902(1902-02-09) (aged 33–34)
Sanremo, Kingdom of Italy 		Writer
Doctor 		Kurdish
Kâmil Bey el-Esad 1870 (1870)
Marjayoun, Ottoman Lebanon, Ottoman Empire 		1924(1924-00-00) (aged 53–54)
Marjayoun, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, France 		Politician Lebanese
Kirkor Sinapyan Ottoman Empire 1951 (1952)
Turkey 		Politician Armenian
Mahmud Shevket Pasha 1856 (1856)
Baghdad, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		June 11, 1913(1913-06-11) (aged 56–57)
Ankara, Turkey 		Instrumental figure in the rise of the Young Turks
Generalissimo 		Georgian
Mehmed Cavid 1875 (1875)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 26, 1926(1926-08-26) (aged 50–51)
Ankara, Turkey 		Founding member of the CUP
Economist
Newspaper editor 		Jewish
Mehmed Fevzi Paşa 1859 (1859)
Damascus, Damascus eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		Politician Lebanese
Mehmed Reshid (1873-02-08)February 8, 1873
Russian Empire 		February 6, 1919(1919-02-06) (aged 45)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Official in the CUP
Economist
Governor of Diyarbekir vilayet during World War I
Physician 		Circassian Mehmed Raşid Şahingiray
Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873-12-20)December 20, 1873
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		December 27, 1936(1936-12-27) (aged 63)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Author of the Turkish National Anthem
Poet
Writer
Academic
Politician 		Albanian–Uzbek Mehmed Ragîf
Mişon Ventura 1881 (1881)
Hasköy, Pera, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		April 12, 1961(1961-04-12) (aged 79–80)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Jurist
Journalist 		Jewish
Munis Tekinalp 1883 (1883)
Serres, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		1961(1961-00-00) (aged 77–78)
Nice, France 		Writer
Philosopher
Journalist 		Jewish Moiz Cohen
Nesim Mazliyah 1878 (1878)
Manisa, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		September 16, 1931(1931-09-16) (aged 52–53)
Beirut, Lebanon 		Politician Jewish
Nexhip Draga 1867 (1867)
Mitroviça, Ottoman Empire 		1920(1920-00-00) (aged 52–53)
Vienna, Austria 		Important figure of the Albanian National Awakening
Politician 		Albanian Mehmet Nexhip bey Draga, Mehmed Necib Draga
Nicolae Constantin Batzaria (1874-11-20)November 20, 1874
Kruševo, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		January 28, 1952(1952-01-28) (aged 77)
Ghencea, Bucharest, Romania 		Statesman
Cultural activist
Writer 		Aromanian Nikola Konstantin Basarya
Nuri Killigil 1889 (1889)
Manastır, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		March 2, 1949(1949-03-02) (aged 59–60)
Sütlüce, Istanbul, Turkey 		General Albanian
Osman Hamdi Bey (1842-12-30)December 30, 1842
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		February 24, 1910(1910-02-24) (aged 67)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Founding father of both archaeology and the museum curator's professions in Turkey
Administrator
Intellectual
Painter
Writer 		Greek
Pavlos Karolidis 1849 (1849)
Kayseri, Angora eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		July 26, 1930(1930-07-26) (aged 80–81)
Athens, Greece 		Historian
Politician 		Greek Pavli Karolidi
Prenk Bib Doda 1860 (1860)
Orosh, Mirditë, Ottoman Empire 		March 22, 1919(1919-03-22) (aged 58–59)
Bregu i Matit, Lezhë, Principality of Albania 		Prince of Mirdita
Politician in the Principality of Albania 		Albanian Prênk Pasha
Rafael de Nogales (1877-10-14)October 14, 1877
San Cristóbal, Venezuela 		July 10, 1937(1937-07-10) (aged 59)
Panama City, Panama 		Soldier
Adventurer
Writer 		Venezuelan Rafael Inchauspe Méndez
Rexhep Pasha Mati 1842 (1842)
Mat, Ottoman Empire 		August 14, 1908(1908-08-14) (aged 65–66)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Marshal
Governor
War minister 		Albanian Matlı Recep Paşa
Ruhi Khalidi 1864 (1864)
Jerusalem, Jerusalem sanjak, Damascus eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		1913(1913-00-00) (aged 48–49)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Politician
Writer
Teacher 		Palestinian Ruhi el-Halidi Bey
Said Halim Pasha January 18 or 28, 1865 or February 19, 1864
Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		December 6, 1921(1921-12-06) (aged 56)
Rome, Kingdom of Italy 		Grand Vizier
General Secretary of the CUP 		Albanian
Sassoon Eskell (1860-03-17)March 17, 1860
>Baghdad, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		August 31, 1932(1932-08-31) (aged 72)
Paris, France 		Father of the Parliament of Iraq
Statesman 		Baghdadi Jew Ezekiyel Sason
Shlomo Yellin 1854 (1854)
Ottoman Empire 		1912(1912-00-00) (aged 57–58)
Ottoman Empire 		Lawyer Jewish
Simon Deutsch 1822 (1822)
Vienna, Austrian Empire 		March 24, 1877(1877-03-24) (aged 54–55)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Businessman
Bibliographer
Revolutionary 		Czech Jew
Spiro Ristiç 1879 (1879)
Kalkandelen, Ottoman Empire 		November 11, 1938(1938-11-11) (aged 58–59)
Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia 		Mayor of Skopje
Politician 		Serbian Spiro Hadzi Ristić
Süleyman Askerî 1884 (1884)
Prizren, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		April 14, 1915(1915-04-14) (aged 30–31)
Berjisiya, Basra Vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		Co founder of the Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa
Soldier 		Circassian
Talaat Pasha (1874-09-01)September 1, 1874
Kardzhali, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		March 15, 1921(1921-03-15) (aged 46)
Berlin, Weimar Republic 		One of the Three Pashas Romani–Pomak Mehmed Talaat
Tevfik Nazif Arıcan 1883 (1883)
Prizren, Kosovo vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		February 20, 1951(1951-02-20) (aged 67–68) Politician Albanian
Thadée Gasztowtt[15]: 15  1881 (1881)
Paris, France 		1936(1936-00-00) (aged 54–55)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Unofficial representative of Ottoman Poles
Activist 		Polish Tadeusz Seyfeddin Gasztowtt
Ubeydullah Bey 1858 (1858)
Izmir, Aidin eyalet, Ottoman Empire 		1937(1937-00-00) (aged 78–79)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Politician Turkish Mehmet Ubeydullah Hatipoğlu
Vitali Hayim Faraci (1854-05-13)May 13, 1854
Serres, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire 		December 5, 1918(1918-12-05) (aged 64)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		Politician Italian Jew
Yane Sandanski (1872-05-18)May 18, 1872
Vlahi, Ottoman Empire 		April 22, 1915(1915-04-22) (aged 42)
Blatata, near Pirin, Tsardom of Bulgaria 		National hero in Bulgaria and North Macedonia Macedonian–Bulgarian
Yusuf Akçura (1876-12-02)December 2, 1876
Ulyanovsk, Russian Empire 		March 11, 1935(1935-03-11) (aged 58)
Istanbul, Turkey 		One of the leading university professors in Istanbul
Politician
Writer 		Tatar Yosıf Xəsən uğlı Aqçurin, Yusuf Hasanovich Akchurin
Yusuf Şetvan 1868 (1868)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 		April 14, 1949(1949-04-14) (aged 80–81)
Istanbul, Turkey 		Politician Arab

References

  1. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 186.
  2. ^ Demonian, Hripsimé (1996). The Sick Men of Europe. Gyumri: Shirak State University. p. 11.
  3. ^ Worringer, Renée (May 2004). ""Sick Man of Europe" or "Japan of the near East"?: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 36 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 210.
  4. ^ Bein, Amit (30 October 2007). "A "Young Turk" Islamic Intellectual: Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi and the Diverse Intellectual Legacies of the Late Ottoman Empire". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 608.
  5. ^ Ergil, Doğu [in Turkish] (30 October 2007). "A Reassessment: The Young Turks, Their Politics and Anti-Colonial Struggle". Balkan Studies. 16 (2). Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia: 26.
  6. ^ Zürcher, Erik J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 110–111.
  7. ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (27 July 2016). The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. p. 238.
  8. ^ Kechriotis, Vangelis (August 2004). "From Trauma to Self-Reflection: Greek Historiography Meets the Young Turks 'Bizarre' Revolution". Turkology Update Leiden Project. Leiden: Leiden University: 1.
  9. ^ a b Benjamin Braude; Bernard Lewis, eds. (2014). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire (PDF). Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  10. ^ Hanssen, Jens (February 2011). ""Malhamé—Malfamé": Levantine Elites and Transimperial Networks on the Eve of the Young Turk Revolution". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001182.
  11. ^ Kedourie, Elie (1971). "Young Turks, Freemasons and Jews". Middle Eastern Studies. 7 (1). Taylor & Francis: 90–91.
  12. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780199771110.
  13. ^ Tamari, Salim (2011). "Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine: Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals". Jerusalem Quarterly (47). Institute for Palestine Studies: 32.
  14. ^ Tiryaki, Rüştü M. (14 September 2022). "Freemasonry's political and diplomatic entanglements in the last phase of Ottoman history: the peculiar case of the Committee of Union and Progress". Middle Eastern Studies. 59 (3). Taylor & Francis: 427–428. doi:10.1080/00263206.2022.2109147.
  15. ^ a b Dominik, Paulina (2017). Pour la réforme de la justice ottomane: Count Leon Walerian Ostroróg (1867–1932) and His Activities in the Final Decades of the Ottoman Empire (PDF). Slavia Meridionalis (PhD). Vol. 17. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. doi:10.11649/sm.1441.
  16. ^ Zürcher, Erik J. (October 1999). "Kosovo Revisited: Sultan Reşad's Macedonian Journey of June 1911". Middle Eastern Studies. 35 (4). Taylor & Francis: 34.
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