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Szeged

Coordinates: 46°15′18″N 20°08′42″E / 46.255°N 20.145°E / 46.255; 20.145
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Not to be confused with Seget.

Szeged
City with county rights
Szeged Megyei Jogú Város
Ferenc Móra Museum
Szeged National Theater
City Hall
Szeged Csanad Cathedral in Dom Square
Tisza riverside view with the Ferenc Móra Museum and Szeged National Theater
  • Left to right: Ferenc Móra Museum
  • Szeged National Theater
  • City Hall
  • Szeged Csanad Cathedral
  • Tisza riverside view with the Ferenc Móra Museum and Szeged National Theater
Flag of Szeged
Flag
Coat of arms of Szeged
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
City of Sunshine (Napfény városa)
Szeged is located in Csongrád County
Szeged
Szeged
Szeged is located in Hungary
Szeged
Szeged
Coordinates: 46°15′18″N 20°08′42″E / 46.255°N 20.145°E / 46.255; 20.145
Country Hungary
RegionSouthern Great Plain
CountyCsongrád-Csanád
DistrictSzeged
City status1498
Government
 • MayorLászló Botka (Independent)
 • Deputy mayor
List[2]
 • Town NotaryDr Andrea Gál
Area
280.84 km2 (108.43 sq mi)
 • Rank11th in Hungary
Elevation
76 m (249.34 ft)
Highest elevation
76.7 m (251.6 ft)
Lowest elevation
75.8 m (248.7 ft)
Population
 (2019)
160,766[1]
 • Rank3rd in Hungary
 • Density612.28/km2 (1,585.8/sq mi)
 • Urban
239,025 (7th)[3]
Demonymszegedi
Population by ethnicity
[4]
 • Hungarians83.9%
 • Romani0.9%
 • Germans0.9%
 • Serbs0.8%
 • Romanians0.3%
 • Slovaks0.2%
 • Other2.1%
Population by religion
[4]
 • Roman Catholic36.4%
 • Greek Catholic0.4%
 • Calvinists4.8%
 • Lutherans1.2%
 • Jews0.1%
 • Other2.4%
 • Non-religious23.4%
 • Unknown31.4%
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal code
6700 to 6729, 6753, 6757, 6771, 6791
Area code(+36) 62
MotorwaysM5 Motorway
M43 Motorway
NUTS 3 codeHU333
Distance from Budapest162.8 km (101.2 mi) Northwest
AirportSzeged (LHUD)
MPs
List
Websitewww.szegedvaros.hu

Szeged (/ˈsɛɡɛd/ SEG-ed, Hungarian: [ˈsɛɡɛd] ⓘ; see also other alternative names) is the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county. The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary.

The Szeged Open Air (Theatre) Festival (first held in 1931) is one of the main attractions, held every summer and celebrated as the Day of the City on 21 May.

Etymology

It is possible that the name Szeged is a mutated and truncated form of the final syllables of Partiscum, the name of a Roman colony founded in the 2nd century, on or near the site of modern Szeged. In Latin language contexts, Partiscum has long been assumed to be synonymous with Szeged. The Latin name is also the basis of the city's Greek name Παρτίσκον Partiskon.

However, Szeged might instead have originated (or been influenced by) an old Hungarian word for "corner" (szeg), pointing to the turn of the river Tisza that flows through the city. Others say it derives from the Hungarian word sziget which means "island". Others still contend that szeg means "dark blond" (sötétszőkés) – a reference to the color of the water where the rivers Tisza and Maros merge.[5]

Szeged has a variety of names in languages other than Hungarian. These are usually formed by the addition of a suffix -in to the Hungarian name: Romanian Seghedin; German Szegedin or Segedin; Serbo-Croatian [Segedin] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |script= (help)/[Сегедин] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |script= (help); Italian Seghedino; Latvian Segeda; Lithuanian Segedas; Polish Segedyn; Slovak and Czech Segedín; Turkish Segedin.

History

Early 20th century postcard

Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times. Ptolemy mentions the oldest known name of the city: Partiscum (Ancient Greek: Πάρτισκον[6]). It is possible that Attila, king of the Huns had his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of King Béla III.

In the second century AD there was a Roman trading post established on an island in the Tisza, and the foundations of the Szeged castle suggest that the structure may have been built over an even earlier fort. Today only one corner of the castle still remains standing.[7]

During the Mongol invasion the town was destroyed and its inhabitants fled to the nearby swamps, but they soon returned and rebuilt their town. In the 14th century, during the reign of Louis the Great, Szeged became the most important town of Southern Hungary, and – as the Turkish armies got closer to Hungary – the strategic importance of Szeged grew. King Sigismund of Luxembourg had a wall built around the town. Szeged was raised to free royal town status in 1498.

Szeged was first pillaged by the Ottoman Army on 28 September 1526, but was occupied only in 1543, and became an administrative centre of the Ottomans (see Ottoman Hungary). The town was a sanjak centre first in Budin Eyaleti (1543–1596), after in Eğri Eyaleti. The town was freed from Turkish rule on 23 October 1686, and regained the free royal town status in 1715. In 1719, Szeged received its coat of arms (still used today) from Charles III. During the next several years, Szeged grew and prospered. Piarist monks arrived in Szeged in 1719 and opened a new grammar school in 1721. Szeged also held scientific lectures and theatrical plays. These years brought not only prosperity but also enlightenment. Between 1728 and 1744 witch trials were frequent in the town, with the Szeged witch trials of 1728–29 perhaps being the largest. The witch trials were instigated by the authorities, who decided on this measure to remove the problem of the public complaints about the drought and its consequences of famine and epidemics by laying the responsibility on people among them, which had fraternized with the Devil. In 1720, the ethnic Hungarian population of the town numbered about 13000 to 16000, while the number of the Serb inhabitants was 1300.[8]

Szeged is known as the home of paprika, a spice made from dried, powdered capsicum fruits. Paprika arrived in Hungary in the second half of the 16th century as an ornamental plant. About 100 years later the plant was cultivated as an herb, and paprika as we know it.[9] Szeged is also famous for their szekelygulyas, a goulash made with pork, sauerkraut and sour cream.[10] And also famous for their halászlé, fish soup made of carp and catfish.

The citizens of Szeged played an important part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Lajos Kossuth delivered his famous speech here. Szeged was the last seat of the revolutionary government in July 1849. The Habsburg rulers punished the leaders of the town, but later Szeged began to prosper again; the railway reached it in 1854, and the town got its free royal town status back in 1860. Mark Pick's shop – the predecessor of today's Pick Salami Factory – was opened in 1869.

Szeged during the flood of 1879

Today the inner city of Szeged has wide avenues. This is mainly due to the great flood of 1879, which wiped away the whole town (only 265 of the 5723 houses remained and 165 people died). Emperor Franz Joseph visited the town and promised that "Szeged will be more beautiful than it used to be". He kept his promise, and during the next years a new, modern city emerged from the ruins, with palaces and wide streets.

During the 20th century

Shoppers in Szeged, 1929

After the First World War Hungary lost its southern territories to Serbia, as a result Szeged became a city close to the border, and its importance lessened, but as it took over roles that formerly belonged to the now lost cities, it slowly recovered. Following the Loss of Transylvania to Romania, University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca), moved to Szeged in 1921 (see University of Szeged). In 1923 Szeged took over the role of episcopal seat from Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania). It was briefly occupied by the Romanian army during Hungarian-Romanian War in 1919. It also became a center for right-wing forces which would install Miklós Horthy as the country's new leader after the overthrow of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.[11] During the 1920s the Jewish population of Szeged grew and reached its zenith.

Swimmers at Szeged, 1939

Szeged suffered heavily during World War II. 6,000 inhabitants of the city were killed, In 1941, there were 4,161 Jews living in Szeged. After, March 19, 1944 German occupation, they were confined to a ghetto together with the Jews from surrounding villages. In June, 1944, the ghetto was liquidated. The Nazis murdered the larger part of the 8,500 and some were forced into forced labor in Strasshof Labor camp, Austria.[12] Szeged was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on 11 October 1944 in the course of the Battle of Debrecen. During the communist era, Szeged became a centre of light industry and food industry. In 1965, oil was found near the city.[citation needed]

In 1962, Szeged became the county seat of Csongrád. Whole new districts were built, and many nearby villages (e.g. Tápé, Szőreg, Kiskundorozsma, Szentmihálytelek, Gyálarét) were annexed to the city in 1973 (as was a tendency during the Communist era).

Today's Szeged is an important university town and a tourist attraction.

The Szeged Symphony Orchestra (Szegedi Szimfonikus Zenekar) gives regular concerts at the Szegedi Nemzeti Színház.[13]

Geography

Szeged is situated near the southern border of Hungary, just to the south of the mouth of the Maros River, on both banks of the Tisza River, nearly in the centre of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian frontier with Serbia is just outside the town.

Climate

Szeged's climate is transitional between oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and humid continental (Köppen Dfb), with cold winters, hot summers, and fairly low precipitation. Due to the high hours of sunlight reported annually, Szeged is often called City of Sunshine (Napfény városa).[14] On 23 July 2022, a maximum temperature of 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) was registered in Szeged.[15]

Climate data for Szeged, 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		17.1
(62.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		11.5
(52.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		6.5
(43.7)
Record low °C (°F) −25.1
(−13.2) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−25.0
(−13.0) 		−25.1
(−13.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.3
(1.07) 		30.1
(1.19) 		29.7
(1.17) 		36.6
(1.44) 		60.8
(2.39) 		75.3
(2.96) 		61.6
(2.43) 		43.5
(1.71) 		49.1
(1.93) 		44.6
(1.76) 		37.0
(1.46) 		39.3
(1.55) 		534.9
(21.06)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.8 7.8 8.1 6.6 5.5 6.8 6.1 6.3 7.0 77.5
Average relative humidity (%) 86.9 80.2 69.9 64.9 67.0 68.4 65.9 64.6 70.0 76.5 83.3 87.9 73.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59 94 143 173 234 252 278 263 199 153 77 53 1,978
Source 1: NOAA[16]
Source 2: WMO (sunshine 1981-2010)[17]

Education

See also: University of Szeged
Attila József Study and Information Centre, the most recent building at University of Szeged

The city of Szeged has 62 kindergartens, 32 elementary schools and 18 high schools. The two most prominent high schools (Ságvári Endre Gyakorló Gimnázium and Radnóti Miklós Kísérleti Gimnázium) are in the top fifteen in the country.

Szeged is the higher education centre of the Southern Great Plain and has built quite a reputation for itself. Thousands of students study here, many of whom are foreigners. The University of Szeged is according to the number of students the second largest and the 4th oldest university of Hungary being established in 1581. Ranked as the top university of the country on Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2005, and in the top 100 in Europe, it offers several programs on different fields of study.

The ELI-ALPS research institute under construction in 2017

The Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, which was built with the help of UNESCO funds, has also been a considerable source of advanced research. Scientists at this laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material in the year 2000. The building has served as a home to many well known conferences and continues to make contributions to the world of science.

The Szent-Györgyi Albert Agóra is a cultural scientific centre of Szeged which gives home to laboratories of the Biological Research Centre and to exhibitions of the John von Neumann Computer Society especially their IT historical exposition.

In 2018 the new scientific institution, the ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) opened in Szeged establishing a unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate which is needed for different kinds of physical experiments especially in the field of attosecond physics.[18]

It is also one of the main options for medical students who come from all around Europe to study Medicine in their recognized international campus.

Demographics

Crucifix in Szeged Felsőváros, Munkácsy Street
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1870 56,901—    
1880 59,143+3.9%
1890 68,924+16.5%
1900 82,803+20.1%
1910 96,063+16.0%
1920 100,175+4.3%
1930 108,448+8.3%
1941 110,740+2.1%
1949 104,867−5.3%
1960 117,515+12.1%
1970 145,312+23.7%
1980 164,437+13.2%
1990 169,930+3.3%
2001 168,273−1.0%
2011 168,048−0.1%
2022 158,022−6.0%

Ethnic groups (2001 census):

Religions (2001 census):

Economy

The new office building of the EPAM Systems, completed and opened in September 2017

Szeged is one of the centres of food industry in Hungary, especially known for its paprika and companies like Pick Szeged, Sole-Mizo, Bonafarm etc. Other notable companies having their headquarters in Szeged are AMSY International,[19] RRE – Szeged,[20] Optiwella,[21] Generál Printing House,[22] RotaPack,[23] Sanex Pro,[24] Agroplanta,[25] Karotin,[26] Florin,[27] Quadrotex[28] and Szeplast.[29]

Others, like ContiTech,[30] Duna-Dráva Cement, Szatmári Malom[31] and Europe Match,[32] are not based in the city, but have production facilities there.

The Hangár Expo and Conference Centre[33] provides space for international exhibitions and conferences.

Largest employers

# Employer # of Employees
1 University of Szeged 5,000 <
2 Pick Szeged 2,000–4,999
3 Sole-Mizo 1,000–1,999
4 Tisza-Volán 1,000–1,999
5 EDF-Démász 500–999
6 Suli-Host 500–999
7 Szegedi Közlekedési Társaság 500–999
8 Szegedi Szefo 500–999
9 Coop 300–499
10 GDF Suez 300–499
Historical unemployment rate between 2000 and 2016[35]
Year Unemployment rate (%)
2000 5.17%
2001 4.83%
2002 4.22%
2003 4.32%
2004 4.67%
2005 5.01%
2006 4.89%
2007 4.25%
2008 4.60%
2009 4.91%
2010 6.26%
2011 6.50%
2012 6.42%
2013 6.89%
2014 4.17%
2015 4.42%
2016 4.14%

Transport

The Ferenc Móra Bridge on the M43 Motorway near Szeged
Szeged Railway Station
The Directorate of MÁV in Szeged (designed by Ferenc Pfaff in 1894)

Szeged is the most important transportation hub in the Southern Great Plain. Two motorways, M5 and M43, lie along the city border. Through the M5 Motorway Szeged is connected to Kecskemét, Kiskunfélegyháza and Budapest to the north and to Subotica, Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia to the south. The M43 Motorway – which splits from the M5 Motorway near Szeged – connects the city via Makó to Arad and Timișoara in Romania. In addition, there are other roads running from the city to Makó and Nagylak (main road 43), to Röszke (main road 5), to Kiskunfélegyháza (main road 5), to Ásotthalom and Baja (main road 55) and to Hódmezővásárhely, Orosháza and Békéscsaba (main road 47).

The Budapest-Szeged-rail line is an important rail connection, as well as the railway lines 121 (to Makó), 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely), 136 (to Röszke) and 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza).[36]

A tram-train system was constructed and inaugurated in November 2021, connecting Szeged with the neighbouring Hódmezővásárhely, thus creating the second most populous urban agglomeration in the country, after the capital. There was a proposal for its extension, even through the Serbian border, to Subotica.

The city is also a common stop for national and international long-distance buses.

Motorways

Railways

  • 121 (to Makó)
  • 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely)
  • 136 (to Röszke)
  • 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza).

Airport

Szeged Airport is the international airport of Szeged.

Public transport

See also: Public transport in Szeged

As of May 2018 Szeged had 39 local bus lines – 15 in the city centre and 24 in the suburbs. There are also 5 tram lines.[37]

Sport

Pick Aréna, the city's main indoor hall, home venue of the SC Pick Szeged handball team

The most popular sport in the city is handball.[citation needed] The city has one well-known club the 2013–14 EHF Cup-winner SC Pick Szeged playing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I.

The second most popular sport is football in the city. Szeged had several clubs playing in the top level Hungarian league, the Nemzeti Bajnokság I. These are Szegedi AK, Szegedi Honvéd SE. The only currently operating club, Szeged 2011 play in the Nemzeti Bajnokság II.

Association football clubs

Main sights

Votive Church (1930) Dömötör Tower (11th century) The Water Tower of Szent István Square (1904)
Church of Grey Friars (Gothic, 15th century) Ferenc Móra Museum (1896) Reök palace (1907)
City Hall (1728, 1804, 1883) Szeged Synagogue National Theatre of Szeged
Gróf-palace (1913) The Main Building of the University Saint Nicholas Serbian Orthodox Church (1781)

Politics

The current mayor of Szeged is László Botka (Association for Szeged).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 33 members (1 Mayor, 23 Individual constituencies MEPs and 9 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:[38]

Party Seats Current Municipal Assembly
  Association for Szeged[a] 19 M                                    
  Fidesz-KDNP 9                                      
  Independent Hungarian City Association (FVSZME) 1                                      

List of mayors

List of City Mayors from 1990:[39]

Member Party Term of office
Pál Lippai Fidesz-SZDSZ 1990–1994
István Szalay MSZP 1994–1998
László Bartha Fidesz-FKgP-MDF 1998–2002
László Botka MSZP(2002-2019) 2002–
Independent(2019-)[a]

Media

Hungarian Radio headquarters

The city offers a wide range of media – television and radio stations, and print and online newspapers.

TV stations

  • Szeged TV
  • Tarjáni Kábeltévé Stúdió
  • TiszapART TV
  • Telin Televízió

Radio stations

  • "Rádió 88" FM 95,4 MHz
  • All in Party Radio
  • Rádió Mi, 89,9 MHz
  • Lánchíd Rádió, FM 100,2 MHz
  • MR1 Kossuth Rádió, FM 90,3 MHz
  • MR2 Petőfi Rádió, 104,6 MHz
  • MR3 Bartók Rádió, 105,7 MHz
  • Dankó Rádió, 93,1 MHz
  • Rádió1, 87,9 MHz

Daily newspapers and news portals

Notable people

Born in Szeged

A memorial of the Golden Team, the legendary football team of Hungary
See also: Category:People from Szeged

Lived in Szeged

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary

Szeged is twinned with:[40]

  • Klauzál Square
    Klauzál Square
  • Postal Palace
    Postal Palace
  • Franciscan monastery and church
    Franciscan monastery and church
  • Votive Church at night
    Votive Church at night
  • Relief of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
    Relief of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
  • Statue of King Béla IV of Hungary
    Statue of King Béla IV of Hungary
  • Unger–Mayer House (1911)
    Unger–Mayer House (1911)
  • Statue of Kuno von Klebelsberg
    Statue of Kuno von Klebelsberg
  • Art Nouveau architecture
    Art Nouveau architecture
  • The Great Flood (1879) Statue
    The Great Flood (1879) Statue
  • Rector's Building, University of Szeged
    Rector's Building, University of Szeged
  • Institute of Informatics & IT Department, University of Szeged
    Institute of Informatics & IT Department, University of Szeged
  • Faculty of Sciences (the chemistry building), University of Szeged
    Faculty of Sciences (the chemistry building), University of Szeged
  • View from the Votive Church Dome
    View from the Votive Church Dome
  • Aerial photography
    Aerial photography
  • Belvárosi bridge on the Tisza river
    Belvárosi bridge on the Tisza river
  • Capsicum fruits in Szeged
    Capsicum fruits in Szeged
  • Anna Thermal-Bath
    Anna Thermal-Bath
  • Szeged bridge on Tisza
    Szeged bridge on Tisza
  • Fekete-house
    Fekete-house

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Supported by MSZP-Momentum-DK-LMP-Jobbik.

References

  1. ^ KSH, 2019
  2. ^ Pécs – Tisztségviselők
  3. ^ "OECD – FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS IN OECD COUNTRIES: HUNGARY" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b "Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary". www.ksh.hu.
  5. ^ "On etymology". Archived from the original on 18 October 2007.
  6. ^ Klaudios Ptolemaios. Handbuch der Geographie. Griechisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben von Alfred Stückelberger und Gerd Graßhoff. Schwabe Verlag Basel. 2006, p. 310-311
  7. ^ Szeged by Dr. Trogmayer Ottó
  8. ^ Ádám Fejér, Magyarok és szlávok. (Konferencia, Szeged, 1991. május 30-31). Szerk. Fejér Ádám, H. Tóth Imre stb. (Kiad. a JATE Szláv Filológiai Tansz.), József Attila Tudományegyetem, 1993, p. 262, ISBN 9789634819929
  9. ^ "Vickery TV Paprika (Hungary)". 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009.
  10. ^ "TalkTalk Webspace is closing soon!!". www.talktalk.co.uk.
  11. ^ Pons, Silvio; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (21 September 2017). The Cambridge History of Communism (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316137024. ISBN 978-1-316-13702-4.
  12. ^ "Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database -- Szeged, Hungary Deportation List". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  13. ^ Szeged Symphony Orchestra website, accessed 6 August 2012.
  14. ^ "A napfény városa". www.origo.hu/. New Wave Media Group.
  15. ^ "12982: Szeged (Hungary)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 23 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Szeged Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  17. ^ "World Weather Information Service". WMO. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  18. ^ "ELI-ALPS Research Institute | Towards the sharp end of attoscience". www.eli-alps.hu.
  19. ^ "Contact Info – AMSY". www.amsy.net.
  20. ^ "RRE – Szeged Nyomdaipari kft. – Elérhetőségek". Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  21. ^ "Optiwella | Docsis Cable Modems & CMTS". www.optiwella.com.
  22. ^ "Contact Us". generalnyomda.hu.
  23. ^ "RotaPack – Contact". Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
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