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AFC U-20 Asian Cup

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AFC U-20 Asian Cup
Organising bodyAFC
Founded1959; 65 years ago (1959)
RegionAsia and Oceania
Number of teams16
Current champions Uzbekistan
(1st title)
Most successful team(s) South Korea
(12 titles)
2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup

The AFC U-20 Asian Cup, formerly known as the AFC Youth Championship and AFC U-19 Championship, is a biennial international association football competition organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the men's under-20 national teams of Asia that also serves as a qualification tournament for the FIFA U-20 World Cup. The competition has been held since 1959. Between 1959 and 1978, the tournament was held annually (without qualification); since 1980, it has been held every two years. The 1980 AFC Youth Championship had a qualification stage for first time.

The tournament has been played in a number of different formats during its existence. Currently, it consists of two stages, similar to the AFC's other Asian Championship competitions. The qualifying stage is open to all AFC members and the final stage is contested between 16 teams. The most recent edition, the 41st, was held in Uzbekistan. The AFC have proposed switching the tournament from under-19 to under-20 starting from 2023.[1] Moreover, the tournament will also be rebranded from the "AFC U-19 Championship" to the "AFC U-20 Asian Cup".[2]

Format

History

Main article: History of the AFC U-20 Asian Cup

Results

class=notpageimage|
Host countries of the games as of 2023
  • Coordinate is based on the capital of the country.
Tournament names
  • 1959–2006: AFC Youth Championship
  • 2008–2020: AFC U-19 Championship
  • 2023–present: AFC U-20 Asian Cup
Edition Year Host Final Third place match
Champions Score Runners-up
1 1959  Malaya
South Korea 		3
Malaya
2 1960  Malaya
South Korea 		4–0
Malaya
3 1961  Thailand
Indonesia

Burma 		0–0
1
4 1962  Thailand
Thailand 		2–1
South Korea
5 1963  Malaya
South Korea

Burma 		2–2
1
6 1964  South Vietnam
Burma

Israel 		0–0
1
7 1965  Japan
Israel 		5–0
Burma
8 1966  Philippines
Israel

Burma 		1–1
1


9 1967  Thailand
Israel 		3–0
Indonesia
10 1968  South Korea
Burma 		4–0
Malaysia
11 1969  Thailand
Burma

Thailand 		2–2
1
12 1970  Philippines
Burma 		3–0
Indonesia[3]
13 1971  Japan
Israel 		1–0
South Korea
14 1972  Thailand
Israel 		1–0
South Korea
15 1973  Iran
Iran 		2–0
Japan
16 1977  Iran
Iraq 		4–3
Iran
17 1980  Thailand
South Korea 		3
Qatar
18 1982  Thailand
South Korea 		3
China
19 1985  United Arab Emirates
China 		3
Saudi Arabia
20 1986  Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia 		2–0
Bahrain
21 1988  Qatar
Iraq 		1–1
(5–4 p)
Syria
22 1990  Indonesia
South Korea 		0–0
(4–3 p)
North Korea
23 1992  United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia 		2–0
South Korea
24 1994  Indonesia
Syria 		2–1
Japan
25 1996  South Korea
South Korea 		3–0
China
26 1998  Thailand
South Korea 		2–1
Japan
27 2000  Iran
Iraq 		2–1 (a.e.t.)
Japan
28 2002  Qatar
South Korea 		1–0 (a.e.t.)
Japan
29 2004  Malaysia
South Korea 		2–0
China
30 2006  India
North Korea 		1–1 (a.e.t.)
(5–3 p)
Japan
31 2008  Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates 		2–1
Uzbekistan
32 2010  China
North Korea 		3–2
Australia
33 2012  United Arab Emirates
South Korea 		1–1
(4–1 p)
Iraq
34 2014  Myanmar
Qatar 		1–0
North Korea
35 2016  Bahrain
Japan 		0–0 (a.e.t.)
(5–3 p)
Saudi Arabia
36 2018  Indonesia
Saudi Arabia 		2–1
South Korea
37 2023  Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan 		1–0
Iraq
38 2025  Oman
Notes
1 Title shared.
2 Third place shared.
3 Final tournaments in round-robin format.

Successful national teams

See also: National team appearances in the AFC U-20 Asian Cup
Team Champions Runners-up Third-place Fourth-place Semi-finalists Total
(Top 4)
 South Korea 12 (1959, 1960,1963, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2012) 5 (1962, 1971, 1972, 1992, 2018) 6 (1968, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1976, 2006) 1 (1964) 3 (2008, 2010, 2023) 27
 Myanmar 7 (1961, 1963, 1964,1966, 1968, 1969, 1970) 1 (1965) 2 (1967, 1971) – 1 (2014) 11
 Israel 6 (1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972) – 1 (1968) 1 (1969) – 8
 Iraq 5 (1975, 1977, 1978, 1988, 2000) 2 (2012, 2023) 1 (1982) 1 (1994) – 9
 Iran 4 (1973, 1974, 1975, 1976) 1 (1977) 2 (1969, 1972) 1 (2000) 1 (2016) 9
 North Korea 3 (1976, 2006, 2010) 2 (1990, 2014) 3 (1975, 1978, 1986) – – 8
 Saudi Arabia 3 (1986, 1992, 2018) 2 (1985, 2016) 2 (1998, 2002) 1 (1973) 1 (2010) 9
 Thailand 2 (1962, 1969) – 4 (1961, 1963, 1966, 1994) 5 (1972, 1974, 1976, 1980, 1985) – 11
 Japan 1 (2016) 6 (1973, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2006) 5 (1959, 1960, 1980, 1992, 2004) 4 (1970, 1971, 1977, 1996) 2 (2018, 2023) 18
 China 1 (1985) 3 (1982, 1996, 2004) 1 (2000) – – 5
 Indonesia 1 (1961) 2 (1967, 1970) 1 (1962) 1 (1960) – 5
 Qatar 1 (2014) 1 (1980) 1 (1988) 2 (1986, 1990) 1 (2018) 6
 Syria 1 (1994) 1 (1988) 1 (1990) 1 (2004) – 4
 Uzbekistan 1 (2023) 1 (2008) – 1 (2002) 2 (2012, 2014) 5
 United Arab Emirates 1 (2008) – 2 (1985, 1996) 3 (1982, 1988, 1992) – 6
 India 1 (1974) – – – – 1
 Malaysia – 3 (1959, 1960, 1968) 2 (1964, 1965) 1 (1962) – 6
 Bahrain – 1 (1986) 1 (1977) – – 2
 Australia – 1 (2010) – – 2 (2008, 2012) 3
 Kuwait – – 2 (1975, 1978) – – 2
 Hong Kong – – 1 (1963) 2 (1959, 1965) – 3
 Chinese Taipei – – 1 (1966) – – 1
 Vietnam
 – – – 1 (1961) 1 (2016) 2
 Singapore – – – 1 (1967) – 1
 Kazakhstan – – – 1 (1998) – 1
 Jordan – – – 1 (2006) – 1
Total (as of 2023) 50 32 39 29 14 164

Notes:

  • Bold Italic indicates hosts for that year.
  • Total (41 editions): 9 editions shared champions, 5 editions shared third place, and 6 editions with no third place match.

Records and statistics

Main article: AFC U-20 Asian Cup records and statistics
Further information: AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualifiers

Awards

Tournament Most Valuable Player Top goalscorer(s) Goals Fair play award
1978 Iraq Haris Mohammed[4] Iraq Haris Mohammed[4] 7 Unknown
1980 South Korea Choi Soon-ho[5] South Korea Choi Soon-ho[6] 4 Unknown
1996 South Korea Kim Do-kyun[7] China Wang Peng[7] 6 Unknown
1998 South Korea Lee Dong-gook[8] South Korea Lee Dong-gook[8] 5 Unknown
2002 South Korea Kim Dong-hyun[9] Unknown  South Korea[9]
2004 South Korea Park Chu-young[10] South Korea Park Chu-young[10] 6 Unknown
2006 North Korea Kim Kum-il South Korea Shim Young-sung 5  North Korea
2008 United Arab Emirates Ahmed Khalil United Arab Emirates Ahmed Khalil
Japan Kensuke Nagai 		4  Uzbekistan
2010 North Korea Jong Il-gwan Australia Kerem Bulut 7 Unknown
2012 Iraq Mohannad Abdul-Raheem Uzbekistan Igor Sergeev 7  Iraq
2014 Qatar Ahmed Moein Qatar Ahmed Al Saadi 5  North Korea
2016 Japan Ritsu Dōan Saudi Arabia Sami Al-Najei 4  Japan
2018 Saudi Arabia Turki Al-Ammar Qatar Abdulrasheed Umaru 7  Saudi Arabia
2023 Uzbekistan Abbosbek Fayzullaev Japan Naoki Kumata 5 Unknown

Participating nations

Legend:
  • 1st – Champions
  • 2nd – Runners-up
  • 3rd – Third place
  • 4th – Fourth place
  • SF – Semi-finalists
  • QF – Quarter-finals
  • GS – Group stage
  • q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
  • DQ – Disqualified
  •  ••  – Qualified but withdrew
  •  •  – Did not qualify
  •  ×  – Did not enter
  •  ×  – Withdrew / Banned / Entry not accepted by FIFA
  • — Country not affiliated to AFC at that time
  • — Country did not exist or national team was inactive
  •      – Hosts
  •      – Not affiliated to FIFA
Nation Federation of Malaya
1959		 Federation of Malaya
1960		 Thailand
1961		 Thailand
1962		 Federation of Malaya
1963		 South Vietnam
1964		 Japan
1965		 Philippines
1966		 Thailand
1967		 South Korea
1968		 Thailand
1969		 Philippines
1970		 Japan
1971		 Thailand
1972		 Iran
1973		 Thailand
1974		 Kuwait
1975		 Thailand
1976		 Iran
1977		 Bangladesh
1978
 Afghanistan × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS × QF GS
 Australia
 Bahrain × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS × QF × 3rd QF
 Bangladesh × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS × GS GS
 Bhutan × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Brunei × × × × × × × × × × × GS × GS × GS GS × × ×
 Cambodia × × × × GS × × × × × × × × GS × GS × × × ×
 China × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × QF QF × GS
 Chinese Taipei × × GS × × × × 3rd GS GS GS GS GS GS × GS × × × ×
 Guam × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Hong Kong 4th × × GS 3rd × 4th QF GS GS GS QF GS GS GS QF QF GS GS ×
 India × × × × GS GS GS QF QF GS × × QF GS GS 1st GS GS QF GS
 Indonesia × 4th 1st 3rd × × × × 2nd × GS 2nd GS QF GS × GS QF × QF
 Iran × × × × × × × × × × 3rd QF QF 3rd 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd QF
 Iraq × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1st QF 1st 1st
 Israel × × × × × 1st 1st 1st 1st 3rd 4th QF 1st 1st × × × × × ×
 Japan 3rd 3rd GS GS GS GS GS GS GS GS QF 4th 4th QF 2nd QF GS GS 4th GS
 Jordan × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS GS
 Kazakhstan
 Kuwait × × × × × × × × × × × × QF × × × 3rd GS × 3rd
 Kyrgyzstan
 Laos × × × × × × × × × × GS QF × GS × GS × × × ×
 Lebanon × × × × × × × × × × × × × × QF × × × × ×
 Macau × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Malaysia 2nd 2nd GS 4th GS 3rd 3rd QF GS 2nd QF GS QF GS GS QF GS GS GS GS
 Maldives × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Mongolia × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Myanmar 6th GS 1st GS 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 1st 1st 1st 3rd QF QF GS GS QF × ×
   Nepal × × × × × × × × × × × × GS GS × GS × × × ×
 North Korea × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 3rd 1st × 3rd
 Oman × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Pakistan × × × GS × × × × × × × × × × GS × × × × ×
 Palestine × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Philippines 9th GS × × GS × GS GS GS R2 GS GS GS GS × GS GS × × ×
 Qatar × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Saudi Arabia × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 4th × × × QF QF
 Singapore 7th GS GS GS GS × × GS 4th GS GS GS GS QF QF QF GS GS GS GS
 South Korea 1st 1st GS 2nd 1st 4th GS QF GS 3rd QF 3rd 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd × 3rd QF 1st
 South Yemen × × × × × × × × × × QF × × ×
 Sri Lanka 8th × GS × GS × × GS QF × GS GS × × × × × GS × GS
 Syria × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS × × ×
 Tajikistan
 Thailand 5th GS 3rd 1st 3rd GS GS 3rd QF R2 1st GS GS 4th QF 4th × 4th × ×
 East Timor
 Turkmenistan
 United Arab Emirates × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
 Uzbekistan
 Vietnam × × 4th GS GS GS GS × QF GS QF GS GS × × GS × × × ×
 Yemen × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × GS
Nation Thailand
1980		 Thailand
1982		 United Arab Emirates
1985		 Saudi Arabia
1986		 Qatar
1988		 Indonesia
1990		 United Arab Emirates
1992		 Indonesia
1994		 South Korea
1996		 Thailand
1998		 Iran
2000		 Qatar
2002		 Malaysia
2004		 India
2006		 Saudi Arabia
2008		 China
2010		 United Arab Emirates
2012		 Myanmar
2014		 Bahrain
2016		 Indonesia
2018
2023		 Total
 Afghanistan × × × • × × × × × × × × • × DQ • × • • × • 3
 Australia Part of OFC QF SF 2nd SF GS GS QF QF 8
 Bahrain × • • 2nd • GS • GS • • • • • • • GS • • QF • • 9
 Bangladesh 5th × • × • • • × GS • • GS • • × • • • • • • 6
 Bhutan × × × × × × × × × • × × • • • × • × • × • 0
 Brunei • × × × × × × • × • • • • • × × × • • • • 4
 Cambodia × × × × × × × × × × • • • × × × × × × • • 3
 China • 2nd 1st • GS • • • 2nd GS 3rd QF 2nd QF QF QF GS QF GS GS QF 19
 Chinese Taipei × × Part of OFC • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GS • 10
 Guam × × × × × × × • × × • • • • • • • × × × • 0
 Hong Kong • • • • × • • × • × • • • • × • × • • • • 16
 India • • • GS × GS GS × GS GS • QF GS GS • • • • • • • 22
 Indonesia • • • GS × GS • GS • × • • GS • • • • GS × QF GS 19
 Iran × × × × • × GS × GS • 4th • GS GS GS GS QF GS SF • QF 21
 Iraq × 3rd • • 1st × × 4th × GS 1st • QF QF GS GS 2nd GS QF GS 2nd 18
 Israel Part of OFC and later UEFA 9
 Japan 3rd • • • GS GS 3rd 2nd 4th 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd QF QF QF QF 1st SF SF 38
 Jordan × × × × × × × × • × • • • 4th GS GS QF • • GS QF 8
 Kazakhstan × GS • 4th • Part of UEFA 2
 Kuwait × • • • • × • GS • GS GS • • • • • GS • • × • 8
 Kyrgyzstan × × • • • • • GS × • × × • • GS 2
 Laos × × × × × × × × × • • • GS • • • • • • • • 5
 Lebanon × × × × • × • × • × • × • • GS × • • • • • 2
 Macau × × × • • • • × • • • • • • • • • • • • × 0
 Malaysia • • × • × • • • • • • • QF GS • • • • • GS • 23
 Maldives × × × • • • • × • • • • • • • × • • • • • 0
 Mongolia × × × × × × × × × × • • • • × × × × × × • 0
 Myanmar × × × × × × × • × × • • • × • • • SF • • • 19
   Nepal • • × • × • • × • • • • GS • • • × • • • • 4
 New Zealand OFC member GS OFC member 1
 North Korea × DQ × 3rd GS 2nd × × × • × × × 1st QF 1st GS 2nd GS GS × 13
 Northern Mariana Islands Not member of AFC × × × • × • 0
 Oman • • × • • • • × • × GS • • • • • • GS • • GS 3
 Pakistan × • • • • • • × • • GS • • • • • • × × × × 3
 Palestine × × × × × × × × × × × • • • DQ • • • • • • 0
 Philippines • • × × × × • × × • • • • • × • × • • • • 13
 Qatar 2nd × • 4th 3rd 4th GS GS GS GS • GS QF • • • GS 1st GS SF GS 15
 Saudi Arabia × • 2nd 1st × • 1st × • 3rd • 3rd • QF QF SF GS • 2nd 1st GS 15
 Singapore • • • • × × • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18
 South Korea 1st 1st • GS GS 1st 2nd GS 1st 1st GS 1st 1st 3rd SF SF 1st GS GS 2nd SF 39
 South Yemen × • • × • × 1
 Sri Lanka × × × GS × • × • • × • • • • × • × × • • • 10
 Syria × • • • 2nd 3rd • 1st GS • • QF 4th • GS GS QF × • • GS 11
 Tajikistan × × • • • • • GS GS • • • QF QF GS 5
 Thailand 4th • 4th • • • GS 3rd GS GS GS GS GS GS GS GS GS QF GS QF • 33
 East Timor × × DQ × × × • • 0
 Turkmenistan × × • • • • •• • • × • • • • • 0
 United Arab Emirates × 4th 3rd • 4th • 4th • 3rd • GS QF • GS 1st QF GS QF GS GS • 14
 Uzbekistan × × • • • 4th QF • 2nd QF SF SF QF • 1st 8
 Vietnam × × × × × × × × • • • GS GS GS • GS GS GS SF GS GS 20
 Yemen × • × × × • • × × • • • GS • GS GS • GS GS • • 6

Summary (1959-2023)

Rank Team Part M W D L GF GA GD Points
1  South Korea 39 190 112 46 32 376 150 +226 382
2  Japan 38 173 74 30 69 304 236 +68 252
3  Myanmar 19 94 60 15 19 242 84 +158 195
4  Iran 21 92 55 17 20 189 74 +115 182
5  Thailand 33 138 52 24 62 227 214 +13 174
6  Iraq 18 81 41 21 19 157 80 +77 144
7  Saudi Arabia 15 72 43 13 16 146 79 +67 142
8  Israel1 9 49 37 8 4 138 14 +124 119
9  Malaysia 23 88 35 13 41 159 161 −2 118
10  China 19 76 31 19 26 109 95 +14 112
11  North Korea 13 65 31 15 19 98 61 +37 108
12  Indonesia 18 73 27 14 32 115 123 −8 95
13  Qatar 15 62 28 9 25 98 98 0 93
14  India 22 80 22 16 42 95 145 −50 82
15  Syria 11 47 22 9 16 71 50 +21 75
16  Uzbekistan 8 40 20 12 8 62 45 +17 72
17  Vietnam2 20 69 19 13 37 74 142 −68 70
18  United Arab Emirates 14 56 18 15 23 83 80 +3 69
19  Hong Kong 16 60 20 9 31 96 132 −36 69
20  Australia 8 34 16 10 8 57 36 +21 58
21  Singapore 18 67 16 7 44 79 190 −111 55
22  Bahrain 9 37 14 10 13 47 44 +3 52
23  Kuwait 8 36 12 15 9 49 44 +5 51
24  Jordan 8 29 5 7 17 24 56 −32 22
25  Chinese Taipei 10 35 5 6 24 30 98 −68 21
26  Philippines 13 45 5 3 37 32 161 −129 18
27  Laos 5 16 4 4 8 20 29 −9 16
28  Tajikistan 5 17 4 4 9 15 30 −15 16
29  Yemen3 7 24 4 3 17 19 45 −26 15
30  Sri Lanka 10 37 4 2 31 37 157 −120 14
31  Cambodia 3 11 3 1 7 14 26 −12 10
32  Pakistan 3 11 3 0 8 12 35 −23 9
33  Kazakhstan 2 10 2 2 6 15 25 −10 8
34  Bangladesh 6 21 1 5 15 10 53 −43 8
35  Lebanon 2 7 1 3 3 5 13 −8 6
36  Oman 3 10 0 4 6 3 20 −17 4
37  Kyrgyzstan 2 6 0 3 3 2 13 −11 3
38    Nepal 4 12 1 0 11 6 47 −41 3
39  Afghanistan 3 10 0 2 8 4 31 −27 2
40  New Zealand4 1 4 0 0 4 2 13 −11 0
41  Brunei 4 13 0 0 13 3 94 −91 0

1 No longer an AFC member.
2 Represented South Vietnam from 1959 to 1974.
3 Representing South Yemen in 1975 and North Yemen in 1978.
4 Not an AFC member: participated in tournament as part of intercontinental play-off to qualify for the 1993 FIFA World Youth Championship.

FIFA U-20 World Cup performances

Legend
  • 1st – Champions
  • 2nd – Runners-up
  • 3rd – Third place
  • 4th – Fourth place
  • QF – Quarterfinals
  • R2 – Round 2
  • R1 – Round 1
  •      – Hosts
  •      – Not affiliated to AFC
  • q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
Team Tunisia
1977		 Japan
1979		 Australia
1981		 Mexico
1983		 Soviet Union
1985		 Chile
1987		 Saudi Arabia
1989		 Portugal
1991		 Australia
1993		 Qatar
1995		 Malaysia
1997		 Nigeria
1999		 Argentina
2001		 United Arab Emirates
2003		 Netherlands
2005		 Canada
2007		 Egypt
2009		 Colombia
2011		 Turkey
2013		 New Zealand
2015		 South Korea
2017		 Poland
2019		 Argentina
2023		 Chile
2025		 Total
 Australia OFC member R1 R1 R1 3
 Bahrain R1 1
 China R1 QF R1 R2 R2 5
 Indonesia R1 1
 Iran R1 R1 R1 3
 Iraq R1 QF R1 4th R1 5
 Japan R1 QF QF 2nd R1 QF R2 R2 R2 R2 R1 11
 Jordan R1 1
 Kazakhstan Part of Soviet Union R1 UEFA member 1
 Malaysia R1 1
 Myanmar R1 1
 North Korea R1 R1 R1 3
 Qatar 2nd R1 R1 R1 4
 Saudi Arabia R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R1 9
 South Korea R1 R1 4th QF R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 R1 QF R2 QF R2 2nd 4th 16
 Syria R1 QF R1 R2 4
 United Arab Emirates R2 QF QF 3
 Uzbekistan Part of Soviet Union R1 R1 QF QF R2 5
 Vietnam R1 1

See also

References

  1. ^ "AFC Competitions Committee recommends changes to youth competitions". AFC. 26 November 2018.
  2. ^ "AFC rebrands age group championships to AFC Asian Cups". AFC. 2 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Newspapers – The Straits Times, 3 May 1970, Page 22, Myanmar rout Indons 3–0 in final". Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  4. ^ a b Mahmud, Dulal (20 April 2021). "ঢাকার মাঠে সবচেয়ে বড় ফুটবল উৎসব". Utp al Shuvro (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 22 November 2023.
  5. ^ 韓國, 21年만에단독優勝 金錫垣절묘한어시스트…崔淳鎬헤 딩. Naver.com (in Korean). Dong-A Ilbo. 2 March 1981.
  6. ^ 崔淳鎬 4게임서 4골 最多득점┈守備補完이 課題. Naver.com (in Korean). Kyunghyang. 2 March 1981.
  7. ^ a b 한국 청소년축구 아시아 정상. Naver.com (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. 1996-11-01. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  8. ^ a b 한국,일본꺾고 청소년축구 2연패 (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. 2 November 1998.
  9. ^ a b [축구]김동현-정조국 ‘희망 쌍두마차’…亞청소년축구 정상 (in Korean). Dong-A Ilbo. 2002-11-01. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  10. ^ a b "A brief history of Park Chu-Young". World Soccer. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
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