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CPR-1000

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The CPR-1000, or CPR1000 (Chinese PWR) is a Generation II+ pressurized water reactor, based on the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310) imported in the 1980s, improved to have a slightly increased net power output of 1,000 MWe (1080 MWe gross) and a 60-year design life.

The CPR-1000 is built and operated by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG), formerly known as China Guangdong Nuclear Power. Progressively more Chinese manufactured components were used in the units; the second unit built had 70% of its equipment manufactured in China, with a 90% Chinese content target for later builds.[1]

Construction

On 15 July 2010, China's first CPR-1000 nuclear power plant, Ling Ao-3, was connected to the grid,[2] having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010.[3] It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010,[4] with Ling Ao-4 starting commercial operation on 7 August 2011.[5]

18 CPR-1000 reactors have been built as of December 2019.[6] Besides Ling Ao unit 3 & 4, the CPR-1000 reactor has been realised in Fangchenggang (unit 1 & 2), Fangjiashan (unit 1 & 2), Hongyanhe (unit 1-4), Ningde (unit 1-4), Yangjiang (unit 1-4).[7]

Design

The CPR-1000 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of the Gravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[1] Four reactors at Daya Bay and Ling Ao Phase 1 are sometimes also called CPR-1000s, but these are closely based on the French 900 MWe design (M310), with net power output below 1,000 MWe, and using mostly imported components.[8]

Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained by Areva, which limits overseas sales potential.[6] However the Financial Times reported in 2010 that Areva was considering marketing the CPR-1000 as a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside its larger EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[9][10] In January 2012, CGNPG agreed a partnership with Areva and EDF to develop a reactor based on the CPR-1000,[11] which may create a design converged with Mitsubishi and Areva's 1000 MWe Atmea reactor.[12]

CNP-1000 is a similar 3-loop-design by CNNC, but with a different reactor core.

ACPR-1000 development

In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to a Generation III level, the ACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components. CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[13] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation with Dongfang Electric, Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, China First Heavy Industries and China Erzhong.[14]

Yangjiang 5 was the first construction of an ACPR-1000 reactor, starting in late 2013.[15] This reactor includes a core catcher and double containment as additional safety measures.[16] It began commercial operation in July 2018. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically-developed digital control system.[17] Unit 5 and 6 at Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant are similarly classified as ACPRs.

Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a revised design called at the time ACPR-1000+ was described. Features include double containment to protect against external explosions and airplanes, improved seismic capability to 0.3 g, increased core thermal margins and improved operation systems.[18] The gross power output has been increased to 1150 MWe.[19] The ACPR-1000+ was envisaged for export from 2014.[11]

Hualong One merged design

Main article: Hualong One

Since 2011 CGNPG has been progressively merging the ACPR-1000 with the China National Nuclear Corporation's ACP-1000 design into the new Hualong One design.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Lau, Steven (5 July 2011). "CPR1000 Design, Safety Performance and Operability" (PDF). Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations and Management Company. IAEA. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  2. ^ "First power at China's Ling Ao". Nuclear Engineering International. 16 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  3. ^ "Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II". World Nuclear News. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  4. ^ "New Ling Ao II unit enters into service". World Nuclear News. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  5. ^ "Second Ling Ao II unit enters service". World Nuclear News. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. December 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  7. ^ "China, People's Republic of". Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  8. ^ "Fuel loading starts at new Chinese reactor". World Nuclear News. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  9. ^ Peggy Hollinger (15 January 2010). "Areva considers producing cheaper reactors". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  10. ^ Peggy Hollinger (19 October 2010). "Energy: Cooling ambitions". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  12. ^ Geert De Clercq and Benjamin Mallet (28 February 2013). "Areva sticks with plan to build 10 nuclear reactors by 2016". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  13. ^ "China prepares to export reactors". World Nuclear News. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  14. ^ "The ACPR1000 with Chinese IPR debuts at the international market". Xinhua. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  15. ^ "Yangjiang 1 commercial operation makes site China's sixth working NPP". Nuclear Engineering International. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  16. ^ Yun Zhou (31 July 2013). "China: The next few years are crucial for nuclear industry growth". Ux Consulting. Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Yangjiang 5 enters commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  18. ^ "ACPR1000+". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  19. ^ "ACPR1000+ (powerpoint)". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  20. ^ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
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