List of state leaders in 1860

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1860.

Africa

• Ashanti Confederacy – Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
• Kingdom of Benin -
• Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
• Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
• Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
• Ethiopian Empire – Tewodros II (1855–1868)
• Futa Jallon -
• Futa Toro -
• Kingdom of Kaffa -
• Kingdom of Kongo - Pedro V of Kongo (1859-1891)
• Liberia – Stephen Allen Benson, President of Liberia (1856–1864)
• Kingdom of Madagascar – Ranavalona I (1828–1861)
• Mthwakazi - Mzilikazi, King 1823-1868
• Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph – Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
  • Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c.1874)
• Senussi domains - Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad as-Senussi
• Toucouleur Empire – El Hadj Umar Tall, Caliph (1850–1864)
• Unyanyembe -

1. Mnywasele (1858-1860)
2. Mkasiwa (1860-1875)

• Warsangali Sultanate – Gerad Aul (1830–1870)
• Wituland – Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Sultan (1858–1885)
• Wadai -
• Yeke Kingdom - Msiri (1856-1891)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar – Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1856–1870)
• Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)

Asia

• Emirate of Afghanistan – Dost Mohammad Khan (1843–1863)
• China
  • Qing dynasty – Xianfeng Emperor (1850–1861)
  • Taiping Heavenly Kingdom – Hong Xiuquan (1851–1864)
• Empire of Japan
  • Monarch – Kōmei (1846–1867)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)
  • Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848-11 March 1879)
• Joseon (Korea) – Cheoljong (1849–1864)
• Sultanate of Oman – Thuwaini bin Said (1856–1866)
• Rajpipla State -

1. Verisalji II (1821-1860)
2. Gambhirsinhji II (1860-1897)

• Siam – Mongkut (1851–1868)
• Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)

Europe

• Principality of Abkhazia – Mikhail (1822–1864)
• Austrian Empire – Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
• Avar Khanate -
• Kingdom of Belgium
  • Monarch – Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
  • Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Kingdom of Denmark –
  • Monarch – Frederick VII (1848–1863)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Carl Edvard Rotwitt (1859–1860)
    2. Carl Frederik Axel Bror Blixen-Finecke (1860)
    3. Carl Christian Hall (1860–1863)
• Second French Empire – Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
• German Confederation – Franz Joseph of Austria, President (1850–1866)
  • Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg – Alexander Karl (1834–1863)
  • Duchy of Anhalt – Leopold IV (1817–1871)
  • Austrian Empire – (see above)
  • Grand Duchy of Baden – Frederick I (1856–1907)
  • Kingdom of Bavaria – Maximilian II (1848–1864)
  • Free Hanseatic City of Bremen – Arnold Duckwitz, president of the senate, Burgomaster in chief (1858, 1860, 1862, 1867 and 1869), one of the Mayors of Bremen (1857–1863)
  • Duchy of Brunswick – William (1830–1884)
  • Kingdom of Hanover – George V (1851–1866)
  • Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt – Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse (1848–1877)
  • Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel – Frederick William, Elector of Hesse (1847–1866)
  • Duchy of Holstein – Frederick VII of Denmark (1848–1863)
  • Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
    • Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Mathias Simons (1853–1860)
      2. Victor de Tornaco (1860–1867)
  • Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Friedrich Franz II (1842–1883)
  • Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz –
    1. George (1816–1860)
    2. Frederick William (1860–1904)
  • Duchy of Nassau – Adolphe (1839–1866)
  • Grand Duchy of Oldenburg – Peter II (1853–1900)
  • Kingdom of Prussia – (see below)
  • Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I (1853–1908)
  • Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Ernest II (1844–1893)
  • Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen – Bernhard II (1803–1866)
  • Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Karl Alexander (1853–1901)
  • Kingdom of Saxony – John (1854–1873)
  • Kingdom of Württemberg – William I (1816–1864)
• Kingdom of Greece –
  • Monarch – Otto (1832–1862)
  • Prime Minister - Athanasios Miaoulis (1857–1862)
• Kingdom of the Netherlands
  • Monarch – William III (1849–1890)
  • Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers-
    1. Jan Jacob Rochussen (1858–1860)
    2. Floris Adriaan van Hall (1853–1857, 1860–1861)
• Papal States – Pope Pius IX (1846–1878*) *lost the last remnants of the Papal States in 1870
• Piedmont-Sardinia-
  • Monarch – Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia (1849–1878*) *King of Italy beginning in 1861
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (1859–1860)
    2. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1860–1861)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
  • Monarch – Pedro V (1853–1861)
  • President of the Council of Ministers -
    1. Duke of Terceira (1859–1860)
    2. Council of Ministers (1860)
    3. Joaquim António de Aguiar (1860)
    4. Marquess of Loulé (1860–1862)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan - Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
  • Grand Vizier -
    1. Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)
    2. Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
• Kingdom of Prussia –
  • Monarch – Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1840–1861)
  • Regent – Prince Wilhelm (1858–1861)
  • Minister President - Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (1858–1862)
• United Principalities – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866)
• Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
• Kingdom of Spain – Isabella II (1833–1868)
• Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Francis II (1859–1861)
  • The Two Sicilies were officially annexed by Sardinia in 1860, but King Francis held out in Gaeta until early the next year, and the annexation was not recognized by other states until then.
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland –
  • Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister - Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1859–1865)

Middle East and North Africa

• Egypt Eyalet – Sa'id, Governor of Egypt (1854–1863)
• Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)

North America

• Costa Rica – José María Montealegre Fernández, President of Costa Rica (1859–1863)
• Dominican Republic - Pedro Santana, President of the Dominican Republic (1858–1861)
• El Salvador - Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador (1859–1863)
• Guatemala - Rafael Carrera, President of Guatemala (1851–1865)
• Haiti – Fabre Geffrard, President of Haiti (1859–1867)
• Honduras - José Santos Guardiola, President of Honduras (1856–1862)
• Mexico - Miguel Miramón, President of Mexico (1859–1860)
• Nicaragua - Tomás Martínez, President of Nicaragua (1857–1867)
• United States - James Buchanan, President of the United States (1857–1861)

Oceania

• Easter Island – Maurata, King of Easter Island (1859–1862)
• Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha IV (1854–1863)
• Mangareva – Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
• Samoa –
  1. Malietoa Moli, Malietoa (1858–1860)
  2. Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
• Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)

South America

• Argentine Confederation
  1. Justo José de Urquiza, President of the Argentine Confederation (1854–1860)
  2. Santiago Derqui, President of Argentina (1860–1861)
  • State of Buenos Aires
    1. Felipe Lavallol, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1859–1860)
    2. Bartolomé Mitre, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1860–1862)
• Bolivia – José María Linares, President of Bolivia (1857–1861)
• Empire of Brazil –
  • Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
  • Prime Minister - Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana (1859–1861)
• Chile – Manuel Montt, President of Chile (1851–1861)
• Ecuador – President of Ecuador vacant (1859–1861)
• Granadine Confederation – Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President of the Granadine Confederation (1868–1870)
• Paraguay – Carlos Antonio López, President of Paraguay (1844–1862)
• Peru – Carlos Antonio López, President of Peru (1855–1862)
• Uruguay –
  1. Gabriel Antonio Pereira, President of Uruguay (1856–1860)
  2. Bernardo Berro, President of Uruguay (1860–1864)
• Venezuela – Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President of Venezuela (1859–1861)