List of sovereign states in the 1860s
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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.
Sovereign states
[edit]A
[edit]| Name and capital city | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty |
|---|---|
|
| |
A[edit] | |
|
| |
| Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan Capital: Kabul |
Widely recognized independent state. |
|
| |
| Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1] Capital: Agadez |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2]Capital: Andorra la Vella |
Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain. |
|
| |
 Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867) Capital: Dessau |
Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
|
| |
 Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863) Capital: Bernburg |
Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
|
| |
| Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863) Capital: Dessau |
Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863. |
|
| |
| Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3] Capital: Angoche |
Widely recognized independent state. |
|
| |
 Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4] Capital: Mbarara |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Annam – Empire of Annam Capital: Phú Xuân |
Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary. |
|
| |
| Anziku – Anziku Kingdom Capital: Monsol |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Argentina[5]Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861)
|
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Ashanti – Asante Union[6] Capital: Kumasi |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7]Capital: Aussa |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  Austria (to 29 May 1867), Austria-Hungary (from 29 May 1867)Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)
|
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
B[edit] | |
|
| |
 Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[8] Capital: Karlsruhe |
Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation. |
|
| |
| Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[9] Capital: Massenya |
Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. |
|
| |
 Bali – Kingdom of Bali Capital: Klungkung |
Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali. |
|
| |
| Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861) Capital: Ségou |
Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1861. |
|
| |
| Baol – Kingdom of Baol[10] Capital: Diourbel |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[11][12]Capital: Mongu |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868) Capital: Maseru |
Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1868. |
|
| |
 Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria Capital: Munich |
Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation. |
|
| |
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13] Capital: Brussels |
Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium:
|
|
| |
 Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14] Capital: Edo |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Bolivia – Bolivian RepublicCapital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15] Capital: Nunue, Vaitape |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Bornu – Bornu Empire[16] Capital: Ngazargamu |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Brazil – Empire of Brazil Capital: Rio de Janeiro |
Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a] |
|
| |
 Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Capital: Bremen |
Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
|
| |
 Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei Capital: Kampong Ayer |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick Capital: Brunswick |
Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867. |
|
| |
| Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda Capital: Mengo |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[17] Capital: Bukhara |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan Capital: Tanjung Palas |
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu. |
|
| |
 Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom Capital: Hoima |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Burma – Kingdom of Burma[18] Capital: Mandalay |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi Capital: Gitega |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
C[edit] | |
|
| |
 Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 11 August 1863) Capital: Oudong |
Widely recognized state to 11 August 1863. Annexed by France from 11 August 1863. |
|
| |
 →  Canada – Dominion of Canada (from 1 July 1867) Capital: Ottawa |
Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. Commonwealth realm. |
|
| |
 Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor Capital: Mboul |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to 22 March 1860) Capital: Modena |
Widely recognized state to 22 March 1860. Client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 22 March 1860. Annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860. |
|
| |
 Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[19]Capital: Champasak |
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam. |
|
| |
 Chile Capital: Santiago
|
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing |
Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories:
|
|
| |
 Colombia – United States of Colombia (from 20 September 1861) Capital: Bogota |
Widely recognized state from 20 September 1861. |
|
| |
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San Jose |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
D[edit] | |
|
| |
| Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon Capital: Yendi |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[20]Capital: Abomey |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm Capital: Phú Xuân |
Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China. |
|
| |
| Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram Capital: Zinder |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[21] Capital: N'Délé |
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga. |
|
| |
| Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur Capital: Al Fashir |
Widely recognized state to 1874. |
|
| |
 Denmark Capital: Copenhagen
|
Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
|
|
| |
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Dominican Republic – Second Republic (from 16 August 1865) Capital: Santo Domingo |
Widely recognized state from 16 August 1865. |
|
| |
| Dosso – Dosso Kingdom Capital: Dosso |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
E[edit] | |
|
| |
 →  Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 →  →  El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
 Ethiopia – Ethiopian EmpireCapital: Addis Ababa |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
F[edit] | |
|
| |
 Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate[22]Capital: Shuqrah |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
| Fante – Fante Confederacy (from 1868) Capital: Not specified |
Widely recognized state from 1868. |
|
| |
 France – Empire of the French Capital: Paris |
Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
|
|
| |
 Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon Capital: Timbo |
Widely recognized state. |
|
| |
F
[edit]
Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to October 8, 1866)
G
[edit]- Garo – Kingdom of Garo
- Gera – Kingdom of Gera
- Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
Granadine Confederation – Granadine Confederation (renamed New Granada on July 18, 1861)
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala- Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma
H
[edit]
Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1867)
Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to September 20, 1866)
Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 1866)
Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) – Electorate of Hesse (to 1866)
Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 1866)
→ 
Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine
I
[edit]
Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from March 17, 1861)
J
[edit]
Japan
- Tokugawa shogunate (to January 3, 1868)
- Empire of Japan (from January 3, 1868)[23]
- Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
- Jolof – Jolof Kingdom
K
[edit]- Kaabu – Kingdom of Kaabu (to 1867)
- Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
- Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul
- Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
Kashgaria – Kingdom of Kashgaria (from 1862)- Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
- Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
Khiva – Khanate
of Khiva
Kokand – Khanate of Kokand- Kong – Kong Empire
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon- Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya
L
[edit]
Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 1866)- Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to July 1, 1867)- Loango – Kingdom of Loango
- Luba – Luba Empire
Lübeck – Free City of Lübeck (Lubeck) (to 1867)- Lunda – Lunda Empire
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
M
[edit]
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Maldives – Sultanate of Maldives- Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
- Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868)
- Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to July 1, 1867)- Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to July 1, 1867)
→ 
→ Mexico
- Republic of Mexico (to April 10, 1864)
- Mexican Empire (from April 10, 1864 to May 15, 1867)
- United Mexican States (from May 1867)
- Mindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Monaco - Principality of Monaco
Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
N
[edit]
Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 1866)
Negeri Sembilan – Negeri Sembilan
Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal
Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
New Granada – United States of New Granada (July 18 to September 20, 1861)
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
North German Confederation – North German Confederation (from July 1, 1867)
O
[edit]
Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to July 1, 1867)
Orange Free State – Republic of Orange Free State[24][25][26][27][28]
Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State- Ouaddai – Ouaddai Empire
- Oyo – Oyo Empire
P
[edit]
Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
Papal States – States of the Church
Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Perak – Sultanate of Perak
Persia – Persian Empire
Peru
- Peruvian Republic (to 14 January 1866)
- Peruvian Republic (from 14 January 1866)
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to July 1, 1867)
R
[edit]
Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea- Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to July 1, 1867)
Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to July 1, 1867)
→ 
Romania - United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
Russia – Russian Empire- Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
Ryukyu – Kingdom of Ryūkyū
S
[edit]- Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
→ 
San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to March 17, 1861)
Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to July 1, 1867)
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to July 1, 1867)
Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, also Duchy of Lauenburg- Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to July 1, 1867)
Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to July 1, 1867)- Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to July 1, 1867)
Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to July 1, 1867)
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to July 1, 1867)
Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
Serbia – Principality of Serbia
Siam – Kingdom of Siam- Sikkim – Chogyalate of Sikkim
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Spain – Kingdom of Spain[29]
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
T
[edit]
Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
Tonga
- Tu'i Tonga (to 1865)
- Kingdom of Tonga (from 1865)
Toro – Toro Kingdom- Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
Transvaal – South African Republic
→ 
Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to February 12, 1861)
U
[edit]
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
United States – United States of America
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
V
[edit]
→ 
Venezuela
- Republic of Venezuela (to 1864)
- United States of Venezuela (from 1864)
W
[edit]
Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to July 1, 1867)- Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta
Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg
Y
[edit]Z
[edit]
Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar (from April 6, 1861)- Zululand – Kingdom of the Zulus
Non-sovereign territories
[edit]United Kingdom
[edit]
Cape Colony – Cape of Good Hope
States claiming sovereignty
[edit]
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Alabama – Republic of Alabama (from January 11 to February 4, 1861)[30][31][32][33]
Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from November 17, 1860 to January 5, 1862)- Arkansas – Republic of Arkansas (from May 6 to May 18, 1861)
Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
→ 
Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from February 4, 1861 to May 5, 1865)
Couto Misto (to June 23, 1868)
Cuba – Republic of Cuba (from October 10, 1868)- Ezo – Republic of Ezo (from December 15, 1868 to June 27, 1869)
Florida – Republic of Florida (from January 10 to February 4, 1861)- Goust – Republic of Goust
Ionian Islands – United States of the Ionian Islands
Louisiana – Republic of Louisiana (from January 26 to February 4, 1861)[34][35][36][37]- Manitobah – Republic of Manitobah (from June 1867 to 1868)
Mississippi – Republic of Mississippi (from January 9 to February 1, 1861)
North Carolina – Republic of North Carolina (from May 20 to May 21, 1861)
Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (from January 22, 1863 to June 18, 1864)
→ 
South Carolina – Republic of South Carolina (from December 20, 1860 to February 8, 1861)[38][39][40][41][42]- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (to July 1864)
Tennessee - Republic of Tennessee (from June 8 to July 2, 1861)
Tavolara – Kingdom of Tavolara
Texas – Republic of Texas (from February 1 to March 2, 1861)
Virginia – Republic of Virginia (from April 17 to May 7, 1861)
Notes
[edit]- ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Federal District: Federal District.
References
[edit]- ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
- ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
- ^ Caplan, Gerald L. (October 1968). "Barotseland: the secessionist challenge to Zambia". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 6 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00017456. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 153463371.
- ^ "Belgium". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
- ^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018). "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)". Benin Studies. Routledge. pp. 76–128. doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4 (inactive 14 December 2024). ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4. S2CID 159119713. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - ^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
- ^ Ni, Lee Bih (2013). Brief History of Myanmar and Thailand. Universiti Malaysi Sabah. p. 7. ISBN 9781229124791.
- ^ Murdoch, John B. (1974). "The 1901-1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.62.1 (digital image). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–9. Archived from the original (free) on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Furthest afield were Vientiane and Bassac....
- ^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
- ^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.
- ^ Aitchison, G (1931). A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries. Vol. xi. Government of India. pp. 7–9.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Jansen, Marius; Hall, John Whitney; Kanai, Madoka; Twitchett, Denis (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22352-0.
One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of January 3, 1868.
- ^ Mathews, George D. (December 31, 1884). Alliance of the Reformed Churches Holding the Presbyterian System: Minutes and Proceedings of the Third General Council : Belfast 1884. Assembly's office – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ Kerr, Robert Pollok (December 31, 1888). The People's History of Presbyterianism in All Ages. Presbyterian Committee of Publication – via Google Books.
- ^ Churches, World alliance of reformed (December 31, 1884). Report of proceedings [afterw.] Minutes and proceedings [afterw.] Proceedings of the first (-fifteenth) General Presbyterian council [afterw.] general council of the Presbyterian alliance [afterw.] Alliance of the reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide. December 31, 1899 – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ The Gospel in All Lands. proprietor. December 31, 1895 – via Google Books.
Republic of Orange Free State
- ^ The country had a provisional government beginning in 1868.
- ^ Smith, William Russell (1861). The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama, Begun and Held in the City of Montgomery, on the Seventh Day of January 1861: In which is Preserved the Speeches of the Secret Sessions and Many Valuable State Papers. White, Pfister & Company – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Virginia (1861). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Journal of the House of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky... State Journal Company. 1861 – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Congress, United States (1858). The Congressional Globe. Blair & Rives – via Google Books.
Republic of Alabama
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ Congress, United States (1859). Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856. D. Appleton – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ Lossing, Benson John (1866). Origins of rebellion to the Battle of Bull's Run. G. W. Childs – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of Louisiana
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. D. Appleton and Company. 1868 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1870 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ...: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1863 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
- ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs: Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton & Company. 1870 – via Google Books.
Republic of South Carolina
