Brandon Lee

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This article is about the actor. For other uses, see Brandon Lee (disambiguation).
Brandon Lee
李國豪
Lee in 1992
Born
Brandon Bruce Lee

(1965-02-01)February 1, 1965
Oakland, California, U.S.
DiedMarch 31, 1993(1993-03-31) (aged 28)
Wilmington, North Carolina, U.S.
Burial placeLake View Cemetery, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Actor, martial artist, fight choreographer
Years active1985–1993
PartnerEliza Hutton (1990–1993)
Parents
FamilyShannon Lee (sister)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese李國豪
Simplified Chinese李国豪
Signature

Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor and martial artist. He was the only son of martial artist and film star Bruce Lee. While his father was a major leading man in martial arts films, Brandon would visit his father's sets, which inspired him to become an actor. Lee was 8 years old when his father died, becoming an iconic figure of both martial arts and martial arts films. Lee pursued his goal of being an actor, studying at the Emerson College and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. Although he wanted to escape his father's image and become a dramatic actor, he hoped that acting in action films would eventually lead him to other types of roles. After doing local theater for a while, Lee made his screen debut opposite David Carradine in the 1986 ABC's television film Kung Fu: The Movie, a spin-off of the 1970s television series Kung Fu, where he received second billing and starred in his first leading role in Ronny Yu's Hong Kong action film Legacy of Rage that same year.

Shortly after, on television, Lee played a lead in the pilot Kung Fu: The Next Generation (1987), and guest-starred in an episode of the television series Ohara (1988). Following this, Lee was the lead in the low budget action film Laser Mission (1989). The film was released direct to video in the US, but was financially successful. In the 1990s, he started working with major Hollywood studios. His first American theatrical release was the Warner Bros buddy cop action film Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991), directed by Mark L. Lester and co-starring Dolph Lundgren. It received poor reviews and was described as an overwhelmingly silly action film, but for the same reason some retrospective critics appreciate it. This was followed by a leading role in Dwight H. Little's Rapid Fire (1992) produced by 20th Century Fox, where Lee also did the fight choreography. While some critics liked the film, most felt the script was too simple, however almost all described Lee to be charismatic, in a slick Hollywood action film.

In 1992, he landed his most notable role as Eric Draven in Alex Proyas's The Crow (1994), based on the comic book of the same name, which would be his final film. On March 31, 1993, only a few days away from completing the film, Lee was accidentally killed after being shot on the set by a prop gun. Later, production resumed with the blessing of Lee's family. With very few scenes to film, The Crow was completed by re-writing the script, using early CGI technology and stunt doubles. It was generally well reviewed and considered to demonstrate Lee's dramatic abilities. It was a commercial success and is now considered a cult classic. Many saw parallels between Lee and his father comparing their careers as action film leading men who died young, prior to the release of their breakthrough film.

Early life

Brandon and his father Bruce Lee c. 1966

Brandon was born on February 1, 1965, in Oakland, California, the son of martial artist and actor Bruce Lee and Linda Lee Cadwell (née Emery). The family moved to Los Angeles, California, when he was three months old. From a young age, Lee learned martial arts from his father, who at the time was a major martial arts movie star. While visiting his sets Brandon developed a desire to act.[1] The family lived in Hong Kong from 1971 to 1973, after which his mother moved back to the United States following the death of his father, who became an icon of the style of film he made, and the sport he practiced.

The bulk of Lee's martial arts instruction came from one of his father's top students, Dan Inosanto and Jonerson Singson. Lee started studying with him between the ages of nine and ten.[2] During his upbringing, Lee also trained with Richard Bustillo, Lloyd Luczon and Jeff Imada.[3][4][5]

In his teens, Lee had a difficult time and became rebellious. He attended the Chadwick School, where he was asked to leave for insubordination—more specifically, driving backwards down the school's hill. He briefly attended Bishop Montgomery High School, located in Torrance, from 1979 to 1980.[6]

He received his GED in 1983 at the age of 18, and then went to Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts, where he majored in theater. That same year, while struggling with his identity, he stopped training in martial arts.[7] Under the guidance of Inosanto and others, Lee eventually resumed his training.[8][9][2][10]

After one year, Lee moved to New York City, where he took acting lessons at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. After his studies, Lee did local theater, joined the Eric Morris American New Theatre, and acted in the play Full fed beast by John Lee Hancock.[11][12][7]

Career

1985 to 1990: Early roles

Lee returned to Los Angeles in 1985, where he worked as a script reader. During this period, he was approached by casting director Lyn Stalmaster and successfully auditioned for his first credited acting role in Kung Fu: The Movie.[13] It was a feature-length television movie that was a follow-up to the 1970s television series Kung Fu, with David Carradine returning as the lead.[14] In the film, the show's hero, Kwai Chang Caine (Carradine), is forced to fight his hitherto unknown son, Chung Wang (Lee).[15] It aired on ABC on February 1, 1986, which was also Lee's 21st birthday.[16] Lee said that he felt there was some justice in being cast for this role in his first feature, since the TV show's pilot had been conceived for his father.[17] Lee got his first leading film role later that year in the Hong Kong action crime thriller Legacy of Rage in which he starred alongside Michael Wong, Regina Kent and Bolo Yeung in a small role. In the film Lee plays the character of Brandon Ma who is a regular young man who works two jobs to support his life with his girlfriend May (Kent) and to save up to buy his dream motorcycle. His best friend, Michael Wan (Wong), is an ambitious and murderous drug dealer who eventually blames one of his crimes on him. Ma is sent to jail and vows vengeance on Wan.[18] Made in Cantonese and directed by Ronny Yu, it was the only film Lee made in Hong Kong. He was nominated for a Hong Kong Film Award for Best New Performer in this role.[19] In May of the following year, it was a critical success at the Cannes Film Festival and commercial success in Japan.[20] On the 16th of July, the film got its cinematic release in the Philippines by Pioneer Releasing, under the title of Dragon Blood,[21] keeping the number one spot in the country for its first five days and becoming a local success.[22][23] Even before Lee's first lead in an American Studio film, the action thriller Rapid Fire (1992), producer Robert Lawrence screened Legacy of Rage and saw Lee's potential to be an action leading man in Hollywood, which led to their collaboration.[24] After Lee's passing in 1993, the film was released directly to video in 1998 in the US and 1999 in Australia.[19] The Hong Kong action film is described as stylistic and fast-paced, with a good performance by Lee.[25] Although not at the same level as The Crow, it is considered to be his best genre film.[26][27][28]

In 1987, Lee starred in the unsold television pilot Kung Fu: The Next Generation. It aired on CBS Summer Playhouse, a program that specialized in rejected pilots and allowed the audience to call in to vote for a show to be picked up as a series.[29][30] It was another follow-up to the Kung Fu TV series, moved to the present day, and centered on the story of the grandson and the great-grandson Johnny Caine (Lee) of Kwai Chang Caine.[31] While his father uses his fighting abilities to assist people in need, Johnny Caine chooses a life of crime. After being caught doing a robbery, Johnny is taken into custody by his father who tries to rehabilitate him, but he is tempted to return to crime. The pilot was poorly received and was not developed into a series.[32][33]

On January 23, 1988, Lee played a role in the episode What's in a name of the American television series Ohara starring Pat Morita.[34] That same year the action film Laser Mission was announced.[35] Shot mostly in South Africa, it was his first English-language film. It co-starred Ernest Borgnine who shot his scenes with him in Namibia.[36] The plot concerns a mercenary named Michael Gold (Lee) who is sent to convince Dr. Braun (Borgnine), a Laser specialist, to defect to the United States before the KGB acquires him and uses his talents to create a nuclear weapon.[37][38] In the United States the film was released on home video in 1990 by Turner Home Entertainment, and was a financial success.[39][40] The film is generally panned by critics with a few finding it to be an amusing action B movie.[41][42][43]

Somewhere between 1984 and 1990, Lee and his mother had a meeting with Marvel CEO Margaret Loesch through comic book writer Stan Lee (no relation). Stan Lee felt that Brandon would be ideal for the casting of super-hero Shang-Chi in a film or television adaptation.[44][45]

1991 to 1993: Hollywood breakthrough and accidental death

In 1991, he starred opposite Dolph Lundgren in the buddy cop action film Showdown in Little Tokyo. This marked his first studio film and his first American theatrical release. Lee signed a multi-picture deal with 20th Century Fox in 1991. In the film Lee plays Johnny Murata, a Japanese American cop who is partnered with sergeant named Kenner (Lundgren) working in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles. The two are sent to infiltrate the operations of new Japanese drug gang named the Iron Claw who are manufacturing illegal drugs.[46][47] Upon release, the movie faced largely negative reviews from critics.[48][49][50] However, some retrospective critics find it to be entertaining for its genre.[51][52][53]

Filmed between 1990 and 1993, Lee was among the cameos in the Swedish genre film Sex, Lögner och Videovåld (2002) that also included Mel Brooks, and a number of Swedish personalities.[54] The film was completed in 2000.[55] During this time Lee was asked to play his father in the bio-pic Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993). Lee turned the role down, finding it awkward to play his father, and too strange to approach the romance between his parents.[12]

In 1992, he had his first starring role in the action thriller Rapid Fire, directed by Dwight H. Little and co-starring Powers Boothe and Nick Mancuso. Lee plays a student who witnesses a murder and is put under a witness protection programme. Lee was reportedly in talks with 20th Century Fox about making two more sequels. Many of the fight scenes were orchestrated by Lee, which contain elements of his father Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do fighting style.[56] Most critics didn't like the film, however many of them found Lee to be charismatic.[57][58][59] More lenient critics found Rapid Fire to be slick, well acted, and a serviceable action film.[60][61][62]

Also that year, Lee landed the lead role in Alex Proyas' film adaptation of the underground comic book The Crow. The film tells the story of Eric Draven (Lee), a rock musician who is revived from death by a supernatural crow to avenge his own death as well as the rape and murder of his fiancée by a dangerous gang in his city.[63] Lee was accidentally wounded on set during filming by defective blank ammunition and later died in hospital during surgery.[64] After Lee's death, his fiancée and his mother supported director Proyas' decision to complete The Crow. At the time of Lee's death, only eight days were left before completion of the movie. A majority of the film had already been completed with Lee, and he was only required to shoot scenes for three more days. To complete the film, stunt double Chad Stahelski served as a stand-in; special effects were used to give him Lee's face.[65][8] Another stunt double, Jeff Cadiente, was also used to complete Lee's unfinished scenes for the movie.[66]

1994: Posthumous success

In 1994, The Crow opened at number one in the United States in 1,573 theaters with $11,774,332 and averaging $7,485 per theater.[67] The film ultimately grossed $50,693,129, above its $23 million budget. It ranked at #24 for all films released in the US in 1994 and 10 for R-rated films released that year. It was the most successful film of Lee's career, and is considered a cult classic.[68][69][70] The film was also a success outside the US.[71][72][73][74] The Crow has an approval rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 55 reviews. The critical consensus states: "Filled with style and dark, lurid energy, The Crow is an action-packed visual feast that also has a soul in the performance of the late Brandon Lee."[75] The film has a score of 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[76] Reviewers praised the action and visual style.[77][78] Rolling Stone called it a "dazzling fever dream of a movie"; Caryn James, writing for The New York Times, called it "a genre film of a high order, stylish and smooth"; and Roger Ebert called it "a stunning work of visual style".[78][79][80] The Los Angeles Times also praised the film.[81][82] Lee's death was alleged to have a melancholic effect on viewers; Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote that Lee "haunts every frame" and James Berardinelli called the film "a case of 'art imitating death', and that specter will always hang over The Crow".[77][78][83] Berardinelli called it an appropriate epitaph to Lee, Howe called it an appropriate sendoff, and Ebert stated that not only was this Lee's best film, but it was better than any of his father's (Bruce Lee).[77][78][83]

Death

On March 31, 1993, Lee was filming a scene in The Crow where his character is shot and killed by thugs.[84] In the scene, Lee's character walks into his apartment and discovers his fiancée being beaten and raped. Actor Michael Massee's character fires a Smith & Wesson Model 629 .44 Magnum revolver at Lee as he walks into the room.[85] A previous scene using the same gun had called for inert dummy cartridges (with no powder or primer) to be loaded in the revolver for a close-up scene: dummy cartridges provide the realistic appearance of actual rounds for film scenes that use a revolver where the bullets are visible from the front and do not require the gun to be fired.

Instead of purchasing commercial dummy cartridges, the film's prop crew created their own by pulling the bullets from live rounds, dumping the powder charge and then reinserting the bullets. However, they left the live primer in place at the rear of the cartridge. At some point during filming, the revolver was apparently discharged with one of these improperly deactivated cartridges in the chamber, setting off the primer with enough force to drive the bullet partway into the barrel, where it became stuck (a condition known as a squib load). The prop crew either failed to notice this or failed to recognize the significance of this issue.

In the fatal scene, which called for the revolver to be fired at Lee from a distance of 3.6–4.5 meters (12–15 feet), the dummy cartridges were exchanged with blank rounds, which feature a live powder charge and primer, but no bullet, thus allowing the gun to be fired without the risk of an actual projectile. However, since the bullet from the dummy round was already trapped in the barrel, this caused the bullet to be fired out of the barrel with almost the same force as if the gun had been loaded with a live round, and it struck Lee in the abdomen.[86][87]

Lee was rushed to the New Hanover Regional Medical Center in Wilmington, North Carolina. Despite six hours of surgery, he could not be saved and was pronounced dead on March 31, 1993 at 1:03 pm. EST. He was 28 years old. The shooting was ruled an accident due to negligence.[88] Lee's passing led to the re-emergence of conspiracy theories surrounding his father's early death. Lee's body was flown to Jacksonville, North Carolina, where an autopsy was performed. He was then flown to Seattle, Washington, where he was buried next to his father at the Lake View Cemetery in a plot that Linda Lee Cadwell had originally reserved for herself.[89][90] A private funeral took place in Seattle on April 3, 1993. Approximately forty individuals attended. The following day, 200 of Lee's family, friends, and business associates attended a memorial service in Los Angeles, held at the house of actress Polly Bergen. Notable guests included Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, David Hasselhoff, Steven Seagal, David Carradine, and Melissa Etheridge.[91][92][93][94][5]

The gravestone, designed by North Snohomish County sculptor Kirk McLean, is a tribute to Lee and Hutton. It is composed of two twisting rectangles of charcoal granite which join at the bottom and pull apart near the top. "It represents Eliza and Brandon, the two of them, and how the tragedy of his death separated their mortal life together", said his mother, who described her son, like his father before him, as a poetic, romantic person.[95]

The graves of Bruce and Brandon Lee

In an interview just prior to his death, Lee quoted a passage from Paul Bowles' book The Sheltering Sky[96] which he had chosen for his wedding invitations; it is now inscribed on his tombstone:[97]

Because we don't know when we will die, we get to think of life as an inexhaustible well. And yet everything happens only a certain number of times, and a very small number really. How many more times will you remember a certain afternoon of your childhood, an afternoon that is so deeply a part of your being that you can't even conceive of your life without it? Perhaps four, or five times more? Perhaps not even that. How many more times will you watch the full moon rise? Perhaps twenty. And yet it all seems limitless...

Legacy

The film is dedicated to Brandon and his fiancée Eliza Hutton. Lee's mother and Hutton asked for the film to be complete, at the time director Alex Proyas was ready to abandon the project, as a testament to Lee's talent.

The Crow was released in May 1994 and became a box office hit, grossing over $50 million in the U.S.[98] Lee's portrayal of Eric Draven posthumously earned him an MTV Movie Award nomination for Best Male Performance and a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actor. The film retained a loyal following many years after its release.[99] Due to the macabre nature of the film and Lee's fate it's often described as a goth cult film.[100]

Some observers found that Lee never quite left the shadow of his father and that The Crow didn't live up to Lee's full unexploited potential.[101] Most critics agree that The Crow is a very good film and successful but an eerie conclusion to Lee's career, who wanted to escape the action genre and move on to dramatic roles.[102]

At the time of his death, his father's biopic Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story was ready for release. The film was released two months after Lee's death, with a dedication to his memory in the end credits.[103] Lee's mother and sister attended the premiere. His mother found the film to be excellent and a great tribute for her whole family.[104]

Lee's on-set death paved the way for resurrecting actors to complete or have new performances since pioneering CGI techniques were used to complete The Crow.[105]

Personal life

Lee is the grandson of Cantonese opera singer Lee Hoi-chuen, the nephew of Robert Lee Jun-fai, and the brother of Shannon Lee.[106][107] Lee's paternal Great Grandfather was Ho Kom Tong, a Chinese philanthropist of Dutch-Jewish descent who was son of Charles Henry Maurice Bosman (1839–1892).[108][109] Lee's mother Linda Emery, background includes Swedish and German roots. According to the book, Lee “proudly told everyone” about his newborn son Brandon’s diverse features, describing him as perhaps the only Chinese person with blond hair and grey eyes.[110]

Actor and martial artist Chuck Norris, a friend and collaborator of Lee's father, said that when Bruce died, he kept in touch with Lee's family, and that his son Eric Norris and Brandon were friends at a young age.[111][112]

Lee was a friend of Chad Stahelski, with whom he trained at the Inosanto Martial Arts Academy. Stahelski was Lee's double after his passing on The Crow.[8]

In 1990, Lee met Eliza "Lisa" Hutton at director Renny Harlin's office, located at the headquarters of 20th Century Fox. Hutton was working as a personal assistant to Harlin, and later became a story editor for Stillwater Productions, in 1991. Lee and Hutton moved in together in early 1991 and became engaged in October 1992.[113] They planned to get married in Ensenada, Mexico on April 17, 1993, a week after Lee was to complete filming on The Crow.[91][92][93][94]

Martial arts and philosophy

Lee was trained from a young age by his father in Jeet Kune do.[114] Martial artist Bob Wall observed, that Lee and his father trained a lot, he found that Lee hit with power and had good footwork.[115]

Following the death of his father, Lee was trained by Dan Inosanto, a friend and disciple of Bruce Lee.[3][4] Lee said: "It's always been a part of the daily routine. After my father passed away I began working out with the man who was his senior student." According to Jeff Imada who at the time was helping with children's classes at Inosanto's Kali Institute met young Brandon. Imada said that the fact that he was the son of one of its founders was kept quiet and that Lee had difficulty focusing due to seeing his father's photos taking so much space in his studio. Imada said Lee stopped training in his mid teens and preferred soccer.[7] Richard Bustillo also trained Lee during his teens and said that Lee worked hard and was always respectful.[5] Lee said that with his training Arnis with Inosanto he specialized in both Kali and Escrima and lasted three to four years.[116]

In 1986, Lee said that he training in Yee Chuan Tao a relaxation based martial arts with a trainer named Mike Vendrell. Lee said that the exercise helped him being less tense while punching a bag, and that it consisted of exercises such as slow sparring, Chi sao practice, they also worked on a wooden dummy, as well as Vendrell swinging a staff at him while he would duck or jump over.[10]

He eventually returned to the craft with Inosanto as his main trainer and became proud of his heritage.[9] Lee said he did a few amateur fights but didn't seek to pursue martial arts tournaments. Lee would bring a camera to Inosanto's studio, both would choreograph fights for Lee's films and would allow him to see how various moves played out on screen. By his mid-twenties Lee was seen practicing regularly at the Inosanto Martial Arts Academy.[11][8] In 1991, Lee received a certification by The Thai Boxing Association.[2] Lee, while his main goal was dramatic acting, credited the skill to have helped him to boost his career and become an action film leading man.[117]

During the filming of The Crow, Lee said he was doing many cardiovascular exercises until the point of exhaustion using a jumping rope, running, riding a LifeCycle, or using a StairMaster, after which he would train at Inosanto's academy where he took Muay Thai classes.[118]

According to Lee's mother, years prior his death Lee became consumed with his father's written work in philosophy taking lengthy notes.[2]

When asked about which Martial arts Lee practiced, he responded:[114]

When people ask me that question, I usually say that my father created the art of Jeet Kune Do and I have been trained in that. However, that's a little too simple to say because Jeet Kune Do was my father's very personal expression of the martial arts. So I always feel a little bit silly saying I practice Jeet Kune Do, although I certainly have been trained in it. It would be more accurate to say that I practice my own interpretation of Jeet Kune Do, just as everyone who practices Jeet Kune Do does.

In August 1992, Bruce Lee biographer John Little asked Brandon Lee what his philosophy in life was, and he replied, "Eat—or die!"[119] Brandon later spoke of the martial arts and self-knowledge:

Well, I would say this: when you move down the road towards mastery of the martial arts—and you know, you are constantly moving down that road—you end up coming up against these barriers inside yourself that will attempt to stop you from continuing to pursue the mastery of the martial arts. And these barriers are such things as when you come up against your own limitations, when you come up against the limitations of your will, your ability, your natural ability, your courage, how you deal with success—and failure as well, for that matter. And as you overcome each one of these barriers, you end up learning something about yourself. And sometimes, the things you learn about yourself can, to the individual, seem to convey a certain spiritual sense along with them.

...It's funny, every time you come up against a true barrier to your progress, you are a child again. And it's a very interesting experience to be reduced, once again, to the level of knowing nothing about what you're doing. I think there's a lot of room for learning and growth when that happens—if you face it head-on and don't choose to say, "Ah, screw that! I'm going to do something else!"

We reduce ourselves at a certain point in our lives to kind of solely pursuing things that we already know how to do. You know, because you don't want to have that experience of not knowing what you're doing and being an amateur again. And I think that's rather unfortunate. It's so much more interesting and usually illuminating to put yourself in a situation where you don't know what's going to happen, than to do something again that you already know essentially what the outcome will be within three or four points either way.[120]

Filmography

Film
Year Title Role Notes
1986 Legacy of Rage Brandon Mac Alternative title: Long Zai Jiang Hu, Dragon Blood
1989 Laser Mission Michael Gold Alternative titles: Mercenary Man, Soldier of Fortune
1991 Showdown in Little Tokyo Johnny Murata
1992 Rapid Fire Jake Lo
1994 The Crow Eric Draven/The Crow Shot and killed as a result of negligence during filming. Special effects and a stand-in were used to complete Lee's remaining scenes. Released posthumously.
2002 Sex, Lögner och Videovåld Bystander Cameo in low budget Swedish film. Released posthumously.
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1986 Kung Fu: The Movie Chung Wang Television Film
1987 Kung Fu: The Next Generation Johnny Caine Television Pilot. Aired on CBS Summer Playhouse
1988 Ohara Kenji Episode: What's in a Name

Awards and nominations

Year Awards Category Nominated work Result
1986 Hong Kong Film Awards Best New Performer Legacy of Rage Nominated
1994 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actor The Crow Won
MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Male Performance Nominated

References

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Work cited

  • Jeffrey, Douglas (1993). "The Tragic death of Brandon Lee". Black Belt Magazine. Vol. 31, no. 7. pp. 24–25–26–27–28–29–96–97.
  • Little, John (1993). "Brandon Lee's final martial arts interview". Black Belt Magazine. Vol. 31, no. 8. pp. 24–25–26–27–28–121–122–123.
  • Coleman, Jim (1994). "Brandon Lee's first interview!". Black Belt Magazine. Vol. 32, no. 9. pp. 44–45–46–47–48–49.
  • Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within – The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding life. Contemporary Books. p. 150. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
  • Baiss, Bridget. The Crow: The Story Behind The Film. London: Making of The Crow Inc, 2000. ISBN 1-870048-54-7

Further reading

  • Allen, Terence (1994). "The movies of Brandon Lee". Black Belt Magazine. Vol. 32, no. 9. pp. 51–52–53–54–55–56.
  • Pilato, Herbie J. The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle, 1993. ISBN 0-8048-1826-6.
  • Dyson, Cindy. They Died Too Young: Brandon Lee. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2001. ISBN 0-7910-5858-1

External links

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