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Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)

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Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia
LeadersAbu Ayyad al-Tunisi †
Dates of operation2011–present
Active regionsTunisia
IdeologyIslamism
Salafi jihadism
Islamic fundamentalism
Size10,000 (2013)[1]
120–140 (2024)[2][1]
Part ofal-Qaeda Al-Qaeda[3]
Alliesal-Qaeda Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
al-Qaeda Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)
Designated as a terrorist group by Tunisia
 Iraq
 United Arab Emirates
 United States
 United Kingdom
 United Nations

Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia (Arabic: أنصار الشريعة في تونس, romanized: Supporters of Sharia in Tunisia)[4] is a Salafi Jihadist group that operates in Tunisia. In 2013, the group was estimated to have roughly 10,000 members.[1] It has been listed as a terrorist group by the Tunisian government,[5] Iraq, the United Nations, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom,[6] and the United States.[7] Some of its members may be linked to the 2015 Sousse attacks.[8] In 2013, the group declared allegiance to Al-Qaeda.[3]

Background

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Following the Tunisian revolution, many Islamist political prisoners held by the regime of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali were released, including Seifallah Ben Hassine, who had previously co-founded the Tunisian Combat Group with Tarek Maaroufi in June 2000.[9]

Abu Ayadh, aka ben Hassine, founded Ansar al-Sharia in late April 2011. The group quickly established a media branch, al-Qairawan Media Foundation, and developed different media outlets including a blog, Facebook page, and a magazine.[10] Ansar al-Sharia held a national conference at Kairouan in 2012 in which Ben Hassine called for the Islamization of Tunisia's media, education, tourism and commercial sectors, and the establishment of an Islamic trade union to confront the secular Tunisian General Labour Union.[11] The group also campaigned for the release of Islamist prisoners, such as Omar Abdel-Rahman, Abu Qatada and Tunisians who had fought with al-Qaeda in Iraq and are held in Iraqi jails.[10]

Members of Ansar al-Sharia have regularly taken part in protests in Tunisia against perceived blasphemy and have been suspected of involvement in a number of violent incidents. The Tunisian Interior Ministry accused the group of masterminding the 2013 wave of political assassinations in Tunisia.[12] Violent incidents attributed to members of the group include attacks on a television station that showed the movie Persepolis in October 2011, attacks on a controversial art exhibit in June 2012,[13] a deadly attack in September 2012 on the US embassy in Tunisia[14] and the assassination of politicians Chokri Belaid (February 2013) and Mohamed Brahmi (July 2013).[15]

The group was designated as a terrorist organisation by the Tunisian government in August 2013.[16] The group was damaged by the widespread arrests that followed this designation, and many of its members left Tunisia, traveling to Libya and joining the local Ansar al-Sharia, or going to Syria and joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[17]

An interview conducted over the course of three different meetings between January and March 2013 with a young leader of Ansar al-Sharia based in Tunis describes the intellectual basis for the Salafist movement:[18]

From the perspective of the development of our group’s theoretical framework/worldview, some of the most influential Salafi activists include: Abu Quttada al-Falestini, Abu Mohammed al-Maqdassi, Abu Basir Tartusi, Hani Sabahi, and al-Aulaki. Abu Kottada al-Falestini is probably the most influential among them--our brothers that were in Europe over the past years all flocked to listen to his lessons. It is not strange then that Abu Yadh [aka ben Hassine] himself or Abdallah al-Tunsi [aka ben Hassine?] went to him as well. Sheikh Hani Sabahi is also respected in our movement. We have a steady contact with him and he is very sympathetic to our experience.

Ben Hassine was reportedly killed in a US airstrike in Libya in June 2015.[19] In March 2020, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb leader Abdelmalek Droukdel announced Ben Hassine's death but did not say when he died.[20]

Criticism

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In its weekly newspaper al-Naba, in an article eulogizing Shaykh Abu Layla Kamal Zarruq al-Tunisi al-Qurashi, a Tunisian leader in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the Islamic State severely criticized Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia and its leader Abu Iyad, saying:

The Ansar ash-Shari’ah organization, which was at the forefront, suffered from several problems, the most important being the misguidance of its leader, Abu ‘Iyad, and his promotion of Ayman al-Zawahiri ideas regarding their intention to make Tunisia an ’ard da’wah" (land of invitation) and not an "ard jihad" (land of waging jihad), which reassured the taghut so-called "post-Arab revolutions governments" that they would not fight them, instead asking them to give them room to simply "invite". It also suffered from Abu ‘Iyad’s ideas that were restricted to the country, focused on limiting the work to Tunisia, and based on his desire to lead the global jihad, despite his lack of experience and his weakness, which in turn led his organization in to the abyss when the new taghut revealed to them its new face. Thus, those connected to him experienced the worst of torture, many of them being leaders of the organization, and only a few people survived this holocaust to which they were led by Abu ‘Iyad and his foolishness, frailty, and preferring his own opinions and those of his shaykh Abu Qatada al-Filastini and his "emir" Ayman adh-Dhawahiri. Those few who survived were they whom Allah guided to hijrah and jihad for the cause of Allah by opposing Abu Ayadh, who refused that the youth should emerge onto the battlefields of jihad, and specifically in Sham, wanting to keep them under his control, to use them in his failed projects and hand them over with his foolishness, to the tawaghit.[21]

Foreign relations

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Designation as a terrorist organization

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Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia as a terrorist organization.

Country/Organisation Date References
 Tunisia August 2013 [16]
 United States 23 September 2014 [22][23]
 United Kingdom April 2014 [6]
 United Arab Emirates November 2014 [24]
 United Nations 23 September 2014 [25]
 Iraq ? [26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Meeting Tunisia's Ansar al-Sharia". Foreign Policy. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  2. ^ "S/2024/92". UN. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Ansar al Sharia responds to Tunisian government | FDD's Long War Journal". 3 September 2013.
  4. ^ Eurasia Review: "Tunisian Salafism: The Rise And Fall Of Ansar Al-Sharia – Analysis" By Christine Petré October 9, 2015
  5. ^ "Tunisia declares Ansar al-Sharia a terrorist group". BBC News. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" (PDF). Home Office. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  7. ^ "US Declares Ansar al-Sharia a Terrorist Organization". BBC News. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  8. ^ telegraph.co.uk: "Tunisia attack: gunman's links to Britain", 30 Jun 2015
  9. ^ "Tarek Maaroufi: Tunisia's Most Notorious Jihadist, Returns Home". Tunisia Live. 1 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  10. ^ a b "The Salafi Challenge to Tunisia's Nascent Democracy". Washington Institute. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Radical Islamists urge bigger role for Islam in Tunisia". Reuters. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  12. ^ Noureddine Baltayeb (3 October 2013). "Tunisia: New Details in Opposition Assassination Point to Libyan Islamist". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Tunisia: Conservative Islamists Riot Over Art Exhibit". New York Times. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Two dead as protesters attack U.S. embassy in Tunisia". Reuters. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Tunisia leaders evicted from police memorial". Al Jazeera English. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Tunisia declares Ansar al-Sharia a terrorist group". BBC News. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  17. ^ "The Rise and Decline of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya". Hudson Institute. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  18. ^ jadaliyya.com: "Salafism in Tunisia: An Interview with a Member of Ansar al-Sharia", 11 Apr 2013
  19. ^ "Senior Tunisian jihadist and Osama bin Laden associate 'killed by US strike in Libya'", 3 Jul 2015
  20. ^ "Al Qaeda confirma morte do fundador de grupo extremista da Tunísia". 3 March 2020.
  21. ^ https://halummu.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/shaykh-kamal-zarruq-at-tunisi.pdf [permanent dead link]
  22. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  23. ^ "Designates Entities-26-11-2014" (PDF).
  24. ^ "UAE Cabinet approves list of designated terrorist organisations, groups". WAM. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  25. ^ "Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Adds Fourteen Individuals and Two Entities to Its Sanctions List". United Nations. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  26. ^ الموضوع moj.gov.iq (in Arabic)

Further reading

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