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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon

Coordinates: 45°45′39″N 4°49′37″E / 45.76083°N 4.82694°E / 45.76083; 4.82694
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Archdiocese of Lyon

Archidiœcesis Lugdunensis

Archidiocèse de Lyon
Lyon Cathedral
Location
CountryFrance
TerritoryRhône, Loire
Ecclesiastical provinceLyon
Coordinates45°45′39″N 4°49′37″E / 45.76083°N 4.82694°E / 45.76083; 4.82694
Statistics
Area5,087 km2 (1,964 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2021)
2,038,830 Increase
1,304,240 Increase (64%)
Parishes132 Decrease
Information
DenominationCatholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established2nd century
CathedralPrimatial Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Lyon
Patron saintSt. Irenaeus of Lyon
Saint Pothinus
Secular priests260 (diocesan) Decrease
52 (Religious Orders) Decrease
90 Permanent Deacons Increase
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
Metropolitan ArchbishopOlivier de Germay
Auxiliary BishopsPatrick Le Gal
Loïc Lagadec
Thierry Brac de La Perrière
Bishops emeritusPhilippe Barbarin
Map
locator map for archdiocese of Lyon
Website
lyon.catholique.fr

The Archdiocese of Lyon (Latin: Archidiœcesis Lugdunensis; French: Archidiocèse de Lyon), formerly the Archdiocese of Lyon–Vienne–Embrun, is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. The archbishops of Lyon are also called primates of Gaul.[1] An archbishop is usually elevated by the pope to the rank of cardinal.

Bishop Olivier de Germay was appointed archbishop on 22 October 2020.

History

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In the Notitia Galliarum of the 5th century, the Roman Provincia Gallia Lugdunensis Prima contained the cities of Metropolis civitas Lugdunensium (Lyon), Civitas Aeduorum (Autun), Civitas Lingonum (Langres), Castrum Cabilonense (Chaâlons-sur-Saône) and Castrum Matisconense (Mâcon).[2]

The confluence of the Rhône and the Saône, where sixty Gallic tribes had erected the altar to Rome and Augustus, was also the centre from which Christianity was propagated throughout Gaul.

Persecution

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The presence at Lyon of numerous Asiatic Christians and their communications with the Orient were likely to arouse the susceptibilities of the Gallo-Romans. A persecution arose under Marcus Aurelius. Its victims at Lyon numbered forty-eight, half of them of Greek origin, half Gallo-Roman, among others Saint Blandina, and Saint Pothinus, first Bishop of Lyon, sent to Gaul by Saint Polycarp about the middle of the 2nd century. The legend according to which Pothinus was sent by Pope Clement I dates from the 12th century and is without foundation.

The "Deacon of Vienne", mentioned in the letter of the faithful of Vienne[3] and Lyon to the Christians of Asia and Phrygia, who was martyred at Lyon during the persecution of 177,[4] was probably a deacon installed at Vienne by the ecclesiastical authority of Lyon.[5] Tradition represents the church of Ainay as erected at the place of their martyrdom. The crypt of Saint Pothinus, under the choir of the church of St. Nizier, was destroyed in 1884. But there still exists at Lyon the purported prison cell of Pothinus, where Anne of Austria, Louis XIV, and Pius VII came to pray, and the crypt of Saint Irenaeus built at the end of the 5th century by Archbishop Patiens, which contains his remains.

Irenaeus sent out missionaries through the Gauls, as local legends of Besançon and of several other cities indicate. There are numerous funerary inscriptions of primitive Christianity in Lyon; the earliest dates from the year 334. Faustinus, bishop in the second half of the 3rd century, wrote to Cyprian of Carthage, who speaks of him in a letter to Pope Stephen I, in 254, regarding the Novatian tendencies of Marcian, Bishop of Arles.[6]

But when Diocletian's new provincial organization (the Tetrarchy) had taken away from Lyon its position as metropolis of the three Gauls, the prestige of Lyon diminished.[7]

Around the year 470, Lyon fell into the hands of the Burgundians, and around 479 the city of Langres as well.[8]

Merovingian period

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From Saint Eucherius (c. 433–50), a monk of Lérins and the author of homilies, doubtless dates the foundation at Lyon of the "hermitages". Bishop Patiens (456-98) successfully combated famine and Arianism, and whom Sidonius Apollinaris praised in a poem;[9] Bishop Stephanus (d. before 515), with Bishop Avitus of Vienne convoked a council at Lyon for the conversion of the Arians. Bishop Viventolius (515-523) in 517 presided with Bishop Avitus at the Council of Epaone.

When Burgundian power collapsed under the repeated assaults of the Franks in 534, its territory was divided up, and the third son of Clovis, the Merovingian Childebert I, received Lyon.[10]

Lupus, a monk, afterwards bishop (535-42), was probably the first metropolitan archbishop; in 538, the Council of Orléans used the title of "metropolitanus".[11] Sacerdos (549-542) presided in 549 at the Council of Orléans, and obtained from King Childebert the foundation of the general hospital; Saint Nicetius (552-73) received from the pope the title of patriarch, and whose tomb was honoured by miracles. The prestige of Saint Nicetius was lasting; his successor Saint Priseus (573-588) bore the title of patriarch, and brought the council of 585 to decide that national synods should be convened every three years at the instance of the patriarch and of the king; Ætherius (588-603), who was a correspondent of Saint Gregory the Great and who perhaps consecrated Saint Augustine, the Apostle of England; Saint Annemundus or Chamond (c. 650), friend of Saint Wilfrid, godfather of Clotaire III, put to death by Ebroin together with his brother, and patron of the town of Saint-Chamond, Loire; Saint Genesius or Genes (660-679 or 680), Benedictine abbot of Fontenelle, grand almoner and minister of Queen Bathilde; Saint Lambertus (c. 680-690), also abbot of Fontenelle.[7]

At the end of the 5th century Lyon was the capital of the Kingdom of Burgundy, but after 534 it passed under the domination of the Frankish kings. Ravaged by the Saracens in 725, the city was restored through the liberality of Charlemagne who established a rich library in the monastery of Ile Barbe in the Saône, just north of Lugdunum. The letter of Leidrade to Charlemagne (807) shows the care taken by the emperor for the restoration of learning in Lyon. With the aid of the deacon Florus he made the school so prosperous that in the 10th century Englishmen went there to study.[7]

Carolingian period

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Under Charlemagne and his immediate successors, the Bishops of Lyon, whose ascendancy was attested by the number of councils over which they were called to preside, played an important theological part. Adoptionism had no more active enemies than Leidrade (798-814) and Agobard (814-840). When Felix of Urgel continued rebellious to the condemnations pronounced against adoptionism from 791-799 by the Councils of Ciutad, Friuli, Ratisbon, Frankfort, and Rome, Charlemagne conceived the idea of sending to Urgel with Nebridius, Bishop of Narbonne, Benedict of Aniane, and Archbishop Leidrade, a native of Nuremberg and Charlemagne's librarian. They preached against Adoptionism in Spain, conducted Felix in 799 to the Council of Aachen where he seemed to submit to the arguments of Alcuin, and then brought him back to his diocese. But the submission of Felix was not complete; Agobard, "Chorepiscopus" of Lyon, convicted him anew of adoptionism in a secret conference, and when Felix died in 815 there was found among his papers a treatise in which he professed adoptionism. Then Agobard, who had become Archbishop of Lyon in 814 after Leidrade's retirement to the Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons, composed a long treatise against that heresy.[7]

Agobard

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Agobard displayed great activity as a pastor and a publicist in his opposition to the Jews and to various superstitions. His rooted hatred for all superstition led him in his treatise on images into certain expressions which savoured of Iconoclasm. The five historical treatises which he wrote in 833 to justify the deposition of Louis the Pious, who had been his benefactor, are a stain on his life. Louis the Pious, having been restored to power, caused Agobard to be deposed in 835 by the Council of Thionville, but three years later gave him back his see, in which he died in 840. During the exile of Agobard the See of Lyon had been for a short time administered by Amalarius of Metz, whom the deacon Florus charged with heretical opinions regarding the "triforme corpus Christi", and who took part in the controversies with Gottschalk on the subject of predestination.[7]

Amolon (841-852) and Saint Remy (852-75) continued the struggle against the heresy of Valence, which condemned this heresy, and also was engaged in strife with Hincmar. From 879-1032 Lyon formed part of the Kingdom of Provence and afterwards of the second Kingdom of Burgundy.[7] In 1032 Rudolph III of Burgundy died and his kingdom eventually went to Conrad II.[12] The portion of Lyon situated on the left bank of the Saône became, at least nominally, an imperial city. Finally Archbishop Burchard II, brother of Rudolph,[13][7] claimed rights of sovereignty over Lyon as inherited from his mother, Matilda, daughter of Louis IV of France; in this way the government of Lyon, instead of being exercised by the distant emperor, became a matter of dispute between the counts who claimed the inheritance and the successive archbishops.[7]

Lyon attracted the attention of Cardinal Hildebrand, who held a council there in 1055 against the simoniacal bishops. In 1076, as Gregory VII, he deposed Archbishop Humbert (1063–76) for simony.[7]

Saint Gebuin (Jubinus), who succeeded Humbert, was the confidant of Gregory VII and contributed to the reform of the Church by the two councils of 1080 and 1082, at which were excommunicated Manasses of Reims, Fulk of Anjou, and the monks of Marmoutiers.[7]

It was under the episcopate of Saint Gebuin that Gregory VII (20 April 1079) established the primacy of the Church of Lyon over the Provinces of Rouen, Tours, and Sens, which primacy was specially confirmed by Callistus II, despite the letter written to him in 1126 by Louis VI in favour of the church of Sens. As far as it regarded the Province of Rouen this letter was later suppressed by a decree of the king's council in 1702, at the request of Jacques-Nicolas Colbert, Archbishop of Rouen.[7]

Hugh of Die (1081–1106), the successor of Saint Gebuin, friend of Saint Anselm, and for a while legate of Gregory VII in France and Burgundy, had differences later on with Victor III, who excommunicated him for a time. The latter pope came to Lyon in 1106, consecrated the church of Ainay Abbey, and dedicated one of its altars in honour of the Immaculate Conception. The Feast of the Immaculate Conception was solemnized at Lyon about 1128, perhaps at the instance of Saint Anselm of Canterbury, and Saint Bernard wrote to the canons of Lyon to complain that they should not have instituted a feast without consulting the pope.[7]

Sovereignty

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Lyon of the 12th century had a glorious place in the history of Catholic liturgy and even of dogma,[specify] but the 12th century was also marked by the heresy of Peter Waldo and the Waldenses, the Poor Men of Lyon, who were opposed by John of Canterbury (1181–1193), and by an important change in the political situation of the archbishops.[7]

In 1157 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa confirmed the sovereignty of the Archbishops of Lyon; thenceforth there was a lively contest between them and the counts. An arbitration effected by the pope in 1167 had no result, but by the treaty of 1173, Guy, Count of Forez, ceded to the canons of the primatial church of St. John his title of count of Lyon and his temporal authority.[7]

Then came the growth of the Commune, more belated in Lyon than in many other cities, but in 1193 the archbishop had to make some concession to the citizens. The 13th century was a period of conflict. Three times, in 1207, 1269, and 1290, grave troubles broke out between the partisans of the archbishop who dwelt in the château of Pierre Seize, those of the count-canons who lived in a separate quarter near the cathedral, and partisans of the townsfolk. Gregory X attempted without success to restore peace by two Acts, 2 April 1273 and 11 November 1274. The kings of France were always inclined to side with the commune; after the siege of Lyon by Louis X (1310), the treaty of 10 April 1312 definitively attached Lyon to the Kingdom of France, but until the beginning of the 15th century the Church of Lyon was allowed to coin its own money.[7]

If the 13th century had imperiled the political sovereignty of the archbishops, it had on the other hand made Lyon a kind of second Rome. Gregory X was a former canon of Lyon, while the future Innocent V was Archbishop of Lyon from 1272 to 1273. Innocent IV and Gregory X sought refuge at Lyon from the Hohenstaufen, and held there two general councils of Lyon. Local tradition relates that it was on seeing the red hat of the canons of Lyon that the courtiers of Innocent IV conceived the idea of obtaining from the Council of Lyon its decree that the cardinals should henceforth wear red hats. The sojourn of Innocent IV at Lyon was marked by numerous works of public utility, to which the pope gave vigorous encouragement. He granted indulgences to the faithful who should assist in the construction of the bridge over the Rhône, replacing that destroyed about 1190 by the passage of the troops of Richard Cœur de Lion on their way to the Crusade. The building of the churches of St. John and St. Justus was pushed forward with activity; he sent delegates even to England to solicit alms for this purpose and he consecrated the high altar in both churches.[7]

At Lyon were crowned Clement V (1305) and Pope John XXII (1310); at Lyon in 1449 the antipope Felix V renounced the tiara; there, too, was held in 1512, without any definite conclusion, the last session of the schismatical Council of Pisa against Julius II. In 1560 the Calvinists took Lyon by surprise, but they were driven out by Antoine d'Albon, Abbot of Savigny and later Archbishop of Lyon. Again masters of Lyon in 1562, they were driven thence by the Maréchal de Vieuville. At the command of the famous Baron des Adrets they committed numerous acts of violence in the region of Montbrison. It was at Lyon that Henry IV of France, the converted Calvinist king, married Marie de' Medici (9 December 1600).[7]

Later Middle Ages

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Gerson, whose old age was spent at Lyon in the abbey of St. Paul, where he instructed poor children, died there in 1429. Saint Francis de Sales died at Lyon on 28 December 1622. The Curé Colombet de St. Amour was celebrated at St. Etienne in the 17th century for the generosity with which he founded the Hôtel-Dieu (the charity hospital) and free schools, and also fed the workmen during the famine of 1693.[7]

M. Guigue has catalogued the eleven "hermitages" (eight of them for men and three for women) which were distinctive of the ascetical life of Christian Lyon in the Middle Ages; these were cells in which persons shut themselves up for life after four years of trial. The system of hermitages along the lines described by Grimalaius and Olbredus in the 9th century flourished especially from the 11th to the 13th century, and disappeared completely in the 16th. These hermitages were the private property of a neighbouring church or monastery, which installed therein for life a male or female recluse. The general almshouse of Lyon, or charity hospital, was founded in 1532 after the great famine of 1531, under the supervision of eight administrators chosen from among the more important citizens.[7]

The institution of the jubilee of Saint Nizier dates beyond a doubt to the stay of Innocent IV at Lyon. This jubilee, which had all the privileges of the secular jubilees of Rome, was celebrated each time that Low Thursday, the feast of Saint Nizier, coincided with 2 April, i.e. whenever the feast of Easter itself was on the earliest day allowed by the paschal cycle, namely 22 March. In 1818, when this coincidence occurred, the feast of Saint Nizier was not celebrated. But the cathedral of St. John also enjoys a great jubilee each time that the feast of Saint John the Baptist coincides with Corpus Christi, that is, whenever the feast of Corpus Christi falls on 24 June. It is certain that in 1451 the coincidence of these two feasts was celebrated with special splendour by the population of Lyon, then emerging from the troubles of the Hundred Years' War, but there is no document to prove that the jubilee indulgence existed at that date. However, Lyonnese tradition places the first great jubilee in 1451; subsequent jubilees took place in 1546, 1666, 1734 and 1886.[7]

"Among the Churches of France", wrote Saint Bernard to the canons of Lyon, "that of Lyon has hitherto had ascendancy over all the others, as much for the dignity of its see as for its praiseworthy institutions. It is especially in the Divine Office that this judicious Church has never readily acquiesced in unexpected and sudden novelties, and has never submitted to be tarnished by innovations which are becoming only to youth."[7]

Controversy over breviary and missal

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In the 18th century Archbishop Antoine de Montazet, contrary to the Bull of Pius V on the breviary, changed the text of the breviary and the missal, from which there resulted a century of conflict for the Church of Lyon. The efforts of Pope Pius IX and Cardinal Bonald to suppress the innovations of Montazet provoked resistance on the part of the canons, who feared an attempt against the traditional Lyonnese ceremonies. This culminated in 1861 in a protest on the part of the clergy and the laity, as much with regard to the civil power as to the Vatican. Finally, on 4 February 1864, at a reception of the parish priests of Lyon, Pius IX declared his displeasure at this agitation and assured them that nothing should be changed in the ancient Lyonnese ceremonies; by a Brief of 17 March 1864, he ordered the progressive introduction of the Roman breviary and missal in the diocese. The primatial church of Lyon adopted them for public services on 8 December 1869. One of the rites of the ancient Gallican liturgy, retained by the Church of Lyon, is the blessing of the people by the bishop at the moment of Communion.[7]

1800s

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The Concordat of 1801 assigned as the boundaries of the Archdiocese of Lyon the Departments of the Rhône and Loire and the Ain and as suffragans the Dioceses of Mende, Grenoble, and Chambéry. The Archdiocese of Lyon was authorized by Letters Apostolic of 29 November 1801, to unite with his title the titles of the suppressed metropolitan Sees of Vienne and Embrun.[7] Thus the dioceses of Belley and Mâcon, were suppressed on November 29, 1801 with all of Belley's and some of Mâcon's territory added to the Archdiocese. The Diocese of Belley was restored on October 6, 1822, while the Archdiocese's name changed to Lyon-Vienne,[14] with the title of Embrun passing to the Archbishop of Aix (from whence, 2008, to the Bishop of Gap).

1900s

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A new diocese of Saint-Étienne was erected on December 26, 1970, from the Archdiocese's territory. The Archdiocese's name returned to Lyon on December 15, 2006[14] (with the title of Vienne passing to its suffragan Grenoble).

Saints

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The Diocese of Lyon honours as a saints Saint Epipodius and his companion Saint Alexander, probably martyrs under Marcus Aurelius; the priest Peregrine of Auxerre (3rd century) is also honoured.

At the end of the empire and during the Merovingian period several saints, as follows, are counted among the Bishops of Lyon. Saint Justus (374-381) who died in a monastery in the Thebaid (Egypt) and was renowned for the orthodoxy of his doctrine in the struggle against Arianism (the church of the Maccabees, whither his body was brought, was as early as the 5th century a place of pilgrimage under the name of the collegiate church of Saint Justus). Saint Alpinus and Saint Martin (disciple of Saint Martin of Tours; end of 4th century); Saint Antiochus (400–410); Saint Elpidius (410–422); Saint Sicarius (422–33);

Saint Baldonor (Galmier), a native of Aveizieux, at first a locksmith, whose piety was remarked by the bishop, Saint Viventiolus: he became a cleric at the Abbey of St. Justus, then subdeacon, and died about 760; the thermal resort of "Aquæ Segestæ", in whose church Viventiolus met him, has taken the name of Saint Galmier; Saint Viator (d. about 390), who followed the Bishop Saint Justus to the Thebaid; Saints Romanus and Lupicinus (5th century), natives of the Diocese of Lyon, who lived as solitaries within the present territory of the Diocese of Saint-Claude; Saint Consortia, d. about 578, who, according to a legend criticized by Tillemont, was a daughter of Saint Eucherius; Saint Rambert, soldier and martyr in the 7th century, patron of the town of the same name.

As soon as Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, had been proclaimed Blessed (1173), his cult was instituted at Lyon.

Blessed Jean Pierre Néel, born in 1832 at Ste. Catherine sur Riviere, was martyred at Kay-Tcheou in 1862.[7]

Suffragan

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Bishops and Archbishops of Lyon

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Bishops of Lyon

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Archbishops of Lyon

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Primates of Gauls and Archbishop of Lyon

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1791–1794 Antoine-Adrien Lamourette (1791–1794) constitutional bishop[42]

Primates of Gauls and Archbishop of Lyon-Vienne

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). "Primate" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ Otto Seeck (ed,), Notitia Dignitatum. Accedunt notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi provinciarum, (in Latin), (Berlin: Weidmann 1876), p. 263.
  3. ^ The letter is considered by Ernest Renan as the baptismal certificate of Christianity in France.
  4. ^ T.D. Barnes, "Eusebius and the Date of the Martyrdoms," in: Les Martyrs de Lyon (177). Actes du colloque international Lyon, 20–23 septembre 1977, (Paris: CNRF 1978), pp. 137-144.
  5. ^ Duchesne, pp. 40-41.
  6. ^ Robert E. Wallis, The Writings of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, (T. & T. Clark, 1868), p. 231, Epistle 66 (Oxford edition Epistle 68).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1910). "Lyons" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. ^ Duchesne II (1900), p. 156.
  9. ^ In the time of Bishop Patiens and the priest Constans (d. 488) the school of Lyon was well-known; Sidonius Apollinaris was educated there.
  10. ^ Duchesne II (1900), p. 156.
  11. ^ Canon I: "Primum, ut unusquisque metropolitanus in prouincia sua cum conprouincialibus suis singulis annis synodale debeat oportuno tempore habere concilium: C. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 — A. 695 (in Latin), (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 114.
  12. ^ Previté-Orton 1912, pp. 33–36.
  13. ^ Previté-Orton 1912, p. 10.
  14. ^ a b c "Archdiocese of Lyon". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  15. ^ "Archdiocese of Sens". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  16. ^ Pothinus died in prison, and is listed as a martyr in the episcopal lists of Lyon. He shares the same day as the martyrs of Lyon. Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, pp. 4-5. Duchesne II (1900), pp. 160-161.
  17. ^ Irenaeus is discussed by Eusebius, History of the Church Book i, chapter 5. He is first called a martyr by Gregory of Tours. Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, 5-12.
  18. ^ Zacharias was a priest of Irenaeus of Lyon, and buried his leader. Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, 12-13.
  19. ^ Faustinus wrote a letter on behalf of the other bishops of Gaul to Pope Stephen I (254–257). Duchesne, p. 44.
  20. ^ Bishop Vosius attended the Council of Arles, on 1 August 314. C. Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 — A. 506, (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 15: "Vosius episcopus, Petulinus exurcista de ciuitate Lugdunensium."
  21. ^ The Iustus who attended the Council of Valence on 12 July 374 may have been archbishop of Lyon. Bishop Justus attended the council of Aquileia in 381, and then retired to Egypt to become a hermit. Duchesne, p. 365.
  22. ^ Bishop Eucherius attended the Council of Orange on 8 November 441. Duchesne, p. 367: "Ex provincia Luj^dunensi prima civit Lugdunins Eucherius episcopus, Aper presbyter, Veranus diaconus."
  23. ^ Archbishop Patiens successfully combated a famine and Arianism. He attended a council in 474 or 475, and obtained a retraction of heresy of the priest Lucidus. Duchesne, p. 370. C. Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 — A. 506, (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 159. Sidonius Apollinaris praised him in a poem.
  24. ^ With Avitus of Vienne, Stephanus convoked a council at Lyon for the conversion of the Arians.
  25. ^ Archbishop Viventiolus presided with Archbishop Avitus of Vienne at the Council of Epaone in 517. C. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 — A. 695, (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 35: "Viuentiolus episcopus ecclesiae Lugduninsis cum prouincialibus meis constitutiones nostras relegi et subscripsi."
  26. ^ Archbishop Priscus presided at the Council of Mâcon, in 581 or 583. De Clercq, p. 229: "Priscus Lugdunensis aeclesiae episcopus nostram suscripsi."
  27. ^ Previté-Orton 1912, pp. 10–11.
  28. ^ Previté-Orton 1912, p. 37.
  29. ^ HALINARD, Erzbischof von Lyon
  30. ^ , Cardinal de Boulogne, papal diplomat
  31. ^ , whom king Francis I of France named Cardinal protector of the crown of France at the court of Pope Paul III, and a patron of scholars
  32. ^ , who negotiated several times between Francis I and Emperor Charles V, combated the Reformation and founded the Collège de Tournon, which the Jesuits later made one of the most celebrated educational establishments of the kingdom
  33. ^ , whom king Francis I of France named Cardinal protector of the crown of France at the court of Pope Paul III, and a patron of scholars
  34. ^ Antoine d'Albon was an early editor of Rufinus and Ausonius. Fisquet, pp. 408-411.
  35. ^ D'Epinac was an active leader of the League against Henry of Navarre (Henry IV). Fisquet, pp. 412-433.
  36. ^ Marquemont: Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, pp. 191-192. Fisquet, pp. 437-443.
  37. ^ Miron: Fisquet, pp. 443-457.
  38. ^ Du Plessis was the elder brother of Cardinal Armand de Richelieu. Fisquet, pp. 457-463.
  39. ^ Neufville: Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, pp. 195-196.
  40. ^ François-Paul de Neufville: Piolin, Gallia christiana IV, p. 197.
  41. ^ , of Jansenist tendencies, and who had published for his seminary by the Oratorian Joseph Valla six volumes of "Institutiones theologicæ" known as "Théologie de Lyon", and spread throughout Italy by Scipio Ricci until condemned by the Index in 1792
  42. ^ A bishop of Lyon of the schismatic French Constitutional Church, from 27 March 1791 to 11 January 1794, the date of his death on the scaffold.
  43. ^ Winfield, Nicole (6 March 2020). "Pope lets French cardinal embroiled in abuse cover-up resign". Crux. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

Bibliography

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Reference works

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Studies

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