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Bălți
Flag of Bălți
Flag
Official seal of Bălți
Seal
Municipality of Bălți (in red) in Moldova
Municipality of Bălți (in red) in Moldova
Country Moldova
MunicipalityBălți
CommunesSadovoe, Elizaveta
Founded1421
City rights1818
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Council
 • MayorVasile Panciuc, since 2011
Area
 • City
78.00 km2 (30.12 sq mi)
 • Urban
41.43 km2 (16.00 sq mi)
Elevation
59 m (194 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2013)[1]
 • City
105,000
 • Density1,912.8/km2 (4,954/sq mi)
 • Metro
149,700
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
MD-3100
Area code+373 231 X-XX-XX
Licence plateBL XX 000
Websitewww.balti.md

Bălți (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbəlt͡sʲ] ⓘ; Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-ru, [Byel’tsy] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: ru-Latn (help) and Бэлць, [Bėlts’] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: ru-Latn (help), Template:Lang-uk, [Bel’tsi] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: uk-Latn (help), Template:Lang-yi [Belts] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: yi-Latn (help)) is a city in Moldova. It is the second largest in terms of area and economic importance after Chișinău, and the third largest in terms of population after Chișinău and Tiraspol. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalities. Sometimes also called "the northern capital", it is a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated 127 kilometres (79 mi) north of the capital Chișinău, and is located on the river Răut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Bălți steppe.

Name

The word "bălți" (pl. of Romanian sing. "baltă") in direct translation means "swamp".[2] It is believed that the city had been named thus because it was founded on a hill dominating the wetland formed where the creek Răuțel ("Little Răut") falls into the river Răut.

In addition to the official name Bălți and the Russian name Бельцы (Beltsy), between 1940-1989 in Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, and after 1989 in Russian, the name was/is also rendered in Cyrillic as Бэлць (Russian pronunciation: [ˈbɛlts]).

History and symbols

Consecration of Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral on June 2, 1935
Further information: History of Bălți

Coat of arms

Current coat of arms

The current coat of arms and flag of Bălți, elaborated by Silviu Tabac from the Moldovan State Commission for Heraldry, have been adopted by the Municipal Council in April 2006.

A shield, with alternating six silvery strips (symbolizing water), and six blue strips (symbolizing earth) form the background (symbolizing the name of the city). The central element of the shield is an archer in red clothes, in the military outfit (yellow) of Stephen III of Moldavia (Romanian: Ștefan cel Mare) times (15th century). The archer represents the medieval military recruitment, formed by local free peasants.[3]

On top of the shield there is a silver crown in the shape of fortress wall, with seven towers. (The crown represents the fact that the locality is a city. Apart from Bălți, only the capital Chişinău, and Tiraspol are allowed to have seven towers, while other cities must limit this number to three or five.) The shield is supported by two rearing silver horses (the white horse is the traditional symbol of the region, which was part of Iași County before 1812). Under the shield there is a ribbon with the Latin inscription CEDANT ARMA TOGAE, meaning let arms yield to the toga.

In the Middle Ages, the archer was featured on the coats of arms of the region. In the 19th century, the city and district coats of arms also featured a horse head. In the early 20th century, a shield representing an archer, standing on a hill, the sun, and three bullrush sticks (elements quite sufficient to identify the place where Bălți is situated in the landscape of the north of Moldova) formed the coat of arms of the Bălți county, while these and horse elements - the coat of arms of the city proper.

Flag

The city's flag is composed of two horizontal strips: a blue one on the bottom, and a silver one on top. The shield and archer elements from the coat of arms are also present in the centre of the flag.

Geography

Bălți is situated on the tops and slopes of three hills and in two small valleys. The land in the north of Moldova is very fertile, mostly consisting of black earth or chernozem. Several extraction sites for raw materials used in the construction industry are also found in the vicinity of Bălți. The creeks Răuțel, Copăceanca, and Flămândă cross the territory of the municipality, and flow into the river Răut. Also, several lakes are situated in Bălți: City Lake, Komsolskoe Lake, Hunters and Fishermen Lake, Strâmba Lake.

The municipality covers an area of 78.0 square kilometres (30.1 sq mi), of which the city proper 41.42 square kilometres (15.99 sq mi), the village Elizaveta (an eastern suburb) 9.81 square kilometres (3.79 sq mi), and the village Sadovoe (a north-western suburb) 26.77 square kilometres (10.34 sq mi). Of these, an important portion (20.11 square kilometres (7.76 sq mi)) is agriculturally cultivated.

Neighbourhoods

The city itself is located on portions of three hills. The river Răut separates one of the hills to the north-east, the slopes of this hill are occupied by the neighbourhood Slobozia. Răut's affluent Răuțel separates another hill in the south, the slopes of which are the Podul Chișinăului district. The largest of the three hills dominates the valleys of the creek and river, and contains the city centre and the old town, and the neighbourhoods Pământeni, Dacia, 6th district, 8th district, the city's main industrial area, and Moldova neighbourhood. The top of this hill is occupied by the medical facilities district. Bălții Noo neighbourhood is situated in the valley of the Răuțel creek.

A Soroca neighbourhood, 10th district, 9th district, the area of the former Bălți concentration camp, and the Bălți City Airport are situated in the valley of the Răut river.

The names of city neighborhoods reflect different historic influences, such as names of 19th century suburbs that are nowadays within city limits: Pământeni, Slobozia, Molodova, Podul Chișinăului, Bălții Noi; others are known by their Soviet-era names: 6th district, 8th district, 9th district. A neighbourhood in the northern part of the city is called Dacia, and is colloquially sometimes referred to as BAM. A district in the eastern part is known as 10th district.

Climate

The all-time maximum temperature registered in the city was 38 °C (100 °F), the all-time minimum −32 °C (−26 °F). There are 450 to 450 to 550 mm (18 to 22 in) of annual rainfall, mostly during summer and fall. Winds are generally from the north-east or the north-west at about 2–5 m/s.

Climate data for Bălți
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		1.3
(34.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		14.1
(57.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		4.2
(39.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31
(1.2) 		28
(1.1) 		28
(1.1) 		44
(1.7) 		55
(2.2) 		86
(3.4) 		79
(3.1) 		49
(1.9) 		43
(1.7) 		22
(0.9) 		34
(1.3) 		30
(1.2) 		529
(20.8)
Average precipitation days 11 11 9 11 12 13 11 8 8 6 9 11 120
Source: World Weather Information Service[4]

Seismology

The city is situated in the 7th zone of seismic activity[clarification needed], with a well-felt earthquake (generally without any serious structural damage to the city's buildings) occurring every 35 years on average.

Cityscape

Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral

Architecture

Cultural venues in the city include:

  • Vasile Alecsandri theatre
  • the oldest surviving building, a two-story boyar house, right in the heart of the city centre, dates back to 1609, but it has been re-constructed and re-modelled many times with total disregard to conservation to the extent that now it simply looks like an odd two-storey building.
  • Monument of Stephen the Great (2003)
  • others (see down through the text)

Churches:

Culture and contemporary life

The National Theatre "Vasile Alecsandri"
Moldovan stamp with Mihai Eminescu's statue in Bălți

Entertainment and performing arts

Theaters:

  • Vasile Alecsandri theatre
  • "Eugène Ionesco" Theatre
  • "Licurici" Republican Puppet Theatre
  • "B.P.Hajdeu" Republican Drama-Muzical Theatre
  • "Mihai Eminescu" National Theatre
  • "Luceafarul" Republican Theatre
  • Municipal Theatre "Satiricus I.L. Caragiale"

Museums and art galleries:

  • "Exhibition of the Union of painters "Constantin Brâncuși"
  • Artum Art Gallery

Media

Radio stations

List of FM radio stations from Bălți as of 4 July 2009.

  • 90,00-«Serebriannii dojdi»
  • 90,50-«Prime FM»([1])
  • 92,00-«Retro FM»([2])
  • 101,0-«Vocea Basarabiei»
  • 101,5-«City radio»
  • 102,1-«Radio ALLA»([3])
  • 102,9-«BBC»([4])
  • 103,5-«Vzrosloe radio Shanson»([5])
  • 103,9-«Fresh FM»([6])
  • 104,9-«Radio Moldova»([7])
  • 105,6-«Megapolis Fm»([8])
  • 106,2-«Russcoe Radio»([9])
  • 107,2-«NOROC»([10])
  • 107,6-«Hit FM»([11])

Civil society

Bălți is a source of civil society development both locally and nationwide. Bălți is home to numerous independent and apolitical organisations such as Second Breath, one of the Moldovan NGOs for care of socially vulnerable persons, Tinerii pentru Dreptul la Viață ("Youth for the right to live"), a youth organisation.

Sports

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bălți

Historically Bălți was known for producing tobacco. They also had many vineyards and orchards.[6]

Most of the city's industry centres on food processing, notably in the production of flour, sugar, and wine. Manufacturing of furniture and agricultural machinery also plays an important role in Bălți's economy.

The service sector has developed after 1989 to cover the basic needs of the population.

Manufacturing

This city is an important economic centre, with manufacturing playing an important role. Besides traditional for Moldova wine making, sugar, meat processing, flour milling, oil production, and light industry in general, Bălți is the centre for manufacturing of agricultural machinery, of various construction materials, fur, textile, chemical and furniture industries. A mammoth Soviet-type conglomerate 8,000-worker factory (called "Lenin" before 1989 and "Răut" afterwards) produced a large variety of machine building products for consumer or industry use, from irons and telephone sets to sonar equipment for Soviet military submarines. However, due to swift changes in the economic environment after the breakdown of the Soviet planned economy system, the manufacturing base of the city has severely suffered. Nevertheless, more recently, new economic ties are being created, with collaboration and direct investment mostly from the European Union.[citation needed]

Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH celebrated the inauguration of its second plant in Moldova. The facility, which will be located in Balti, will produce wiring harnesses. The plant has about 13,000 square meters of production and logistics space.

Shopping

Bălți has several major shopping chain outlets, such as the German Metro Group AG, Ukrainian Fourchette and Moldovan Fidesco.

Numerous shops, can be found in the central (retail), eastern (en gros) and northern (retail) parts of the city. The biggest shopping galleries are located in the centre and in the Dacia district (north) of the city. Souvenir boutiques are mostly found around the central square Vasile Alecsandri. The central market is open from early morning.

A variety of small private stores and supermarkets are available. There are also six public-owned and four private-owned markets. More recently several supermarket chains have opened stores in the city.

Tourist industry

  • Hotel Bălți (former Basarabia)
  • Hotel Tinerețe

Health facilities

The city has a big Republican hospital, another multifunctional municipal hospital, a children's hospital, and a range of other medical facilities (smaller clinics and hospitals, as well as buildings, named poly-clinics, gathering doctors offices).[7]

Demographics

  • Births (2010): 1573 (10.6 per 1000)
  • Deaths (2010): 1447 (9.7 per 1000)
  • Growth rate (2010): 126 (0.9 per 1000)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1819 1,600—    
1830 3,738+133.6%
1861 5,900+57.8%
1897 18,500+213.6%
1902 22,300+20.5%
1915 24,000+7.6%
1930 30,570+27.4%
1959 67,666+121.3%
1970 105,505+55.9%
1979 126,950+20.3%
1989 161,475+27.2%
2004 127,561−21.0%
2013 est. 144,800+13.5%

According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, data submitted by the Department of Statistics and Sociology of the Republic of Moldova, the population of municipality of Bălți was 127,561, of which the population of the city itself was 122,669, and that of the suburban villages of Elizaveta and Sadovoe was of 3,523, respectively 1,369. Of these, 58,418 were men and 69,143 were women.[8]

Ethnic groups, 2004:[9]

Ethnicity Number %
Moldovan/Romanian 66,877/2,258 52.4 %/1.8 %
Ukrainian 30,288 23.7 %
Russian 24,526 19.2 %
Bulgarian 297 0.2 %
Gagauz 243 0.2 %
other 2,889 2,3 %
not declared 183 0.1 %

The population of Bălți in accordance with available census data.[10]

Year 1897 1930 1959 1970 1979 1989 2004
Population 18,500 30,570 67,666 105,505 126,950 161,475 127,561

In 1897, the first Russian Empire Census was carried out, in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, in Soviet Union population censuses, and in 1930 census of Romania (according to which, of the 30,570 inhabitants of the city, 14,200 were Jews, 8,900 Romanians, 5,400 Russians and Ukrainians, 1,000 Poles; 14,400 were Christian Orthodox, 14,250 Judaic, 1,250 Romano-Catholic). In 1939 another Romanian census was carried out, but its data was never processed because of the beginning of World War II. The decrease in population in the 1990s was also affected by the emigration of most of the Jewish population to Israel and other developed countries.

Religion

At the last census, 90.7% of the population (110,961 people) identified themselves as Christian Orthodox, 2.1% (2,609) as Baptist, 0.8% as Catholic, 0.5% as Seventh-day Adventist, 0.4% as Pentecostal, 0.2% as Methodist, 0.1% as Evangelical, 0.09% as Muslim, 0.06% as Presbyterian, 0.04% as Old Believers, 0.04% as Reformed, 1.8% (2161 people) as followers of other religions, 0.4% as atheist, and 2.7% (3,304) as non-religious.[11]

Social aspects

The post-independence decrease in the city population is mainly due to economic and demographic situation of Moldova, which prompted a wave of permanent or temporary emigration.

Remittances from the migrant workers account for 30% of Moldova's GDP, the highest percentage in all of Europe.[12] Often, elderly relatives and children of these workers are left to live in Bălți.

The majority of the population of Bălți is bilingual (Romanian and Russian), but some people only know one of these two languages. Many people in the city also understand and/or speak Ukrainian.

Government

Register office in Bălți

Bălți Municipality is a territorial unit of Moldova (one of its 3 municipalities not subordinated to other territorial units; it has the status of municipality since 1994), containing the city itself, and the villages of Elizaveta and Sadovoe.

The Mayor Office (Template:Lang-ro) is headed by the Mayor (Template:Lang-ro), and administers the local affairs, while the Municipal Council serves as a consultative body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of 35 council members elected every four years. As a result of the last regional elections of local public administration held in June 2007, the Communist Party (PCRM) holds 21 mandates, 11 mandates are held by representatives of other parties, and 3 mandates by independents. There are two factions in the Municipal Council: the PCRM faction (21 members) and "Meleag" (Romanian for "Native land") faction (3 independents and 4 representatives of different parties).

The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years. Vasile Panciuc, PCRM, is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice: in 2003 during the anticipated elections (as a result of a new reform of the administrative division in Moldova), and in 2007.

Politics

Until recently, voters in the Bălți municipality mainly supported the PCRM. This is explained by the fact that the municipality contains a large Russian-speaking minority (43%) which primarily votes Communist. However, support for the Communists has seen a steady decline in the last three elections.

During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 85.0%

Parliament elections results
Year AEI PCRM
2010 38.35% 24,496 56.89% 36,348
July 2009 38.93% 22,147 58.16% 33,091
April 2009 24.92% 13,243 56.43% 29,980

Elections

e • d  Summary of 28 November 2010 Parliament of Moldova election results in Balti Municipality
Parties and coalitions Votes % +/−
Template:Moldovan politics/party colours/PCRM| Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 36,348 56.89 −1.27
Template:Moldovan politics/party colours/PLDM| Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova 11,721 18.35 +5.53
Template:Moldovan politics/party colours/PDM| Democratic Party of Moldova 8,746 13,69 -1.91
Template:Moldovan politics/party colours/PL| Liberal Party 3,147 4.93 −2.71
Template:Moldovan politics/party colours/AMN| Party Alliance Our Moldova 882 1.38 −1.49
Other Party 3,057 4.76 +1.85
Total (turnout 58.73%) 64,233 100.00


Military

The 1st motorized infantry brigade "Moldova" of the Moldovan army (out of a total of 6 brigades - three infantry, one artillery, one airborne and one anti-aircraft) is located in Bălți. A unit of Soviet "Tochka-M" short-range rockets, each carrying 500 kg (1,102 lb) of conventional explosive, was known to be based in the city. No up to date information is available.

Education

Alecu Russo University

Primary and Secondary Education

There are 13 lyceums and 6 professional education institutions (Template:Lang-ro) offering the last 3 years of high school education and 2 years post-high school technical education. Also, 14 secondary schools (numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23), 7 professional or professional-technical schools (numbered 1 through 7), and 3 boarding schools, including one for visually impaired are located in the city.[13]

Higher education

These schools teach either in Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian, English or are mixed. The latter case was inherited from the Soviet system, which provided for education in Russian and Romanian (Moldovan) languages, where mixed schools were created with the administration being carried out in both languages.

Historical monuments and architecture

File:Monument to Taras Shevchenko in Beltsy.jpg
Monument to Taras Shevchenko in Bălți
  • Saint Nicolas Cathedral (1795)
  • Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1884)
  • Saint Gregory Armenian Church (1916)
  • Saint Constantine and Helen Cathedral (1935)
  • Saint Parascheva Church (1934)
  • Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (1929)
  • Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (1933)
  • Bălți Bishopric (1934)
  • Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
  • Matrimonial Palace
  • History and Ethnography Museum
  • A monument of Stefan the Great (2003)
  • Bust of Mihai Eminescu
  • Bust of Vasile Alecsandri
  • Bust of Taras Shevchenko (2001)
  • A monument to soldiers killed in Afghanistan (1999)

Transport

Main article: Transport in Bălți

Public transport

Trans-Alfa trolleybus in Bălți

Passenger transport in Bălți is handled mainly by the Bălți Trolleybus Authority and Bălți Bus Authority, as well as by private bus, minibus and taxi companies. The total number of passengers transported in Bălți in 2004 was 35.4 million.[citation needed]

There are around 25 minibus lines in Bălți and its agglomeration. The Bălți Bus Authority (B.B.A.) provides regular bus routes only in suburbs. There are also private bus and minibus services, which are not regulated by the B.B.A., provides regular routes in Bălţi

There are 3 trolleybus lines in Bălți, the fourth line being planned to be constructed in future. Most trolleybuses used by the Bălți Trolleybus Authority (B.T.A.) are different modifications of the Soviet ZiU-682, one Czech Škoda-14Tr13/6M, three Belorussian АКСМ–20101, and seven Russian Trans-Alfa 5298.00 (375).

Line Length In service from Number of stations Number of cars on route Serviced by Notes
1 Quarter "Molodova" – Airport Bălți-Oraş 16.8 km (10.44 mi) 1972 20 4 B.T.A.
2 North train station – Quarter "Dacia" 17.0 km (10.56 mi) 1972 30 16 B.T.A.
3 SA "Basarabia Nord" – Bus station 14.0 km (8.70 mi) 1972? 14 8 B.T.A.
4 Center – Quarter "Dacia" B.T.A. Closed
5 Center – Airport Bălți-Oraş B.T.A. Closed

Bălți offers a choice of taxi services, most of which operate for a fixed fee in the inner city. Three taxi companies are branches of Moldovan national companies, two taxi companies are Bălți registered businesses.

Road

Bălți is an important transportation hub of Moldova. The best inter-city transportation is done by coach or van (privately or publicly owned). 135 kilometres (84 miles) of Soviet-style highway (portions in good or fair condition) connect the city to the capital Chişinău. By road one can also reach Ukraine (in about 2 hours) to the north or to the east, and Romania (in about 1 hour) to the south-west by the Sculeni–Sculeni crossing point, which leads to the Romanian city of Iaşi (104 kilometres (65 miles) from Bălți), or to the west by the Stânca–Costeşti crossing.

The Bălţi Inter-City Coach Station provides for regular bus connections throughout Moldova, as well as for numerous European and international connections (Eurolines).

Rail

Regular rail connections to Ocnița (north), Rezina (east) and Ungheni (south-east), as well as to Chişinău exists, however it takes today 6 hours to cover the 200 kilometres (124 miles) to Chișinău. The railway lines are not electrified, and contain only a single track between stations. Since Moldova gained independence, the railway lines became the responsibility of Calea Ferată din Moldova (Railways of Moldova) state company.

There are two railway stations: Bălți-City Station and Bălți-Slobozia Station (the name of a city neighbourhood), which both serve internal and international traffic.

Air

The city also has two operational airports. One of them, Bălţi International Airport, 15 kilometres (9 miles) north of the city center (near the village of Corlăteni), was built in 1980s, modern by Soviet standards, is officially certified. Large aircraft can land (one 2,200 meters runway), it operates both charter passenger and cargo flights. As of October 2007, it does not operate regular passenger flights.

A second airport, for small aircraft, Bălți-City Airport, is located on the Eastern outskirts of the city. It was the most important airport in the surrounding region during World War II, but currently is only used for municipal and regional public services, agriculture, emergency services and pilot training.

Notable people

International relations

Twin towns - sister cities

Bălți is twinned with:

Consulates

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Preliminary number of resident population in the Republic of Moldova as of 1 January 2013" (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  2. ^ English <-> Romanian Online Dictionary - a Bilingual Dictionary from ECTACO
  3. ^ In medieval Moldavia Arcașii lui Ștefan (Stephen's archers) were free peasants paying tax only to the country's ruler and ready to serve at the first call. They formed the first line of defence against invaders, and often had to defend their villages and families themselves, or hide them in the forests, before the Principality's army would come to relief.[citation needed] Throughout the hilly part (i.e. most) of Moldova, many summits have an additional man-made earth addition of up to 10 meters in some places, where warning fires were located in the early Middle Ages. One can easily recognize these spots on the Moldovan, now deforested, mainly cultivated landscape, all the way to the banks of the river Dniester, across from which the Asian steppe begins, and can observe a repeating peculiarity: From each of the summits the otherwise obscured neighbourhood is very well observable, with at least 3 other such spots in clear view, although possibly at a couple hours' walking distance.
  4. ^ "Weather Information for Bălți". World Weather Information Service. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
  5. ^ Официальный сайт примэрии города Бэлць - Спортивные учреждения (in Russian). Balti.md. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  6. ^ Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 14.
  7. ^ Template:Ru icon Health institutions on balti.md
  8. ^ "?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-24.[dead link‍]
  9. ^ Template:Mo icon official ethnicity statistics
  10. ^ "Statistics". National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. Template:Ro icon Template:Ru icon Template:En icon
  11. ^ official religion statistics
  12. ^ Template:Ro icon Romanii din strainatate vor sa revina in tara
  13. ^ Bălți schools
  14. ^ Alexandr Goncearenco neksa neksa.net. Архив за 06.10.2005 - "Независимая Молдова" (in Russian). Nm.md. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  15. ^ project page of the catalogue raisonné of the works of Boris Anisfeld
  16. ^ ru:Бардичевер, Зейлик
  17. ^ "Yiddish literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  18. ^ "Podolsk sister cities". Translate.google.com. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
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