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Baked beans

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Baked beans
Baked beans in tomato sauce
Place of originUnited States
Region or stateNew England
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsBeans
Ingredients generally usedBacon, ham, or salt pork (US); maple syrup, molasses, or brown sugar (US & CAN); mustard (US); onions (US); Tomato sauce (UK, CAN & AUS/NZ; sometimes US)
Similar dishesFèves au lard, refried beans

Baked beans are a dish traditionally containing white common beans that are parboiled and then baked in sauce at low temperature for a lengthy period.[1] Canned baked beans are not baked, but are cooked through a steam process.[2]

Baked beans originated in Native American cuisine, and are made from beans indigenous to the Americas.[3] The dish was adopted and adapted by English colonists in New England in the 17th century and, through cookbooks published in the 19th century, spread to other regions of the United States and into Canada.[3] Today, in the New England region of the United States, a variety of indigenous legumes are used in restaurants or in the home, such as Jacob's cattle, soldier beans, yellow-eyed beans, and navy beans (also known as native beans).[3]

Originally, Native Americans sweetened baked beans with maple syrup, a tradition some recipes still follow, but some English colonists used brown sugar beginning in the 17th century. In the 18th century, the convention of using American-made molasses as a sweetening agent became increasingly popular to avoid British taxes on sugar. Boston baked beans use a sauce prepared with molasses and salt pork, a dish whose popularity has given Boston the nickname "Beantown".[4]

Today, baked beans are served throughout the United States alongside barbecue foods and at picnics. Beans in a brown sugar, sugar, or corn syrup sauce (with or without tomatoes) are widely available throughout the United States. Bush Brothers are the largest producer.[5] After the American Revolutionary War, Independence Day celebrations often included baked beans.[6]

Canned baked beans are used as a convenience food; most are made from haricot beans in sauce. They may be eaten hot or cold, and straight from the can, as they are fully cooked.[7] H. J. Heinz began producing canned baked beans in 1886. In the early 20th century, canned baked beans gained international popularity, particularly in the United Kingdom, where they are commonly served in a full breakfast.

Origins and history in the Americas

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Three beanpots used for cooking homemade baked beans. The small one is glazed with the letters "Boston Baked Beans".

According to chef and food historian Walter Staib of Philadelphia's City Tavern, baked beans had their roots as a Native peoples dish in the Americas long before the dish became known to Western culture.[8] In the northeast of America various Native American peoples, including the Iroquois, the Narragansett and the Penobscot,[9] mixed beans, maple sugar, and bear fat in earthenware pots which they placed in pits called "bean holes" which were lined in hot rocks to cook slowly over a long period of time.[8][10]

British colonists in New England were the first westerners to adopt the dish from the Native peoples, and were quick to embrace it largely because the dish was reminiscent of pease pudding and because the dish used ingredients native to the New World.[8][11] They substituted molasses or sugar for the maple syrup, bacon or ham for the bear fat, and simmered their beans for hours in pots over the fire instead of underground.[8] Each colony in America had its own regional variations of the dish, with navy or white pea beans used in Massachusetts, Jacob's Cattle and soldier beans used in Maine, and yellow-eyed beans in Vermont.[3] This variation likely resulted from the colonists receiving the dish from different Native peoples who used different native beans.[3]

While some historians have theorized that baked beans had originated from the cassoulet or bean stew tradition in Southern France, this is unlikely as the beans used to make baked beans are all native to North America and were introduced to Europe around 1528.[12] However, it is likely that English colonists used their knowledge of cassoulet cooking to modify the cooking technique of the beans from the traditional Native American version, by soaking the bean overnight and simmering the beans over a fire before baking it in earthen pots in order to decrease the cooking time.[13]

A precursor to baked beans, beans and bacon, was known in medieval England.[14] The addition of onion and mustard to some baked beans recipes published in New England in the 19th century was likely based on traditional cassoulet recipes from Staffordshire, England, which utilized mustard, beans, and leeks.[13] These ingredients are still often added to baked beans today.[13] Nineteenth-century cookbooks published in New England, spread to other portions of the United States and Canada, which familiarized other people with the dish.[13]

While many recipes today are stewed, traditionally dried beans were soaked overnight, simmered until tender (parboiled), and then slow-baked in a ceramic or cast-iron beanpot.[3] Originally baked beans were sweetened with maple syrup by Native Americans, a tradition some recipes still follow, but some English colonists modified the sweetening agent to brown sugar beginning in the 17th century.[14] In the 18th century the convention of using American made molasses as a sweetening agent became increasingly popular in order to avoid British taxes on sugar.[14] The molasses style of baked beans has become closely associated with the city of Boston and is often referred to as Boston baked beans.[15]

Today in the New England region, baked beans are flavored either with maple syrup (Northern New England), or with molasses (Boston), and are traditionally cooked with salt pork in a beanpot in a brick oven for six to eight hours.[15] In the absence of a brick oven, the beans were cooked in a beanpot nestled in a bed of embers placed near the outer edges of a hearth, about a foot away from the fire. Today, baked beans can be made in a slow cooker or in a modern oven using a traditional beanpot, Dutch oven, or casserole dish.[13] Regardless of cooking method, the results of the dish, commonly described as having a savory-sweet flavor and a brownish- or reddish-tinted white bean, are the same.[8]

A tradition in Maine of "bean hole" cooking may have originated with the native Penobscot people and was later practiced in logging camps. A fire would be made in a stone-lined pit and allowed to burn down to hot coals, and then a pot with 11[16] pounds of seasoned beans would be placed in the ashes, covered over with dirt, and left to cook overnight or longer. These beans were a staple of Maine's logging camps, served at every meal.[17][18]

Baked beans made with BBQ sauce, brown sugar, cider vinegar, Dijon mustard and sliced bacon

While baked beans was initially a New England region cuisine, the dish has become a popular item throughout the United States; and is now a staple item served most frequently along various types of barbecue and at picnics.[19] This is due in part to the ease of handling, as they can be served hot or cold, directly from the can, making them handy for outdoor eating. The tomato-based sweet sauce also complements many types of barbecue. The already-cooked beans may also be baked in a casserole dish topped with slices of raw bacon, which is baked until the bacon is cooked. Additional seasonings are sometimes used, such as additional brown sugar or mustard to make the sauce more tangy.[7]

Commercial production and international consumption

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Canned beans

Canned beans, often containing pork, were among the first convenience foods, and were exported and popularised by U.S. companies internationally in the early 20th century.[20] The American Food and Drug Administration stated in 1996: "It has for years been recognized by consumers generally that the designation 'beans with pork,' or 'pork and beans' is the common or usual name for an article of commerce that contains very little pork." The included pork is typically a piece of salt pork that adds fat to the dish.[21]

The first mass-produced commercial canning of baked beans in the United States began in 1895 by the Pennsylvania-based H. J. Heinz Company.[5] Heinz was also the first company to sell baked beans outside of the United States, beginning with sales limited solely to Fortnum & Mason in 1886, when the item was considered a luxury.[22] They began selling baked beans throughout the UK in 1901, and baked beans became a standard part of the English full breakfast soon after.[5] Heinz removed pork from the product during the Second World War rationing.[23]

Baked beans on sourdough toast, served in a café in London, England

Originally, Heinz Baked Beans were prepared in the traditional United States manner for sales in Ireland and Great Britain. Over time, the recipe was altered to a less sweet tomato sauce without maple syrup, molasses, or brown sugar to appeal to the tastes of the United Kingdom.[20] This is the version of baked beans most commonly eaten outside of the United States. Baked beans are commonly eaten on toast ("beans on toast") or as part of a full breakfast.[20] Heinz Baked Beans remains the best-selling brand in the UK.[24] The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence in Port Talbot, Wales, was dedicated to baked beans.[25]

Health

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In 2002, manufacturers of canned baked beans were allowed to advertise the product as contributing to the recommended daily consumption of five to six vegetables per person.[citation needed] This concession was criticised by heart specialists, who pointed to the high levels of sugar and salt in the product.[citation needed] However, it has been proven that consumption of baked beans does indeed lower total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even in normo-cholesterolaemic individuals.[26][27] Some manufacturers produce a "healthy" version of the product with reduced levels of sugar and salt.[28]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baked beans.

References

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  1. ^ Ken Alba (2007). Beans: A History. London: Oxford International Publishers.
  2. ^ Lauren O'Callaghan (9 August 2016). "How are your baked beans REALLY made? Behind the scenes footage at a factory reveals ALL". BBC Express.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Michael Sletcher, ed. (2004). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures: New England. London: Greenwood Press. pp. 233–235.
  4. ^ Dalager, Norman (10 August 2006). "What's in a nickname?". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Teresa F. Lindeman (25 January 2012). "Heinz brings beans back to U.S." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  6. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2013). Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 364.
  7. ^ a b "GuardianWitness - Cold Baked Beans salad". GuardianWitness. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e Walter Staib (1999). City Tavern Cookbook: 200 years of Classic Recipes from America's First Gourmet Restaurant. London: Running Press. p. 115.
  9. ^ "The secret history of baked beans". lovefood.com. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  10. ^ "Common Grounds Bean Hole Beans". Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  11. ^ Michael Sletcher, ed. (2004). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures: New England. London: Greenwood Press. p. xviii.
  12. ^ "Food History: A timeline". Kid Cyber. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d e Keith Stavely, Kathleen Fitzgerald (2004). America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 51–58. ISBN 9780807828946.
  14. ^ a b c Mark McWilliams (2012). "The Story behind the Dish: Classic American Foods: Classic American Foods". Denver, Colorado: Greenwood Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780313385100.
  15. ^ a b Farmer, Fannie (1896). Boston Cooking-School Cook Book'. New American Library. p. 212. ISBN 0-451-12892-3.
  16. ^ "Common Ground's Bean Hole Beans". Mofga.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  17. ^ "Foodways Research: A Taste of Maine". Maine Folklife Center. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009.
  18. ^ "Maine Folklife Center". Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009., Maine Folklife Center
  19. ^ Robert F. Moss (2010). Barbecue: The History of an American Institution. University of Alabama Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780817317188.
  20. ^ a b c Felicity Cloake (1 May 2014). "How to cook the perfect baked beans". The Guardian.
  21. ^ "That's What and Beans? Pork Defends Its Image". The New York Times. 1 April 1998.
  22. ^ "Fortnum's History". Fortnum & Mason. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  23. ^ Thring, Oliver (22 February 2011). "Consider baked beans". The Guardian. London.
  24. ^ "Heinz to change baked beans recipe as it faces Branston challenge". campaignlive.co.uk.
  25. ^ Davies, Hunter (2010). "Chapter 4: The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence, Port Talbot". Behind the scenes at the Museum of Baked Beans: My search for Britain's Maddest Museums. Virgin Books. pp. 59–72. ISBN 978-0-7535-2213-4.
  26. ^ Susan M. Shutler, Gemma M. Bircher, Jacki A. Tredger, Linda M. Morgan, Ann F. Walker and A. G. LOW (1989). The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men. British Journal of Nutrition, 61, pp 257–265 doi:10.1079/BJN19890114.
  27. ^ Donna M. Winham, Andrea M. Hutchins. Baked bean consumption reduces serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 1 July 2007 (volume 27 issue 7 Pages 380–386 doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.04.017).
  28. ^ "Our top 5 baked beans - Healthy Kids". healthy-kids.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
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