Bundaberg

Coordinates: 24°51′0″S 152°21′0″E / 24.85000°S 152.35000°E / -24.85000; 152.35000
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For other uses, see Bundaberg (disambiguation).

Bundaberg
Queensland
From top left clockwise: East Water Tower, Bundaberg Post Office, War Memorial, Burnett Bridge
Bundaberg is located in Queensland
Bundaberg
Bundaberg
Coordinates24°51′0″S 152°21′0″E / 24.85000°S 152.35000°E / -24.85000; 152.35000
Population70,921 (2018)[1]
 • Density232.00/km2 (600.87/sq mi)
Established1870
Postcode(s)4670
Area305.7 km2 (118.0 sq mi)[2] (2011 urban)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
Location385 km (239 mi) from Brisbane
LGA(s)Bundaberg Region
CountyCook
State electorate(s)Bundaberg
Federal division(s)Hinkler
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
26.5 °C
80 °F		 16.3 °C
61 °F		 1,142.6 mm
45 in
Bundaberg Barrel
Bundaberg Brewed Drinks (The Barrel)

Bundaberg is a city in south-east Queensland, Australia,[3] about 385 kilometres (239 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane. It is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) inland from the Coral Sea coast and situated on the Burnett River. It is a major centre within the broader Wide Bay–Burnett geographical region

Bundaberg is the business centre for a major sugar cane growing area, and is well known for its namesake export, Bundaberg Rum. The city is an important tourism gateway for inland national parks and the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef and resort islands. It is the seat of the Bundaberg Regional Council.

As at June 2018, the urban population of the Bundaberg was 70,921.[1]

Etymology

City name

The name was coined by surveyor John Charlton Thompson and his assistant Alfred Dale Edwards. Bunda is derived from the name of one of the kinship groups of the local Taribelang people, to which was added the Saxon suffix berg, meaning "town".[4] Colloquially the city is known as "Bundy".

Bourbong street

Bourbong Street is the main street of the city and there is some controversy in regards to its spelling and meaning; Bourbong was alternatively spelled Bourbon or Boorbong, which was a local Aboriginal title given to a large waterhole in the area.[5] The main street was historically also gazetted in the Bundaberg Mail as "Bourbon" street, but by 1941 there is no reference to "Bourbon" street. Robert Strathdee's farming selection in the vicinity of the watering holes was recorded on early survey maps as 'Boorbung'.[6]

A pioneer pastoralist of the region, Nicholas Tooth, wrote that "Bourbong" was derived from the local Aboriginal phrase "bier rabong", meaning "plenty dead". Tooth, who took up land in the area in the early 1860s, found that Aboriginal people resolutely avoided the "bier rabong" vicinity. He later found the skeletal remains there of around twenty Aboriginal people who were apparently massacred in a raid by the Native Police.[7]

History

Timber workers
Cane workers
Burnett River
Bundaberg War Memorial in front of the Bundaberg Post Office, 1948

Original people

The local Aboriginal group is the Taribelang people of the Gureng nation. They are the original inhabitants of the region which stretches from the Burrum River in the south to the Burnett River in the north.[8]

The four kinship groups of the Taribelang people were called Banjurr, Barrang, Bunda and Turroine.[9]

British colonisation

The first non-indigenous man to visit the area was James Davis in the 1830s. He was an escaped convict from the Moreton Bay Penal settlement who lived with the Kabi people to the south of the region. He resided mostly around the Mary River and was referred to as Durrumboi.[10] The Burnett River was surveyed by John Charles Burnett, after whom it was named during his exploration mission of the Wide Bay and Burnett regions in 1847.[11][12]

British occupation of the land in the region began in 1848 when pastoral squatters Gregory Blaxland Jnr and William Forster brought in their large herds of livestock to set up a sheep station. Blaxland was a son of the Blue Mountains explorer, Gregory Blaxland, and Forster was later to become a Premier of New South Wales. They selected a very large area of land which encompassed most of the modern day Bundaberg region along the Burnett River. They named this pastoral lease Tirroan. Blaxland and Forster had previously set up sheep stations just south of the Clarence River and had a notable history of frontier conflict with Aboriginals while taking forcible possession of the land.[13] These methods continued at Tirroan resulting in the killing of two of their shepherds in 1849. An armed punitive mission led by Forster and Blaxland followed, causing multiple Aboriginal deaths. Further conflict occurred the following year where Blaxland was clubbed to death. Forster and a number of other squatters conducted another reprisal, resulting in a large massacre of Aboriginals in scrubland toward the coastal part of Tirroan. A couple of years later, Forster sold the property and the name of the pastoral lease changed to Gin Gin. The area was gradually subdivided with the advance of closer settlement beginning in the 1860s. The names of Tirroan and Gin Gin are commemorated in the naming of two towns near Bundaberg which were once part of the massive initial leasehold.[14]

Bundaberg itself was founded in 1867 as a British township by timbergetters and farmers John and Gavin Steuart.[15][16] The settlement of Bundaberg originally began on the northern banks of the Burnett River in 1867 but an official survey was undertaken in 1869 and the town was re-sited onto the higher, southern banks. The first land sale held in Bundaberg occurred on 22 August 1872, although two previous sales of Bundaberg land had taken place in Maryborough. The area developed as an agricultural and port town. Initially a number of the early settlers exploited the timber on their selections but as a result of the incentives of the Sugar and Coffee Regulations 1864, sugar became a major component in Bundaberg's development from the 1870s.The first farmers in the area, including Thomas Watson, arrived soon after. Local resident and District Surveyor John Charlton Thompson was directed by the government to survey and plot an area on the south side of the river. The city was surveyed, laid out, and named Bundaberg in 1870.[16]

Timber was the first established industry in Bundaberg. In 1868, Samuel Johnston erected a sawmill in Waterview, on the north bank of the Burnett River (downstream from the Steuart and Watson holdings).[16][17] Waterview sawmill supplied Rockhampton as well as local needs. It became prominent enough to prompt the government to extend the railway connecting North Bundaberg with Mount Perry, eastward to the Waterview Mill. Waterview sawmill closed in 1903 after being damaged by flood.[18] Experimental sugar cane cultivation in the district followed, and a successful industry grew. The first sugar mill was opened in 1882.[19] The early sugar industry in Bundaberg was based on Kanakas workers, who were kept in a status close to slavery.

The three surveyors named Bundaberg's streets. Thompson was assisted by unregistered surveyor assistants James Ellwood and Alfred Dale Edwards.[20] Edwards preferred using aboriginal names: Kolan, Woongarra, Barolin, Bingera, Kalkie, Woondooma, Moolboolooman, and for streets Tantitha, Bourbong, etc.

20th century

Bundaberg from space

With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902, Barolin Division became the Shire of Barolin and the Borough of Bundaberg became the Town of Bundaberg on 31 March 1903. On 22 November 1913, Bundaberg was proclaimed a City.[21]

The 1911 Queensland sugar strike occurred after the phasing out of South Sea Islander labour in 1904, with workers claiming that many plantation owners had substituted black indentured labourers (sometimes referred to as slaves) with white ones. Workers sought better accommodation, wages and conditions, including an eight-hour day and a minimum weekly wage of 30 shillings, including food. The mobilisation of unionists from Bundaberg to Mossman was a major achievement, with the 1911 strike lasting over seven weeks in Bundaberg where the town's economy was largely based on the sugar industry.[22] The end result of the strike was a Commonwealth Royal Commission into the sugar industry in 1911–12, which had been initially requested by Harry Hall, a Bundaberg AWA organiser in 1908 with a petition signed by 1500 Bundaberg sugar workers.[23] The Royal Commission, with ALF Secretary Albert Hinchcliffe as secretary, concluded the AWA demands had been justified. The union victory was a watershed in organised labour in Queensland and Australia.[24][25]

In 1912 Bundaberg pioneering aviator Bert Hinkler built and successfully flew his own glider on Mon Repos beach. He also completed a noteworthy non-stop flight from London to Turin in 1920. The following year in 1921 Hinkler flew from Sydney to Bundaberg, non-stop, in a record breaking flight of 8 and a half hours, in the process beating a telegram he had sent to his mother, to warn her of his arrival.[26]

The Bundaberg War Memorial commemorating those who died in the Anglo-Boer War and World War I was unveiled by Major-General Charles Brand on 30 July 1921.[27][28] The Bundaberg digger was imported from Italy and is constructed of Italian marble. The completed memorial, at a cost of £1,650, was the third most costly to be erected in Queensland. It is a major regional memorial and one of the two most intact digger memorials that remain in their original settings of intersections.

In the 1960s the township was completely flooded by the Burnett river. In 1967 Bundaberg celebrated its centenerary by producing a coin and opening The Bundaberg and District Historical Museum in the Bundaberg Botanical Gardens in Bundaberg North.

21st century

In December 2010, Bundaberg suffered its worst floods in 60 years, when floodwaters from the Burnett River inundated hundreds of homes.[29]

Two years later, in January 2013, Bundaberg experienced its worst flooding in recorded history as a result of Cyclone Oswald. Floodwaters from the Burnett River peaked at 9.53 meters. Over 4000 properties and 600 businesses had been affected by floodwaters, which moved in excess of 70 km/h.[30] Two defence force Blackhawk helicopters were brought in from Townsville as part of the evacuation operation, which ultimately used an additional 14 aircraft.

Heritage listings

Aerial view from the west

Bundaberg has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Population

In the 2016 Census, there were 69,061 people in Bundaberg (Significant Urban Area).

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 4.3% of the population.
  • 81.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.2%, New Zealand 1.8%, Philippines 0.7%, South Africa 0.5% and Scotland 0.4%.
  • 88.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 0.5%, Italian 0.4%, German 0.3%, Afrikaans 0.2% and Tagalog 0.2%.
  • The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.3%, Catholic 18.7% and Anglican 18.6%.[52]

Climate

Bundaberg has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with wet hot summers and mild winters. The climate is the most equable of any Australian town or city and ranked 5th on a worldwide comparison.[16] The mean daily maximum temperature is highest in January at 30.3 °C (86.5 °F) Celsius, and the mean daily minimum is lowest in July at 9.9 °C (49.8 °F).[53] The coldest temperature recorded in Bundaberg is −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) degrees Celsius, and some inland areas of Bundaberg sometimes experience frosts. The mean annual rainfall is 1,142.6 mm (44.98 in).

Climate data for Bundaberg Post Office
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.9
(102.0) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.7
(99.9) 		34.9
(94.8) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		36.5
(97.7) 		35.8
(96.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		40.2
(104.4) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.3
(86.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.3
(84.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		28.7
(83.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		26.7
(80.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.3
(52.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.3
(61.3)
Record low °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		−0.7
(30.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 205.8
(8.10) 		173.5
(6.83) 		139.7
(5.50) 		84.1
(3.31) 		70.6
(2.78) 		65.7
(2.59) 		53.5
(2.11) 		33.4
(1.31) 		35.7
(1.41) 		62.8
(2.47) 		85.0
(3.35) 		131.0
(5.16) 		1,142.6
(44.98)
Average precipitation days 10.0 9.6 9.5 6.6 5.7 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 5.2 6.3 7.9 76.1
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 62 63 63 60 58 56 53 52 53 57 59 61 58
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[54]

Suburbs

Aerial view to the north

Economy

Looking down Bourbong Street, Bundaberg town centre.
Bundaberg town centre with Bundaberg General Post Office to the right.
Young woman riding on the back of a turtle at Mon Repos Beach, near Bundaberg, ca. 1930.

Subtropical Bundaberg is dependent to a large extent on the local sugar industry. Extensive sugar cane fields have been developed throughout the district. Value-adding operations, such as the milling and refinement of sugar, and its packaging and distribution, are located around the city. A local factory that manufactured sugar-cane harvesters was closed down after it was taken over by the US multinational corporation Case New Holland. Most of the raw sugar is exported.[19] A bulk terminal for the export of sugar is located on the Burnett River east of Bundaberg.

Another of the city's exports is Bundaberg Rum, made from the sugar cane by-product molasses. Bundaberg is also home to beverage producer Bundaberg Brewed Drinks and Craft Brewery Bargara Brewing Company.

Commercial fruit and vegetable production is also significant: avocado, banana, bean, button squash, capsicum, chilli, citrus, cucumber, custard apple, egg fruit, honeydew melon, lychee, mango, passionfruit, potato, pumpkin, rockmelon, snow peas, stone fruit, sweet corn, sweet potato, tomato, watermelon, zucchini.[55] Macadamia nuts are also grown.[56]

Because of its high rate of unemployment, Bundaberg has been referred to as the "dole capital of Australia".[57]

Tourism

Tourism is an important industry in Queensland, and Bundaberg is known as the 'Southern Gateway to the Great Barrier Reef'.[16] The city lies near the southern end of the reef in proximity to Lady Elliot and Lady Musgrave Islands. The nearby town of Bargara is an increasingly popular holiday and retirement destination.

bundy rum office
Bundaberg Rum Tours

The Mon Repos turtle rookery is located on the coast just east of Bundaberg. The northern bank of the Burnett River between the Don Tallon and Burnett bridges is home to a colony of flying foxes. [citation needed]

Nearby beaches are popular with both locals and tourists.[58] Moore Park Beach, to the city's north, has 20 kilometres (12 mi) of golden sandy beach. Beaches on the southern side of the Burnett River are (from north to south) the Oaks Beach, Mon Repos, Nielsen Park, Bargara Beach, Kellys Beach, Innes Park and Elliott Heads.

Cania Gorge National Park, Deepwater National Park, Eurimbula National Park and Kinkuna National Park, located in the Bundaberg region are popular with campers and bush-lovers.[58]

Tours of the Bundaberg Rum distillery and attractions at Bundaberg Botanic Gardens, such as the 2 ft narrow gauge[59] Australian Sugar Cane Railway, are also popular with tourists.[58] The Mystery Craters, 35 unexplained water-filled holes in the ground, discovered in 1971 at South Kolan, are also a tourist attraction.[60]

Opened in 2002 by the former member for Hinkler Paul Neville, the Tom Quinn Community Centre gardens (a multiple "Bundy in Bloom" winner) is a site to be seen with local flora and fauna, its own cafe, marketplace, chapel, green house, training facilities, woodwork and indigenous nature section.[61]

Opened in December 2008, the Hinkler Hall of Aviation is an historical aviation tourist attraction that celebrates pioneer solo aviator Bert Hinkler. In 1928, Hinkler was the first person to fly solo from England to Australia.[62] The museum includes an exhibition hall, featuring multi-media exhibits, a flight simulator, a theatre, five aircraft and the historic Hinkler House.

Other local attractions and events include the Whaling Wall, East Bundaberg Water Tower, Baldwin Swamp Environmental Park, Alexandra Park Zoo, Buss Park, Barrell House, Bundy in Bloom, Whale watching, reef tours of Lady Musgrave & Lady Elliiot islands, the Bundaberg Show, Bundaberg & Childers Regional Art Galleries, the Bundaberg Gliding school, Fishing Charters, the Bundaberg International Air Show, and the Woongarra Marine Park.

Museums and galleries

The Bundaberg region contains a variety of museums and art galleries that showcase the region's history and culture.[63]

South Kolan Mystery Craters
Bundaberg Rum Factory, Bundaberg

Memorials

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Bundaberg has two cinemas. The Reading Cinemas, on Johanna Boulevarde, west Bundaberg, and the Moncrieff Entertainment Centre (formerly known as the Moncrieff Theatre), located on Bourbong Street, central Bundaberg. The Moncrieff Entertainment Centre also holds live musical and theatrical performances year round.[65]

The Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery (BRAG) is a large multi-purpose visual arts facility located in central Bundaberg.[66] The Bundaberg Regional Council operates a public library at 49 Woondooma Street.[67]

Media

The NewsMail newspaper is published in Bundaberg from Monday to Saturday. It is available in print and online.[68] Several community newspapers are also available including the Guardian,[69] The Bugle[70] & the Bundaberg Coastline[71]

Bundaberg is served by three commercial television stations (Seven Queensland, WIN Television and Nine) and publicly owned services (ABC TV) and (SBS).

Local news coverage of Bundaberg and the Wide Bay is provided on all three commercial networks with both Seven Queensland's Seven Local News and WIN Queensland's WIN News half-hour bulletins airing at 6pm each weeknight. Southern Cross Austereo also airs brief local news updates at various intervals throughout the day on Channel 9, presented from studios in Canberra.

Popular culture

The city has been the location for three film sets:

Sport

Mitchell Langerak, former Bundaberg footballer, who is now playing for Borussia Dortmund in the German Bundesliga

Most major Australian sporting codes are played in Bundaberg.

Australian Rules

Bundaberg has two current clubs playing in the AFL Wide Bay competition.

  • Across The Waves Bundaberg Eagles (merger of North Bundaberg and Souths/ATW Magpies)
  • Brothers Bulldogs (formerly West Bundaberg)

Basketball

Bundaberg has two professional teams competing in the Australian Basketball Association's Queensland Conference (QBL). They are the Bundaberg Radiology Bulls (men) and Bundaberg Radiology Bears (women) and both feature local players.

Rowing

Bucca Weir, west of Bundaberg, is home to the Queensland State Rowing Championships every year in December.

Rugby League

The Bundaberg Rugby Football League is a nine-club competition run under the Queensland Rugby League's Central Division. Bundaberg competes in the Central Division's 47th Battalion Shield and the Bundaberg Grizzlies formerly competed in the Queensland Cup statewide competition.

Soccer

Bundaberg was home to the Bundaberg Spirit soccer club. They participated in the Queensland State League against other teams across Queensland.

Tennis

The Bundaberg & District Tennis Senior Association operates eleven floodlit clay courts in Drinan Park, Bundaberg West at the corner of George & Powers Streets.[75] Competition tennis is played all year round. The Bundaberg & District Junior Tennis Association operates five artificial grass courts, and two granite courts.

Community groups

The Bundaberg branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 15 Quay Street, Bundaberg Central.[76] The Hinkler branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the McDonalds Central Bundaberg on the corner of Woongarra & Targo Street, Bundaberg Central.[76]

Education

There are many public and private primary schools in Bundaberg. Bundaberg South State School opened on 11 May 1891, with an enrollment of 167 students and under the direction of William Benbow.[77][78] The school celebrated its 125-year anniversary in 2016.[78]

Bundaberg has three public high schools, Bundaberg North State High School which opened on 29 January 1974,[79][77] Bundaberg State High School which opened on 30 January 1912 [80][77] (the second-oldest high school in Queensland that is still open)[77] and Kepnock State High School which opened on 28 January 1964.[77][81] There are also three main private secondary schools: Shalom Catholic College, St Luke's Anglican School, and Bundaberg Christian College.

There is a campus of the Wide Bay Institute of Technical and further education on Walker St and a campus of the Central Queensland University, located adjacent to the airport. There is a campus of the Booth College at the Salvation Army's Tom Quinn Community Centre.[82]

Transport

View of Bundaberg town centre from the Burnett River bridge.

Bundaberg Airport has flights to Brisbane and Lady Elliot Island. The city is home to the Jabiru Aircraft Company, which designs and manufactures a range of small civil utility aircraft.

Bundaberg's bus operator is Duffy's City Buses. As of 2013, they transport over 1000 passengers in town services, and over 2000 passengers in school services every day.[83] Routes extend to the beach suburbs of Burnett Heads, Bargara, and Innes Park. Stewart & Sons also operates bus services in the area.[84]

Main article: Bundaberg railway station

Bundaberg is serviced by several Queensland Rail passenger trains, including the Tilt Train and is approximately four and a half hours north of Brisbane by rail. The closed North Bundaberg station formerly served the Mount Perry railway line and is now a museum.

Bundaberg is situated at the end of the Isis Highway (State Route 3), approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of its junction with the Bruce Highway. Many long-distance bus services also pass through the city.

Bundaberg Port is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of the city, at the mouth of the Burnett River. The port is a destination for ships from Australia and overseas. It is predominantly used for shipping raw sugar and other goods related to that industry such as Bundaberg Rum.

Health

Bundaberg is served by three hospitals. One public hospital, Bundaberg Base Hospital on Bourbong St, and two private hospitals, Friendly Society Private Hospital & Mater Hospital.

The Friendly Society Hospital has undergone a redevelopment and forms part of the GP Super Clinic Program.[85]

Bundaberg is also home to the Royal Flying Doctor Service, who regularly transport patients to Bundaberg from more rural and remote areas, as well as transferring critically ill patients to Brisbane for specialist care.

Sister cities

The city council responsible for the Bundaberg Region maintains Sister City arrangements with two cities.[86]

City Since
China Nanning, China 12 May 1998
Japan Settsu, Japan 9 November 1998

People

Notable residents

Bert Hinkler is memorialised in many places throughout Bundaberg
Mal Meninga is an inductee of the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame

Representatives

Current

Former

Notes

  1. ^ a b "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  2. ^ "2011 Census Community Profiles: Bundaberg". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Bundaberg – city (entry 5190)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  4. ^ "EARLY BUNDABERG". Daily Mail. No. 6679. Queensland, Australia. 23 July 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ "Correspondence". Cairns Post. Vol. XXIV, , no. 641. Queensland, Australia. 18 January 1910. p. 7. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. ^ Rackemann (1992), Bundaberg, p. 48
  7. ^ "MEETINGS". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LI, , no. 11, 556. Queensland, Australia. 28 January 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ Rackemann, Neville; Osborne, Tom; Rackemann, Neville (1992), Bundaberg, from pioneers to prosperity, Bundaberg City Council, ISBN 978-0-646-12555-8
  9. ^ "The Derivation of "Bundaberg."". The Queenslander. 7 May 1892. p. 891. Retrieved 23 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ Petrie, C.C. "Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland". archive.org. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Christ Church, Bundaberg" (PDF). Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  13. ^ "CLARENCE RIVER HISTORICAL SOCIETY". Daily Examiner. Vol. 28, , no. 8999. New South Wales, Australia. 5 June 1937. p. 8. Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  14. ^ Laurie, Arthur. "Early Gin Gin and the Blaxland Tragedy" (PDF). University of Queensland Library. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Bundaberg". Archived from the original on 14 May 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d e "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  17. ^ "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  18. ^ Kerr, John (1998). "Report on Site Visits" (PDF): 298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ a b Hall, James; Dening, Jill (1988). Beautiful Sugar Country. West End, Queensland: Child & Associates Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-949267-86-4.
  20. ^ Bundaberg – From Pioneers to Prosperity. (1992) Neville Rackemann. p46 ISBN 0-646-12555-9
  21. ^ Queensland Government Gazette, Vol. CL, 22 November 1913, p.1422.
  22. ^ Janette Nolan, Bundaberg, history and people, St Lucia: University of Queensland press, 1978, p. 147.
  23. ^ Brisbane Courier, 21 October 1908, p.5; Nolan, p. 146.
  24. ^ "Fallon House (entry 602814)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  25. ^ Dr K H Kennedy, "The Rise of the Amalgamated Workers Association" in Lectures on North Queensland History, James Cook University, Second Series 1975, pp. 198-199.
  26. ^ O'Connor, T. (1996). A Pictorial History Of Queensland. Brisbane: Robert Brown & Associates (Qld) Pty Limited, pp.271-272.
  27. ^ "Bundaberg Soldiers' Memorial". The Queensland Times (DAILY ed.). Ipswich, Qld. 1 August 1921. p. 6. Retrieved 6 April 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ "Bundaberg War Memorial". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  29. ^ Calligeros, Marissa and Cameron Atfield (30 December 2010). "Second Queensland town evacuated due to floodwater". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  30. ^ Honor, Dwayne; Regan, Ben. "Bundaberg Floods – The Science Behind the Story" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  31. ^ "Kalkie State School (entry 600971)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  32. ^ "Bourbong Street Weeping Figs (entry 602065)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  33. ^ "Bundaberg War Memorial (entry 600364)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  34. ^ "Bundaberg War Nurses Memorial and Park (entry 600365)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  35. ^ "Kennedy Bridge (entry 600367)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  36. ^ "Bundaberg Post Office (Place ID 106125)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  37. ^ "Bundaberg School of Arts (entry 600362)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  38. ^ "Commercial Bank of Sydney (former) (entry 600363)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bundaberg, Queensland.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bundaberg.

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