Electoral history of Bill Clinton
![Photograph of Bill Clinton at North Carolina State University in 1992](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg/235px-Bill_Clinton_1992.jpg)
| ||
---|---|---|
Personal 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas 42nd President of the United States Tenure Appointments Presidential campaigns
![]() |
||
Bill Clinton served as the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001) and as the 40th and 42nd governor of Arkansas (1979–1981; 1983–1992). A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton first ran for a public office in 1974, competing the congressional election from Arkansas's third congressional district. After narrowly losing the election to incumbent representative John Paul Hammerschmidt, he ran for the office of Arkansas Attorney General in 1976. He comfortably won the Democratic primary, receiving over 55% of the popular vote. Witnessing his strong support during the primaries, Republicans did not nominate any candidate against him. Subsequently, Clinton won the general election unopposed. His experience as the attorney general was considered a natural "stepping-stone" to the governorship.
After serving as the attorney general, Clinton ran for governor of Arkansas in 1978. He defeated the Republican nominee to win the election, and subsequently, at the age of 32, became the nation's youngest governor in January 1979. He lost re-election to the Republican nominee Frank D. White in 1980. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton humorously referred to himself as the "youngest former governor in nation's history".[1] In 1982, he again ran in the gubernatorial election, and defeated Governor White. He later contested and won the 1984, 1986, and 1990 gubernatorial elections.
In 1992, Clinton contested the Democratic primaries for the presidential nomination. Initially trailing to Jerry Brown in the polls, his lead eventually increased, and he became the front runner. After being the runner-up in the New Hampshire primary, he delivered a speech labeling himself as the "Comeback Kid", which re-energized his campaign. After becoming the presumptive nominee, he selected Al Gore, a senator from Tennessee as his running mate; and the Clinton–Gore ticket defeated the incumbent president George H. W. Bush, and vice president Dan Quayle. In December 1992, he resigned as governor and became the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993. As president, he signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law. His handling of the federal budget and the Bosnian War likely helped him keep his approval ratings high, and most of the polls showed him leading throughout 1996. Facing no major challenge within the Democratic Party, Clinton and Gore were re-nominated as the presidential and vice-presidential candidates. In the 1996 presidential election, the Clinton–Gore ticket was re-elected, defeating Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole and vice-presidential nominee Jack Kemp.
1974 congressional election
Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas in 1946.[2] After graduating from the Georgetown University, he won a Rhodes Scholarship to the Oxford University.[2] After receiving his Juris Doctor degree from the Yale Law School in 1973, he decided to compete in the 1974 congressional election from Arkansas's 3rd congressional district.[3] He announced his candidacy on February 25, 1974.[4][5] At the age of 27, he was one of the youngest candidate for a congressional election in the nation. While campaigning, he addressed gatherings in small rural areas of the state. When addressing these gatherings, he often attacked Richard Nixon, the incumbent Republican president for his policies in Vietnam, and his alleged involvement in the Watergate scandal.[6] Two weeks before the Democratic primaries, he was able to raise $36,000 (equivalent to $222,413 in 2023) from donations.[7] He led the primaries with almost 44% of the popular vote, against relatively better-known opponents including Arkansas state senator Gene Rainwater. Since no candidate got a majority of the vote in the primary, a runoff election was conducted between Clinton and Rainwater.[8] Clinton easily won the runoff, receiving 69% of the popular vote.[6]
In the general election, he challenged the incumbent Republican representative John Paul Hammerschmidt. Clinton supported balancing the national budget, controlling the inflation, reducing the size of the federal bureaucracy, and broadening federal aid for schools.[9][10] Clinton continued attacking Hammerschmidt for his support of Nixon, which successfully helped him garner the support of some moderate Republican voters.[11] He said, "If we had the kind of congress we needed years ago, then we would not be facing this sad prospect".[12] But soon after President Nixon's resignation on August 8, 1974, Clinton's lead faded as country's attention turned to other matters.[13] In September, he was lagging in the polls with 23% of support to Hammerschmidt's 59%.[4] During the last weeks of campaigning, various newspapers including the Arkansas Gazette endorsed him.[4] On the election day, he narrowly lost the race to Hammerschmidt, receiving almost 48.2% of the popular vote.[13] Clinton calls his 1974 congressional campaign the "best campaign" he ever ran.[4]
Democratic primary
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 59,697 | 43.60% | |
Democratic | Gene Rainwater | 36,145 | 26.40% | |
Democratic | David Stewart | 34,959 | 25.53% | |
Democratic | James A. Scanlon | 6,121 | 4.47% | |
Total votes | 136,922 | 100.00% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 37,788 | 68.96% | |
Democratic | Gene Rainwater | 17,011 | 31.04% | |
Total votes | 54,799 | 100.00% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John Paul Hammerschmidt (incumbent) | 89,324 | 51.83% | |
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 83,030 | 48.17% | |
Total votes | 172,354 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
1976 Arkansas attorney general election
After marrying Hillary Rodham in October 1975, Clinton decided to run in the Democratic primaries for attorney general of Arkansas.[17] The incumbent attorney general Jim Guy Tucker was not running in the re-election so that he could run for congress.[18] Clinton announced his campaign in the rotunda of Arkansas State Capitol on March 16.[19] He supported mandatory prison terms for some crimes, and the creation of an ombudsman position in the attorney general's office.[19] He made bringing back "Law and Order" a central theme of his campaign.[20] He was challenged by George Jernigan – the secretary of state of Arkansas, and Clarence Cash – the deputy attorney general of Arkansas.[21] Clinton easily won the primary contest, getting over 55% of the popular vote.[22] Apart from organizing his campaign, he coordinated Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential campaign in Arkansas.[23][24] Witnessing his strong support during the primaries, Republicans did not nominate any candidate against him.[21] Subsequently, Clinton won the general election unopposed. Just two months after assuming the office, he was named the "Outstanding Young Men of the Year" by the Arkansas junior chamber of commerce.[25] His experience as the attorney general was considered a natural "stepping-stone" to the governorship.[17]
Democratic primary
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 273,744 | 55.65% | |
Democratic | George Jernigan | 123,819 | 25.17% | |
Democratic | Clarence Cash | 94,384 | 19.19% | |
Total votes | 491,947 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 100% | ||
Total votes | –
|
100% | ||
Democratic hold |
1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election
![Newly elected Governor of Arkansas Bill Clinton meets with President Jimmy Carter in 1978.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg)
In 1978, David Pryor – the incumbent governor of Arkansas announced that he would not seek a third term, and instead run for the United States Senate.[27] In March 1978, just fourteen months after assuming the office of the attorney general, Clinton announced his candidacy for the gubernatorial election.[28] He was unsure whether to run for governor or the Senate seat being vacated by John L. McClellan. His initial intention was to run for senate, due to the difference in length of tenure of each office,[b][30] but ultimately decided to run in the gubernatorial primaries. As the state manager of Carter's successful 1976 presidential run, Clinton was able to gain popularity among national Democratic leaders.[27] In his announcement speech, he cited his experience as attorney general and said "In the office I now have, I have gained precious experience in the workings of every aspect of state, county, and local government."[31] In the Democratic primaries, he was challenged by four minor candidates. He raised $600,000 (equivalent to $2,802,857 in 2023) from fundraising.[32] He garnered support from the majority of labor and business communities.[29]
Arkansas Gazette endorsed Clinton, and wrote that "He has extraordinary credentials, an unusual intellect and a dazzling personality to bring to bear upon the problems and opportunities that will confront the next governor."[33] National columnists Jack Germond and Jules Witcover too endorsed him; and wrote various articles supporting his campaign. Clinton easily won the primaries, receiving almost 60% of the popular vote.[34] In the general election, he was challenged by Lynn Lowe, a Republican official and farmer from Texarkana.[35] During the final weeks of the campaign, Billy G. Geren, a retired Air Force lieutenant colonel accused Clinton of dodging the draft during the Vietnam War.[36] Clinton dismissed Geren's claim and asserted that he never received a draft determent. With no official documents to substantiate either side, the issue was soon forgotten.[35] On the election day, Clinton easily won the governorship, receiving over 63% of the popular vote.[37] At 32 years old, he was Arkansas's, and then the nation's youngest governor.[38] As the governor-elect, he proposed a pay rise for teachers by $2,400 for the following two fiscal years.[39] The New York Times called Clinton's victory "beyond traditional ideological terms".[40] Clinton later described his 1978 gubernatorial campaign as "running for class president".[40]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 341,098 | 59.66% | |
Democratic | Joe Woodward | 123,684 | 21.63% | |
Democratic | Frank Lady | 75,026 | 13.12% | |
Democratic | Randall Mathis | 25,996 | 4.55% | |
Democratic | Monroe Schwarzlose | 5,898 | 1.03% | |
Total votes | 571,702 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 338,684 | 63.39% | |
Republican | Lynn Lowe | 195,550 | 36.6% | |
Total votes | 534,299 | 100% | ||
Democratic hold |
1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election
"You know what the number one issue was on the exit polls; why they voted against him [Bill Clinton]?"
–"[because] His wife didn't have his name"
Frank D. White, Clinton's opponent in the 1980 gubernatorial election[43]
During his governorship, Clinton worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with his wife Hillary Rodham leading a successful committee on urban health care reform.[44] Clinton became popular as a national leader, however, his term also included an unpopular motor vehicle tax. Many citizens were angry over the escape of Cuban refugees (from the Mariel boatlift) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980.[44] On March 31, 1980, Clinton officially filed documents for seeking a second term.[45] In the Democratic primaries, he was challenged by Monroe Schwarzlose, a 78-year old retired farmer,[46] who previously challenged him in the 1978 Democratic gubernatorial primaries.[47] Clinton won the Democratic nomination, receiving almost 70% of the popular vote.[48] In the general election, Clinton was challenged by the Republican nominee Frank D. White.[49] White accused Clinton of being out of touch with ordinary voters and claimed that Clinton's policies have raised the tax burden on the middle class.[49] He accused the first lady of being too independent and chastised her for not taking her husband's last name.[49]
In late August, Clinton gave a speech at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.[50] When David S. Broder, a journalist for The Washington Post was asked to name two young people who would most likely be the president in the future, he said "I would choose Bill Clinton, the 34 year old Governor of Arkansas for Democrats, and Jack Kemp, 45, Republican Congressman from Erie County, New York."[51] In mid-October, Clinton told the press that "I have never felt more comfortable and at ease before an election",[52] strongly anticipating a victory; however, he was narrowly defeated by White by a margin of just 3.9%.[53][54]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 306,736 | 68.87% | |
Democratic | Monroe Schwarzlose | 138,670 | 31.13% | |
Total votes | 445,406 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Frank D. White | 435,684 | 51.93% | |||
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 403,242 | 48.07% | |||
Total votes | 838,926 | 100% | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election
![Clinton in early 1980s](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bill_Clinton_%2837221476354%29.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_%2837221476354%29.jpg)
After losing the governorship in 1980, Clinton humorously called himself the "youngest former governor in nation's history".[c][1] He joined his friend Bruce Lindsey's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey, and Jennings.[57] In early February 1982, Clinton announced his candidacy for the 1982 gubernatorial election.[58] In a 30 second televised advertisement, he admitted that he made certain mistakes in his first term, but asked citizens for their trust and support.[59] While campaigning in late February, Hillary Rodham started referring to herself as "Mrs. Bill Clinton".[60][61] In the Democratic primaries, he was majorly challenged by Joe Purcell, former lieutenant governor of Arkansas; and Jim Guy Tucker, the representative for Arkansas's 2nd congressional district. Determined to undercut Tucker, Clinton claimed that Tucker was mostly absent from the House of Representatives during his tenure as a representative.[62]
Clinton stated that he lost the 1980 election majorly because he had been out of touch with the people.[63] He said, "They [voters] elected him [Governor White] in a protest vote."[64] While campaigning for the 1982 election, Clinton began appearing in town hall meetings, a relatively new format that helped him maintain his popularity and touch with the voters.[65] He won almost 42% of the popular vote in the primary. Since no candidate got a majority of the vote in the primary, a runoff election was conducted between Clinton and Purcell.[66] Clinton won the runoff election, defeating Purcell by almost 7.4% of the popular vote. Even after Clinton's victory in the runoff election, Purcell refused to endorse him for the general election.[67][68]
The general election was a re-match between Clinton and Governor White.[69] Clinton removed many of his 1980 campaign staff members from his 1982 campaign team when criticized for having too young staff.[70] He appointed James Herbert Jones, an experienced state auditor as his campaign chairman.[70] He proposed his plan for utility reform in Arkansas and supported the direct election of members of the Public Service Commission by popular vote.[71] Governor White criticized Clinton's campaign televised advertisements, referring his claims to be "totally erroneous".[72] Clinton dismissed White's assertion, and instead condemned Governor White's decision of abolishing the state Energy Department.[72] In the general election, Clinton defeated Governor White and became the first and only governor of Arkansas to be elected non-consecutively.[73][1]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 236,961 | 41.78% | |
Democratic | Joe Purcell | 166,066 | 29.28% | |
Democratic | Jim Guy Tucker | 129,362 | 22.81% | |
Democratic | Kim Hendren | 21,829 | 3.85% | |
Democratic | Monroe Schwarzlose | 12,907 | 2.28% | |
Total votes | 567,125 | 100% |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 239,209 | 53.69% | |
Democratic | Joe Purcell | 206,358 | 46.31% | |
Total votes | 445,567 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 431,855 | 54.71% | |||
Republican | Frank D. White (incumbent) | 357,496 | 45.29% | |||
Total votes | 789,351 | 100% | ||||
Democratic gain from Republican |
1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election
During his second term as governor, Clinton called a special session of the state legislature for voting on his education agenda. After six weeks of debate, the state legislature passed his agenda by a margin of one vote.[77] In late 1983, his half-brother Roger Clinton was arrested on drug charges by the Arkansas state police.[77] Clinton ordered the police to continue with their investigation against Roger. When Roger was arrested, Clinton held a press conference, and said: "drugs are a curse which has reached epidemic proportion and has plagued the lives of millions of families in our nation, including many in our state."[78] Roger later pleaded innocence,[79] but was sentenced to three years in the central prison. Many of Clinton's opponents used his brother's drug conviction against him, preventing him from seeking another term; however, by late May, Clinton announced his candidacy for a third term.[80] Lonnie Turner, a former prosecutor challenged Clinton in the Democratic primaries. He criticized him for the Truck tax adopted by the state legislature. He said that there is "anti-Clinton sentiment in the state due to the Truck tax, largely because the incumbent governor has not kept his word."[80] However, Clinton easily won the primary, receiving almost 64.5% of the vote.
In the general election, Clinton was challenged by Woody Freeman, a contractor who won the Republican nomination.[81] Clinton was invited to address the 1984 Democratic National Convention, where he invoked the memory of Harry S. Truman, and said "Harry Truman would tell us to forget about 1948, and stand for what Americans think in 1984."[82] Walter Mondale, the Democratic nominee for the presidency appreciated and endorsed Clinton for the election.[83] Clinton raised almost $100,000 (equivalent to $293,274 in 2023) to push a constitutional amendment on the 1984 ballot, increasing the length of governor's tenure from 2 years to 4 years, applicable from the 1986 election; which would help him run for president in 1988 or 1992, holding the governorship.[84] He called the 1984 election a "public referendum on his educational reform".[85] Despite a Republican landslide in the general election, with Ronald Reagan winning 49 of the 50 states, Clinton won the re-election, defeating Freeman by almost 25% of the popular vote.[86][87] The public referendum for the four-year term was widely accepted, with almost 64.3% of the voters voting for it.[88]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 317,214 | 64.43% | |
Democratic | Lonnie Turner | 119,264 | 24.22% | |
Democratic | Kermit Moss | 31,727 | 6.44% | |
Democratic | Monroe Schwarzlose | 24,116 | 4.9% | |
Total votes | 492,321 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 554,561 | 62.55% | |
Republican | Woody Freeman | 331,987 | 37.45% | |
Total votes | 886,548 | 100% | ||
Democratic hold |
1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election
In his third term as governor, Clinton served as the chairman of the Education Commission of the States,[91] and the chairman of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas.[92][93] His education reform agenda proved successful when the percentage of graduating seniors who moved onto college increased from 30% to 50%.[94] Though, many teacher unions were protesting against his "teachers' test" policy.[95]
In the Democratic primaries, he was challenged by former Arkansas governor Orval Faubus.[96] Faubus had been long retired from politics, but he challenged Clinton claiming Clinton's policies being too liberal.[94] Meanwhile, Frank White, the former governor which defeated Clinton in 1980, was planning to challenge him again. By early June, Clinton secured the nomination of his party, defeating Faubus by over 60% of the popular vote.[97] Frank White too won the Republican nomination, and said: "I did it [won election] before, I can do it again."[98] Clinton was aired in a series of statewide television, newspaper, and pamphlet campaign named "Make A Difference Arkansas". It was a series of television advertisements, promoting state products. It was criticized by the White campaign, which tried to stop the broadcast, and called the advertisement an "attempt by the Clinton campaign to circumvent campaign finance and reporting laws".[99][100] On election day, Clinton won the gubernatorial election for the fourth time. This time, he was elected to a four-year term.[92][101][102]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 315,397 | 60.58% | |
Democratic | Orval E. Faubus | 174,402 | 33.5% | |
Democratic | W. Dean Goldsby | 30,829 | 5.92% | |
Total votes | 520,628 | 100% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 439,882 | 63.89% | |
Republican | Frank D. White | 248,427 | 36.08% | |
Independent | H. L. Clement | 113 | 0.02% | |
Independent | Betty White | 109 | 0.02% | |
Independent | H. Davidson | 14 | 0% | |
Independent | C. Vance | 6 | 0% | |
Total votes | 688,551 | 100% | ||
Democratic hold |
1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election
In his fourth term as governor, Clinton was speculated as a potential presidential candidate for the 1988 presidential election. He secretly sent his campaign workers to Iowa and New Hampshire, the states with the earliest presidential caucuses/primaries to lay the groundwork of his campaign.[104] By July 1987, he was prepared to announce his candidacy for the presidential nomination. However, in a press conference on July 15, 1987, he expressed his decision of not competing in the primaries, asserting that his family needed him more than his country.[105][92] He was invited to deliver an address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, where he endorsed Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis for the presidency.[106] Later, Dukakis lost the election to Republican nominee George H. W. Bush.[107]
Later, Clinton decided to seek a fifth term as the governor. He filed official papers for re-election on March 29, 1990, and said "Now we have to focus on the next step, because election is not about yesterday, but about tomorrow."[108] He promised to generate high paying jobs by recruiting better-paying employer, and opposed efforts to repeal tax programs that draw business to Arkansas.[108] He was challenged by Tom McRae, former president of the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation.[109] Clinton easily secured the nomination by winning almost 55% of the popular vote in the primaries.[110] Clinton began the 1990 campaign by saying that "the fire of an election no longer burns in me."[92] While campaigning, he promised to serve a full term as the governor; however, in the aftermath of Dukakis's defeat, Clinton was one of the front-runners for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination.[111]
In the general election, he was challenged by Sheffield Nelson, the chairman of the Arkansas Republican Party. During the campaign, Nelson ran a series of advertisements, criticizing Clinton's policies on taxes and spending. This likely helped him boost his polling numbers, however, Clinton remained comfortably ahead in the final months of the campaign.[112][113][114] On the election day, Clinton defeated Nelson, winning over 57% of the popular vote.[115]
Democratic primary
![Map of County results of the 1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg/200px-1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 269,329 | 54.84% | |
Democratic | Tom McRae | 190,887 | 38.87% | |
Democratic | Joe Holmes | 9,659 | 1.97% | |
Democratic | Jerry Tolliver | 8,629 | 1.76% | |
Democratic | O. O. "Woodrow" Wilson | 8,341 | 1.7% | |
Democratic | Cyrus Young | 4,301 | 0.88% | |
Total votes | 491,146 | 100.00% |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | 400,386 | 57.49% | |
Republican | Sheffield Nelson | 295,925 | 42.49% | |
Independent | Elton White | 81 | 0.01% | |
Independent | Benjamin Paul Talbot, Jr. | 22 | 0% | |
Total votes | 696,414 | 100% | ||
Democratic hold |
1992 presidential election
Soon after the 1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election, Clinton was speculated as a potential presidential candidate for the 1992 presidential election.[118] Although he initially declined to run for the presidency, he declared his candidacy in early October 1991.[119] With President Bush's approval ratings skyrocketing after Operation Desert Storm, high-profile Democratic Party candidates, such as Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson, refused to seek the Democratic nomination.[120] In the lead-in to the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, the Clinton campaign was rocked by scandal when Gennifer Flowers accused him of having a 12-year sexual affair.[121] At the same time, Clinton was accused of misleading the U.S. Army Reserve to avoid service in the Vietnam War.[122] Bill and Hillary Clinton denied the sexual misconduct allegations in an interview by Steve Kroft on an episode of 60 Minutes airing after Super Bowl XXVI.[123]
Though Jerry Brown was leading in the polls in September 1991, Clinton's lead eventually increased, and he became the front runner. He lost the Iowa caucus to Tom Harkin, getting only 2.8% of the votes; and lost the New Hampshire primary to Paul Tsongas.[124] After coming in second place in New Hampshire, he delivered a speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid", which re-energized his campaign.[125] After Harkin dropped out of the race, Clinton went on to win 8 of the 11 contests on Super Tuesday and won most of the contests after that. After the North Dakota primary, Paul Tsongas also dropped out, leaving only Clinton and Brown in the race.[126] Although Brown continued to campaign in several states, he won no more primaries. Despite this, he still had a sizable number of delegates, and a big win in his home state of California would have deprived Clinton of sufficient support to win the nomination.[127]
After getting enough delegates to win the convention, Clinton shortlisted six potential vice presidential candidates, which included:
- Al Gore – Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993)
- Bob Graham – Senator from Florida (1987–2005)
- Jay Rockefeller – Senator from West Virginia (1985–2015)
- Harris Wofford – Senator from Pennsylvania (1991–1995)
- Bob Kerrey – Senator from Nebraska (1989–2001)
- Lee H. Hamilton – Representative from Indiana's 9th congressional district (1965–1999)
Former Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher led Clinton's vice-presidential selection team.[128] Ultimately, Clinton chose Gore, a senator from Tennessee, who had previously sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988.[129] In making the selection, Clinton emphasized Gore's experience with foreign policy and environmental issues. He appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show on Wednesday, June 3, 1992, the day after he secured the Democratic Party nomination, and played "Heartbreak Hotel" on the saxophone. This was considered an important moment in the campaign, as it helped him build popularity among young voters.[130] Clinton received a significant poll bounce from the convention, due to both the perceived success of the convention, and the independent Ross Perot announcing his withdrawal from the campaign hours before Clinton's acceptance speech.[131] He was officially nominated as the candidate, receiving 3,372 delegates.[132]
Soon after the convention, Clinton and Gore traveled around the country, campaigning in a bus tour.[133] In the general election, Clinton challenged the incumbent president Bush and businessman Ross Perot, who by early October had re-entered the race.[134] The Bush campaign used various attack advertisements against Clinton, criticizing him over tax increase during his governorship, and his inconsistency on major issues like term limits and defense.[135] Clinton's political advisor, James Carville, coined the phrase "It's the economy, stupid", which was often used to attack the Bush campaign.[136] Clinton was widely praised for his performance in the presidential debates, which likely helped him keep his polling numbers high.[137] On the election day, Clinton won 370 electoral votes,[138] and 43% of the popular vote,[139] defeating Bush to be elected the 42nd president.[140]
Democratic presidential primaries
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 10,482,411 | 51.79% | |
Democratic | Jerry Brown | 4,071,232 | 20.12% | |
Democratic | Paul Tsongas | 3,656,010 | 18.06% | |
– | Uncommitted | 750,873 | 3.71% | |
Democratic | Bob Kerrey | 318,457 | 1.57% | |
Democratic | Tom Harkin | 280,304 | 1.38% | |
Other | Various candidates | 679,019 | 3.33% | |
Total votes | 20,239,385 | 100% |
Democratic National Convention
Presidential election
Party | Presidential camdidate | Vice-presidential candidate | PV (%)[139] | EV (%)[138] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | Democratic | Bill Clinton | Al Gore | 44,909,889 (43.01%) | 370 (68.77%) |
style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | Republican | George H. W. Bush* | Dan Quayle* | 39,104,545 (37.45%) | 168 (31.23%) |
style="background-color:Template:Independent/meta/color;" | | Independent | Ross Perot | James Stockdale | 19,742,267 (18.91%) | 0 (0%) |
style="background-color:Template:Libertarian Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | Libertarian | Andre Marrou | Nancy Lord | 291,628 (0.28%) | 0 (0%) |
style="background-color:Template:Populist Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | Populist | Bo Gritz | Cyril Minett | 107,002 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
style="background-color:Template:New Alliance Party/meta/color;" | | New Alliance | Lenora Fulani | Maria Elizabeth Muñoz | 73,708 (0.07%) | 0 (0%) |
style="background-color:Template:Constitution Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | U.S. Taxpayers | Howard Phillips | Albion Knight, Jr. | 43,398 (0.04%) | 0 (0%) |
style="background-color:Template:Others/meta/color;" | | Others | 152,516 (0.15%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Total votes: | 104,423,923 (100%) | 538 (100%) | |||
Votes necessary: | 270 |
1996 presidential election
![Photograph of Bill Clinton addressing several thousand people at one of his 1996 re-election campaign rallies](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Photograph_of_President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_addressing_a_crowd_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/297px-Photograph_of_President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_addressing_a_crowd_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)
In his first term as the president, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.[143] His handling of the federal budget and the Bosnian War likely helped him keep his approval ratings high, and most of the polls showed him leading.[144] His approval ratings were in the 40% to 50% range.[145] Facing no major threat within the Democratic party, he won the primary election, receiving over 88% of the popular vote.[146] To accept the nomination, Clinton campaigned in a train named "21st Century Express", traveling through West Virginia, Ohio, and Michigan on the way to Illinois, three crucial states for his re-election.[147] He was re-nominated by the Democratic party in the 1996 Democratic National Convention, receiving 4277 of the 4289 delegates.
In the general election, Republicans nominated the 73-year-old Senate majority leader, Bob Dole, as their presidential nominee.[148] Texas businessman Ross Perot, who had previously run in the 1992 presidential election as an Independent candidate, announced his candidacy for the 1996 presidential election as the Reform Party's candidate.[149] The Clinton campaign avoided mentioning Dole's age directly, instead choosing to confront it in more subtle ways such as the campaign slogan "Building Bridges to the Future" in contrast to Dole's frequent remarks that he was building a "bridge to the past".[150]
On election day, Clinton won a decisive victory over Dole, becoming the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections since Franklin D. Roosevelt.[151][152] He received 379 electoral votes to Dole's 159.[152][153] Clinton's victory helped to cement Democratic presidential control in California, Vermont, Maine, Illinois, New Jersey, and Connecticut; all went on to vote Democratic in every subsequent presidential election.
![Electoral college map of the 1996 United States presidential election. Blue and Red states depict states won by Democratic and Republican party respectively](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ElectoralCollege1996.svg/400px-ElectoralCollege1996.svg.png)
Democratic presidential primary
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Bill Clinton | 9,730,184 | 88.49% | |
Democratic | Lyndon LaRouche | 597,081 | 5.43% | |
– | Uncommitted | 423,265 | 3.85% | |
Democratic | Elvena Lloyd-Duffie | 92,435 | 0.84% | |
Other | Various candidates | 153,430 | 1.4% | |
Total votes | 10,996,395 | 100% |
Democratic National Convention
Party | Candidate | No. of delegates | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color;" | | Democratic | Bill Clinton | 4,277 | 99.72% |
– | Not voting | 12 | 0.28% | |
Total delegates | 4289 | 100% |
Presidential election
![President Bill Clinton applauds as he watches the Presidential Inaugural Parade from the reviewing stand during the 1997 presidential inaugural ceremony](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_in_the_1997_inaugural_parade_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_in_the_1997_inaugural_parade_%28cropped%29.jpeg)
Timeline
Timeline of Bill Clinton's political career | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1974 — – 1976 — – 1978 — – 1980 — – 1982 — – 1984 — – 1986 — – 1988 — – 1990 — – 1992 — – 1994 — – 1996 — – 1998 — – 2000 — – 2002 — | 42nd President of the United States (1993 – 2001) 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1983 – 1992) 40th Governor of Arkansas (1979 – 1981) Attorney General of Arkansas (1977 – 1979) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes |
See also
- Electoral history of Hillary Clinton
- Electoral history of Al Gore
- Electoral history of George W. Bush
- Electoral history of Ronald Reagan
- Electoral history of Richard Nixon
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Clinton won the Arkansas Attorney General election unopposed.
- ^ Clinton asserted that governors have to face re-election every two years, while senators have tenure of six years.[29]
- ^ Clinton humorously repeated the same in his 2016 Democratic National Convention speech; although he was not the youngest former governor is American history.
References
- ^ a b c Ostermeier, Eric (July 27, 2016). "Bill Clinton Was Not the Youngest Ex-Governor in History". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
- ^ a b "William J. Clinton – The 42nd President of the United States". The White House. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (June 9, 2021). "Bill Clinton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b c d "1974". Clinton House Museum. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 38.
- ^ a b c Kelly 1999, p. 40.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 174.
- ^ "Clinton, Rainwater in run-off". The Baxter Bulletin. June 6, 1974. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "American Education Week". The Northwest Arkansas Times. October 27, 1974. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Clinton for Congress committee, George Shelion (chairman) (November 4, 1974). "Bill Clinton believes that inflation is robbing the paychecks of our citizens". The Northwest Arkansas Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 42.
- ^ Launius, Philip (August 15, 1974). "Candidate still stressing strong Congress theme". The Baxter Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2003, p. 298.
- ^ "Vote Totals Certified". The Courier News. June 5, 1974. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ "Scanlon Endorsement". Hope Star. June 5, 1974. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2009, p. 1297.
- ^ a b Kelly 1999, p. 46.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 188.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton To Run For State Office". The Northwest Arkansas Times. March 17, 1976. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Johnson, Peggy (May 5, 1976). "Law and Order More than Talk". The Courier News. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Kelly 1999, p. 47.
- ^ a b 1976 Arkansas election result, p. 82.
- ^ "Governor Clinton opposed again by elderly farmer". The Baxter Bulletin. May 22, 1980. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 200.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 203.
- ^ 1976 Arkansas election result, p. 81.
- ^ a b Kelly 1999, p. 48.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 206.
- ^ a b Maraniss 1996, p. 353.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, pp. 352–353.
- ^ "Attorney General Clinton announces for governor". The Baxter Bulletin. March 9, 1978. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 207.
- ^ Germond, Jack; Witcover, Jules (May 26, 1978). "Bill Clinton, Arkansas' rising star". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 212.
- ^ a b Maraniss 1996, p. 355.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, p. 356.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, p. 357.
- ^ Simmons, Bill (November 8, 1978). "Young Arkansas chief eyes next term already". Springfield News-Leader. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Clinton proposes teacher pay rise". The Baxter Bulletin. December 21, 1978. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Morris 1996, p. 215.
- ^ 1978 Arkansas election result, p. 34.
- ^ 1978 Arkansas election result, p. 39.
- ^ Hamilton 2003, p. 354.
- ^ a b Maraniss 1996, pp. 358–388.
- ^ Simmons, Bill (April 1, 1980). "Clinton, Bumpers seek second terms". The Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Arkansas Governor Runs Into Firework Buzzsaw". The Daily Advertiser. May 8, 1980. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Allen, Jim (May 8, 1980). "'Woodpile' Fires Campaign". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Clinton, White win primaries". Springfield News-Leader. May 28, 1980. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Kelly 1999, p. 54.
- ^ Goltz, Sanford (August 28, 1980). "When will liberals have new ideas?". La Crosse Tribune. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Most Likely To Succeed". Dayton Daily News. October 12, 1980. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 246.
- ^ "Clinton Locked In Close Voting". The Oklahoman. November 5, 1980. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Car tags, Cubans hurt governor". El Paso Times. November 9, 1980. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ 1980 Arkansas election result, p. 38.
- ^ 1980 Arkansas election result, p. 48.
- ^ Jonathan W. Nicholsen. "Bill Clinton Timeline". Timeline Help. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 58.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, pp. 398–399.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, p. 400.
- ^ "A Look At The Governor's Race". The Madison County Record. April 1, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Political records examined". The Baxter Bulletin. April 28, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Clinton keeps it down to earth in Arkansas comeback attempt". Fort Lauderdale News. May 23, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Ex-Arkansas 'Boy Wonder' Trying Again". The Oklahoman. October 24, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 60.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 284.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 285.
- ^ "White takes a shot at Democrat unity". The Times. September 26, 1982. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "80 Rematch In Arkansas". The Charlotte Observer. June 10, 1982. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Arkansas". Kansas City Times. September 17, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Governor's race is Bill Clinton – Frank White rematch". The Baxter Bulletin. October 29, 1982. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Clinton's TV ads attacked by White". The Times. June 3, 1982. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Bill Clinton wins race in Arkansas". Shreveport Journal. November 3, 1982. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ 1982 Arkansas election result, pp. 19–20.
- ^ 1982 Arkansas election result, p. 31.
- ^ 1982 Arkansas election result, p. 36.
- ^ a b Kelly 1999, p. 63.
- ^ Kelly 1999, pp. 63–64.
- ^ "Ark-La-Tex". The Times. August 15, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Four Democrats, two Republicans vie for governorship". The Baxter Bulletin. May 25, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Simmons, Bill (May 30, 1984). "Clinton to face Freeman". The Baxter Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Pierce, Neil R. (July 24, 1984). "Cuomo is a 'mile short' for 1988". The Daily Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Walter Mondale pledges sensible defense spending". The Baxter Bulletin. August 15, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 330.
- ^ "Clinton, Freeman take to the air waves, trade salvoes in gubernatorial campaign". The Baxter Bulletin. October 29, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Gubernatorial Races". Miami Herald. November 7, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "GOP picks up governorships in Utah, R.I, N.C." The Baltimore Sun. November 7, 1984. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ 1984 Arkansas election result, p. 62.
- ^ 1984 Arkansas election result, p. 17.
- ^ 1984 Arkansas election result, p. 21.
- ^ Marquand, Robert (August 31, 1986). "Arkansas duo works to push school reform". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d "Bill Clinton Political Career". CNN. Archived from the original on September 20, 2002. Retrieved September 20, 2002.
- ^ "Governors complete peaceful meeting". Eau Claire Leader-Telegram. August 26, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Kelly 1999, p. 66.
- ^ "Governor". The Baxter Bulletin. May 19, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Hamilton 2003, p. 441.
- ^ a b 1986 Arkansas election result, p. 14.
- ^ "White holds lead in Republican race". The Baxter Bulletin. May 28, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "White wants Clinton's 'Buy Arkansas Campaign' pulled". The Baxter Bulletin. July 2, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "White hits Arkansas campaign". The Times. July 2, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Both Clinton, Bumpers win in Arkansas". Longview News-Journal. November 5, 1986. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 67.
- ^ 1986 Arkansas election result, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 70.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 71.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 73.
- ^ Boyd, Robert S. (November 9, 1988). "Bush Is Elected President; Democrats Hold Congress". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Clinton announces; will seek 5th term". The Times. March 20, 1990. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 458.
- ^ "Clinton wins nomination for 5th term". Daily Herald. May 30, 1990. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Kelly 1999, p. 74.
- ^ Suro, Robert (May 27, 1990). "Arkansas Republicans fight for crack at Clinton". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 459.
- ^ Maraniss 1996, pp. 456–457.
- ^ "Election Dance". Austin American-Statesman. November 10, 1990. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ 1990 Arkansas election result, pp. 3–5.
- ^ 1990 Arkansas election result, pp. 55–56.
- ^ "Best bets for 1992: Cuomo and Chiles". Hattiesburg American. November 11, 1990. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Clinton makes presidential campaign official". The Daily Journal. October 4, 1991. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Balz, Dan (December 21, 1991). "Cuomo Rejects Bid for President in '92". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ Zelizer, Julian (April 6, 2016). "Bill Clinton's nearly forgotten 1992 sex scandal". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Ifill, Gwen (February 7, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Democrats; Vietnam War Draft Status Becomes Issue for Clinton". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ "Hillary's first joint interview – next to Bill in '92". CBS. February 1, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ "Harkin Scores Record Victory in Iowa Caucus". Los Angeles Times. February 11, 1992. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Dickerson, John (July 8, 2015). "Whistlestop: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Bill Clinton in 1992". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Dispute Over Democratic Vote in North Dakota Primary". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ Elving, Ron (June 2, 2016). "How All Those Other States Spoiled California's Primary Story". NPR. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (March 24, 2013). "Bill Clinton on Former Secretary of State Warren Christopher". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Lauter, David (July 10, 1992). "Clinton Picks Gore as Running Mate in Break With Tradition : Democrats: Arkansas governor rejects geographical balance in choosing the Tennessee senator. Strategists believe his moderate positions can help unite divided party". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Zurawik, David (December 27, 1992). "Bill Clinton's sax solo on 'Arsenio' still resonates Memorable Moments". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Lichfield, John (July 16, 1992). "Perot pulls out of campaign: Bush and Clinton scramble to woo billionaire's dwindling supporters". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ "Setting the convention stages: Facts and firsts". American Enterprise Institute – AEI. July 28, 2016. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Fairhall, John (July 20, 1992). "Clinton-Gore bus tour draws enthusiastic crowds". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Uses of Ross Perot". The New York Times. New York. October 2, 1992. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ "The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1992 – Gray Dot". Living Room candidate. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Boyette, John. "Column: 'It's the economy, stupid' as true today as in 1992". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ Siddiqui, Sabrina (October 16, 2012). "Bill Clinton Won 1992 Town Hall Debate By Engaging With One Voter". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ a b "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
- ^ a b 1992 United States presidential election result.
- ^ Hardy, Thomas (November 4, 1992). "Clinton elected president". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2009, pp. 451–452.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2009, pp. 742.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (December 8, 2018). "Clinton signs NAFTA into law, Dec. 8, 1993". Politico. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Harris 2005, p. 221.
- ^ Newman, Brian (2002). "Bill Clinton's Approval Ratings: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same". Political Research Quarterly. 55 (4): 781–804. doi:10.1177/106591290205500403. JSTOR 3088079. S2CID 154517849. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2009, pp. 460–461.
- ^ Harris 2005, p. 246.
- ^ Levy, Michael (October 29, 2020). "United States presidential election of 1996". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ "Ross Perot, billionaire and ex-presidential candidate, dies at 89". BBC. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Lewis, Matt (September 25, 2008). "McCain and Obama Can Learn A Lot From Past Debaters". Townhall.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
It's the age of his ideas that I question
- ^ "Clinton Rides Landslide First Democrat To Be Re-Elected Since Roosevelt | The Spokesman-Review". Spokesman.com. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ a b McKay, D. (1997). "Campaigning as Governing: The 1996 US Presidential Elections". Government and Opposition. 32 (a): 25–38. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb01207.x. JSTOR 44484016. Retrieved August 4, 2021 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2009, p. 745.
- ^ 1996 United States presidential election result.
Works cited
Primary sources
- Riviere, Paul (1980). "1976 Arkansas Election – A Compilation of Primary Run-off & General Election Results for State & District Offices" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
- Riviere, Paul (1979). "1978 Arkansas Elections – A compilation of Primary, Run-off and General Election Results for State & District Offices" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
- Riviere, Paul (1982). "1980 Arkansas Elections – A Compilation of Primary, Run-off & General Election Results for State and District Offices" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- Riviere, Paul (1983). "1982 Arkansas Election – A Compilation of Primary, Run-off & General Election Results for State & District Offices" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- McCuen, W. J. "Bill" (1984). "Arkansas Election Result 1984" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- McCuen, W. J. "Bill" (1986). "Arkansas Election Result 1986" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- McCuen, W. J. "Bill" (1990). "Arkansas Election Results 1990" (PDF). Secretary of State of Arkansas. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- "Federal Election 92 – Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
- "Federal Election 96 – Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
Books
- Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2009. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
- Kelly, Michael (1999). Bill Clinton. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-4700-2. LCCN 98013775. OL 354073M.
- Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and their America. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-2804-1. LCCN 96017112. OL 22298101M.
- Hamilton, Nigel (2003). Bill Clinton: An American Journey. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50610-9. LCCN 2003046804. OL 3684943M.
- Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class – The Biography of Bill Clinton. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81890-0. LCCN 95044894. OL 26641524M.
- Harris, John F. (2005). The Survivor : Bill Clinton in The White House. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50847-9. OL 23273754M.