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Gorilla Glass

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A Nokia N8 with a Gorilla Glass screen

Gorilla Glass is a brand of chemically strengthened glass developed and manufactured by Corning, now in its seventh generation, designed to be thin, light and damage-resistant. As a brand, Gorilla Glass is specific to Corning, but close equivalents exist, including AGC Inc.'s Dragontrail and Schott AG's Xensation.[1][2][3]

The alkali-aluminosilicate sheet glass is used primarily as cover glass for portable electronic devices, including mobile phones, portable media players, portable computer displays, and television screens.[4] It is manufactured in Harrodsburg in Kentucky, in Asan in Korea,[5] and in Taiwan.

The glass gains its surface strength, ability to contain flaws, and crack-resistance by being immersed in a hot, potassium-salt, ion-exchange bath.[6]

Corning experimented with chemically strengthened glass in 1960 as part of a "Project Muscle" initiative. Within a few years they had developed a "muscled glass"[7] marketed as Chemcor. The product was used until the early 1990s in commercial and industrial applications, including automotive, aviation and pharmaceutical uses,[7] notably in approximately one hundred 1968 Dodge Dart and Plymouth Barracuda racing cars, where minimizing the vehicle's weight was essential.[8] Experimentation was revived in 2005, investigating whether the glass could be made thin enough for use in consumer electronics. It was brought into commercial use when Apple asked Corning for a thin, toughened glass to be used in its new iPhone.[9][10]

In October 2017 some five billion devices globally contained Gorilla Glass.[11] While dominating its market, Gorilla Glass faces varying competition from rivals such as Dragontrail and synthetic sapphire.[11]

Development

Version Announced
1 February 2008[12]
2 January 2012[13]
3 January 2013[14]
4 November 2014
5 July 2016
SR+ August 2016[15]
6 July 2018[16]
DX/DX+ July 2018[17]
Victus July 2020[18]

Corning further developed the material for a variety of smartphones and other consumer electronics devices for a range of companies.[19][20][21]

The company markets the material's primary properties as its high scratch-resistance (protective coating) and its hardness (with a Vickers hardness test rating of 622 to 701),[22] which allows the glass to be thin without being fragile. It can be recycled.[19]

By 2010, the glass had been used in approximately 20% of mobile handsets worldwide, about 200 million units.[23] The second generation, called "Gorilla Glass 2", was introduced in 2012. In October 2012 Corning announced that over one billion mobile devices used Gorilla Glass.[24] Gorilla Glass 2 is 20% thinner than the original Gorilla Glass.[25]

Gorilla Glass 3 was introduced at CES 2013. According to Corning, the material is up to three times more scratch-resistant than the previous version, with enhanced ability to resist deep scratches that typically weaken glass.[26] Promotional material for Gorilla Glass 3 claims that it is 40% more scratch-resistant, in addition to being more flexible.[27] The design of Gorilla Glass 3 was Corning's first use of atomic-scale modeling before the material was melted in laboratories, with the prediction of the optimal composition obtained through the application of rigidity theory.[28]

When Gorilla Glass 3 was announced, Corning indicated that areas for future improvements included reducing reflectivity and susceptibility to fingerprint smudges, and changing surface treatments and the way the glass is finished.[25] Antimicrobial Gorilla Glass with ionic silver, which is antibacterial, incorporated into its surface was demonstrated in early 2014.[29]

Gorilla Glass 4, with better damage resistance and capability to be made thinner with the same performance as its predecessor, was announced at the end of 2014.[30]

Gorilla Glass 5 offered better resistance to cracking from drops and was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 in 2016.[31]

Gorilla Glass SR+ was designed for wearables and was first used on the Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch in 2016.[32]

Ford Motor Company announced that it would use the material for the front and rear windshields on its Ford GT sports car beginning in 2016;[33] it later spread to mainstream models such as the Ford F-150 and Jeep Wrangler.[34]

Gorilla Glass DX+ replaced the SR+ and was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Watch in 2018.[35]

Gorilla Glass 6, equivalent to Gorilla Glass 5 in scratch resistance but designed to survive multiple drops from even greater heights, was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S10 in 2019.[36]

Gorilla Glass Victus was introduced in July 2020. Corning claims it has twice the scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass 6. It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra in 2020.[37]

Manufacture

During its manufacture, the glass is toughened by ion exchange. The material is immersed in a molten alkaline potassium salt at a temperature of approximately 400 °C (750 °F),[38] wherein smaller sodium ions in the glass are replaced by larger potassium ions from the salt bath. The larger ions occupy more volume and thereby create a surface layer of high residual compressive stress, giving the glass surface increased strength, ability to contain flaws,[39] and overall crack-resistance,[40] making it resistant to damage from everyday use.[38]

On October 26, 2011, Corning announced the commercial launch of Lotus Glass, designed for OLED and next-generation LCD displays.[41] The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape and quality during high-temperature processing. Decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate. This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution and faster response time.[42] According to Corning, Gorilla Glass is specifically a cover glass for the exterior of display devices while Lotus Glass is designed as a glass substrate to be used within liquid crystal display panels. In other words, a single product could incorporate both Gorilla Glass and Lotus Glass.[43] On February 2, 2012, Corning Incorporated and Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. signed an agreement to establish a new equity venture for the manufacture of specialty glass substrates for the OLED device market in Korea. The joint venture is based on Lotus Glass.[44] Lotus XT Glass became available in 2013.[45]

In 2012, Corning introduced Willow Glass,[46] a flexible glass based on borosilicate glass,[47] launched for use as a display substrate.

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Xensation". Schott. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  3. ^ "Gorilla Glass 6 gives phones a better shot at surviving multiple drops". Engadget, July 19, 2018, Jon Fingas.
  4. ^ "FAQs". Gorilla Glass. Corning. March 10, 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  5. ^ "Corning Announces Transfer of Corning® Gorilla® Glass Production". Corning. March 6, 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  6. ^ "How Gorilla Glass is Made | Glass Composition and Manufacturing Process | Corning Gorilla Glass". www.corning.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  7. ^ a b Pogue, David (December 9, 2010). "Gorilla Glass, the Smartphone's Unsung Hero". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013.
  8. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). "36 – The iPhone: Three Revolutionary Products in One". Steve Jobs. Simon & Schuster. pp. 471–72. ISBN 978-1-4516-4853-9.
  9. ^ "Glass vendor Corning to receive $200 million from Apple's new fund". idownloadblog.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017. [In 2005,] Corning CEO Wendell Weeks gave Steve Jobs a demonstration of his company's glass material. Jobs was impressed and decided to use Corning's glass protection for the original iPhone, as explained in Walter Isaacson's authorized biography of the late Apple co-founder
  10. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). Walter Isaacson Great Innovators e-book boxed set: Steve Jobs, Benjamin Franklin, Einstein. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7760-7. Archived from the original on 2018-05-10.
  11. ^ a b "One of the world's oldest products faces the digital future". The Economist. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Corning Extends Fusion Process to Tackle Touch-Screen Applications" (Press release). 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
  13. ^ "Corning Unveils New Gorilla® Glass 2" (Press release). 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  14. ^ Dante D'Orazio (3 January 2013). "Corning Gorilla Glass 3 to be three times more scratch resistant than previous generation". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  15. ^ "Corning introduces Gorilla Glass SR+ for wearables". Android Authority. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  16. ^ "Corning Introduces Corning Gorilla Glass 6, Delivering Improved Durability for Next-Generation Mobile Devices" (Press release). Corning. 18 July 2018.
  17. ^ "Corning Announces Corning® Gorilla® Glass DX and Corning® Gorilla® Glass DX+" (Press release). Corning. 18 July 2018.
  18. ^ "Corning Introduces Corning Gorilla Glass Victus, The Toughest Gorilla Glass Yet For Mobile Consumer Electronics" (Press release). Corning. 23 July 2020.
  19. ^ a b "FAQs". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2001-10-08.
  20. ^ Nusca, Andrew (December 22, 2009). "The science behind stronger display glass on your phone, computer". SmartPlanet. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  21. ^ "Full Products List". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  22. ^ "Gorilla Glass" (PDF). Technical Materials. Corning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  23. ^ Ulanoff, Lance (January 12, 2011). "Why Is Gorilla Glass So Strong?". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  24. ^ News release, Corning, Oct 24, 2012, archived from the original on 2012-10-26.
  25. ^ a b "Corning, After Thinning Out Gorilla Glass, Makes New Generation Tougher". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  26. ^ "Gorilla Glass". Corning. Archived from the original on 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  27. ^ Lidsky, David (2013-02-11). "Corning". Most innovative companies. Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  28. ^ Wray, Peter. "Gorilla Glass 3 explained (and it is a modeling first for Corning!)". Ceramic Tech Today. The American Ceramic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-01-26.
  29. ^ "Corning Unveils World's First Antimicrobial Cover". Archived from the original on 2014-12-15.
  30. ^ "Mobile Phones, Smartphones, Slates, Tablets, Notebooks, Wearables and other devices with Gorilla Glass – Corning Gorilla Glass" (PDF). www.corninggorillaglass.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-31.
  31. ^ "The Galaxy Note 7 is the first phone with Gorilla Glass 5". androidcentral.com. 2016-08-02. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  32. ^ "Samsung Gear S3 watches get bigger screens and batteries". BBC. 2016-08-31. Archived from the original on 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  33. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ Atiyeh, Clifford (25 September 2019). "Gorilla Glass Windshields Are Impressive, but Are They Worth the Money?". Car and Driver. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  35. ^ "Corning Gorilla Glass DX+ Chosen for Samsung Galaxy Watch" (Press release). Corning. August 9, 2018.
  36. ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note10 | Samsung | Corning Gorilla Glass". www.corning.com. Samsung. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  37. ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra | Samsung | Corning Gorilla Glass". Corning.
  38. ^ a b "How It's Made: Ion-exchange process". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  39. ^ "What Stresses Gorilla Glass Makes It Stronger". Inside Science, Sophie Bushwick, February 4, 2015. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.
  40. ^ Walton, Donnell; Amin, Jaymin; Shashdhar, Naga (12 July 2010), Electronic Design – Specialty Glass: a new design element in consumer electronics (PDF), Corning, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2014.
  41. ^ "Corning Unveils Corning Lotus Glass for High-Performance Displays – New composition enables OLED and next generation liquid crystal displays". Corning. Oct 25, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15.
  42. ^ "Corning Lotus Glass and Gorilla Glass 2". CA: Gizmo. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014.
  43. ^ "Corning Lotus Glass to compliment [sic] Gorilla Glass". Smart keitai. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  44. ^ "Corning and Samsung Mobile Display Form New OLED Glass Venture – New business expands Corning's long-standing collaboration with Samsung" (press release). Corning. 2012-02-02. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  45. ^ "Corning: Corning Lotus XT Glass, May 2013". corning.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-12.
  46. ^ McEntegart, Jane (4 June 2012). "Tom's Hardware, Gorilla Glass Maker Corning Debuts Flexible Willow Glass". Tom’s hardware. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  47. ^ "Willow Glass (2014 fact sheet)" (fact sheet). Corning. 2014.
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