Hassan Rouhani

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Hassan Rouhani
حسن روحانی
Official portrait of Hassan Rouhani
President-elect of Iran
Assuming office
3 August 2013
Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei
SucceedingMahmoud Ahmadinejad
Secretary of Supreme National Security Council
In office
14 October 1989 – 15 August 2005
PresidentAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Mohammad Khatami
DeputyHossein Mousavian
Succeeded byAli Larijani
President of Center for Strategic Research
Assumed office
1 August 1992
Preceded byMohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
Succeeded byTBD
Member of Assembly of Experts
Assumed office
18 February 2000
ConstituencySemnan (3rd assembly)
Tehran (4th assembly)
Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Iran
In office
28 May 1992 – 26 May 2000
Preceded byBehzad Nabavi
Succeeded byMohammad-Reza Khatami
Member of Parliament of Iran
In office
28 May 1980 – 26 May 2000
ConstituencySemnan (1st term)
Tehran (2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th terms)
Personal details
Born
Hassan Feridon (حسن فریدون)

(1948-11-12) 12 November 1948 (age 75)
Sorkheh, Semnan, Iran
Died250px
Resting place250px
Political partyCombatant Clergy Association
(1987–2013)[1]
Other political
affiliations		Islamic Republican Party
(1979–1987)
Children4
Parent
  • 250px
Alma materGlasgow Caledonian University
University of Tehran
WebsiteOfficial website

Hassan Rouhani (Persian: ‌حسن روحانی, also transliterated Ruhani, Rohani, Rowhani; born Hassan Feridon ‌حسن فریدون on 12 November 1948) is an Iranian politician, Mujtahid,[2] lawyer,[3] academic and diplomat, who is currently the president-elect of Iran. He has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999,[4] member of the Expediency Council since 1991,[5] member of the Supreme National Security Council since 1989,[6] and head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992.[7]

Rouhani has been also deputy speaker of the 4th and 5th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.[7] In the later capacity, he was also heading Iran's former nuclear negotiating team and was the country's top negotiator with the EU three – UK, France, and Germany – on Iran's nuclear program.[8]: 138 

On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for the presidential election that was held on 14 June 2013.[9][10] He said that, if elected, he will prepare a "civil rights charter", restore the economy and improve rocky relations with the West.[11][12][13] As early vote counts began coming in, Rouhani took a large lead.[14] He was elected as President of Iran on 15 June, defeating Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf.[15][16] He is scheduled to take office on 3 August 2013.

Early life and education

Hassan Rouhani was born on 12 November 1948 in Sorkheh, near Semnan, into a family who fought[citation needed] against the former Shah of Iran. He started religious studies in 1960, first at Semnan Seminary[3]: 55  before moving on to the Qom Seminary in 1961.[3]: 76  He attended classes taught by prominent scholars of that time including Mohammad Mohaghegh Damad, Morteza Haeri Yazdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Soltani, Mohammad Fazel Lankarani, and Mohammad Shahabadi.[3]: 81  In addition, he studied modern courses, and was admitted to the University of Tehran in 1969, and obtained his bachelor's degree in judicial law in 1972.[7][3]: 309–312  Rouhani continued his studies in the West and graduated from Glasgow Caledonian University in 1995 with an MPhil thesis titled "The Islamic legislative power with reference to the Iranian experience",[7][17] followed by a PhD degree in Law in 1999.[7][18][19]

Rouhani's degrees were awarded under his birth name "Hassan Feridon", causing some confusion among journalists at the Times Higher Education.[20][19][21] Glasgow's The Herald wrote that "He studied at the old Glasgow Polytechnic (now GCU) in the 1970s and returned to undertake a law doctorate in the 1990s. He then went by the name of Hassan Feridon."[22] The Herald's archives also contain an article dated 6 July 1999 mentioning "Hassan Feridon" as expected to graduate as a doctor of Philosophy at the ceremony at the same day.[18] The Glasgow Caledonian University's library contains two books identified as theses authored by "Hassan Feridon", published in 1995 and 1998, titled "The Islamic legislative power with reference to the Iranian experience" and "The flexibility of SHARIAH (Islamic law) with reference to the Iranian experience".[23][24]

Still, his campaign ad refers to a SAVAK document, dated October 10, 1977, with the subject "The Speech by Doctor Hassan Rouhani". Parts of the document are shown and read, which refers to a speech by Rouhani in "Imam Mosque" and includes "the reason why several people gather for his Minbar [speech], is several. One is that he has the word Doctor before his name [...]".[25] Memoirs of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani also refer to him as "Doctor Rouhani" as early as July 1981.[26] The tradition of using the title Doctor for people who left their doctoral studies to come back to Iran to participate in the Iranian Revolution has been common in Iran, including for Mohammad-Ali Najafi, Mohammad-Javad Larijani, and before his presidency in 1997, for Mohammad Khatami.

He is said to be a polyglot, fluent in English, German, French, Russian and Arabic, along with his native Persian.[27]

It is not clear when he changed his name officially to Rouhani, which means "spiritual" or "cleric." He is named as "Hassan Feridon (Rouhani)" in the list of Majlis representatives on 28 May 1980,[28] while photos of his identification card (Shenasnameh) taken around his presidential campaign in 2013 only mention "Rouhani" as his last name.

Political career

Early years

File:Hassan Rouhani in Nofel Loshato.jpg
Rouhani (first row) praying with Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers, Neauphle-le-Château, Paris, 1978[3]: 758 

As a young cleric Hassan Rouhani started his political activities by following Ayatollah Khomeini during the beginning of the Iranian Islamic movement. In 1965 he began traveling throughout Iran making speeches against the government of the Shah. During those years he was arrested many times and was banned from delivering public speeches.[3]: 232 

During November 1977, in a public ceremony held at Tehran's Ark Mosque to commemorate the death of Mostafa Khomeini (son of Ruhollah Khomeini), Rouhani used the title "Imam" for Ayatollah Khomeini, the then exiled leader of the Islamic movement, for the first time.[3]: 375  It has been suggested that the title has been used for Khomeini by others before, including by Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, although Rouhani was influencial in publicizing the title.[29][30][31] Since he was persecuted by the SAVAK, Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti and Ayatollah Motahhari advised him to leave the country.[3]: 385 

While outside the country, part of his time was spent studying at Glasgow Polytechnic in Scotland (now Glasgow Caledonian University).[22] Outside Iran he made public speeches to Iranian students studying abroad and joined Khomeini upon arriving in Paris.[3]: 410 

After the Islamic Revolution

Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Hassan Rouhani, who had been engaged in revolutionary struggles for about two decades, did his best to stabilize the nascent Islamic Revolution and as a first step, he started with organizing the disorderly Iranian army and military bases.[3]: 515  He was elected to the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in 1980. During five terms in the Majlis and for a total period of 20 years (from 1980 to 2000), he served in various capacities including deputy speaker of the Majlis (in 4th and 5th terms), as well as the head of defense committee (1st and 2nd terms), and foreign policy committee (4th and 5th terms).

File:Hassan Rouhani, IRIB Supervisory Council, February 1981.jpg
Members of the IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) Supervisory Council in February 1981. Hassan Rouhani at left.

Among responsibilities shouldered by him in the post-revolution era was leadership of the Supervisory Council of the IRIB from 1980 to 1983.[7] In July 1983, while Rouhani was heading the council, the council and Rouhani had conflicts[32] with Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani the then head of IRIB, which led to temporary replacement of Hashemi by first Rouhani and then immediately Mohammad Javad Larijani.[33] The conflict was resolved by Ayatollah Khomeini intervening and insisting on Hashemi staying as the head of IRIB.[34]

During the Iran-Iraq war, Rouhani was a member of the Supreme Defense Council (1982–1988), member of the High Council for Supporting War and headed its Executive Committee (1986–1988), deputy commander of the war (1983–1985), commander of the Khatam-ol-Anbiya Operation Center (1985–1988), and commander of the Iran Air Defense Force (1986–1991).[7] He was appointed as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces (1988–1989).[7]

At the end of the war, Hassan Rouhani was awarded the second-grade Fath (Victory) Medal along with a group of commanders of the Iranian Army and the Islamic Revolution Guards. In another ceremony on the occasion of the liberation of Khoramshahr, he and a group of other officials and military commanders who were involved in the war with Iraq were awarded first-grade Nasr Medal by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Ayatollah Khamenei.

Rouhani was offered and turned down the post of the Minister of Intelligence of Iran in 1989.[35]

After the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was amended and the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) came into being up to the present time, he has been representative of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, at the council.[7] Rouhani was the first secretary of the SNSC and kept it for 16 years (from 1989 to 2005). He was also national security advisor – to President Hashemi and President Khatami – for 13 years (from 1989 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2005).[7]

In 1991 Rouhani was appointed to the Expediency Council and has kept that post up to the present time. He heads Political, Defense, and Security Committee of the Expediency Council.[7]

In the midterm elections for the third term of the Assembly of Experts which was held on 18 February 2000, Rouhani was elected to the Assembly of Experts from Semnan Province. He was elected as Tehran Province's representative to the Assembly's fourth term in 2006 and is still serving in that capacity. he was the head of the political and social committee of the assembly of experts (from 2001 to 2006), member of the presiding board, and head of Tehran office of the secretariat of the assembly (from 2006 to 2008).

In addition to executive posts, Rouhani kept up his scientific activities. From 1995 to 1999, he was a member of the board of trustees of Tehran Universities and North Region. Rouhani has been running the Center for Strategic Research since 1991. He is the managing editor of three scientific and research quarterlies in Persian and English, which include Rahbord (Strategy), Foreign Relations, and the Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs.

Nuclear dossier

Rouhani was secretary of the Supreme National Security Council for 16 years. His career at the Council began under President Hashemi Rafsanjani and continued under his successor, President Khatami. His term as Iran's top nuclear negotiator, however, was limited to 678 days (from 6 October 2003 to 15 August 2005). That period began with international revelations about Iran's nuclear energy program and adoption of a strongly-worded resolution by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In June 2004, the Board of Governors of the IAEA issued a statement which was followed by a resolution in September of the same year, which focused on Iran's nuclear case with the goal of imposing difficult commitments on Iran. That development was concurrent with the victory of the United States in Iraq war and escalation of war rhetoric in the region. The international community was experiencing unprecedented tensions as a result of which Iran's nuclear advances were considered with high sensitivity.[8]: 120–126 

Nuclear talks in Tehran.
Iran-EU3's first meeting, Tehran, Iran, 21 October 2003.

As tensions increased and in view of the existing differences between Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Atomic Energy Organization, a proposal was put forth by foreign minister, Kamal Kharrazi, which was accepted by the president and other Iranian leaders. According to that proposal, a decision was made to establish a politically, legally, and technically efficient nuclear team with Hassan Rouhani in charge. The team was delegated with special powers in order to formulate a comprehensive plan for Iran's interactions with the IAEA and coordination among various concerned organizations inside the country. Therefore, on the order of President Mohammad Khatami with the confirmation of Ali Khamenei, Hassan Rouhani took charge of Iran's nuclear case on 6 October 2003.[8]: 138–140  Subsequently, negotiations between Iran and three European states started at Saadabad in Tehran and continued in later months in Brussels, Geneva and Paris.

Rouhani and his team, whose members had been introduced by Velayati and Kharrazi as the best diplomats in the Iranian Foreign Ministry,[8]: 109, 141  based their efforts on dialogue and confidence building due to political and security conditions as well as strong propaganda against Iran. As a first step, they prevented further escalation of accusations against Iran in order to prevent reporting Iran's nuclear case to the United Nations Security Council. Therefore, and for the purpose of confidence building, certain parts of Iran's nuclear activities were voluntarily suspended at several junctures.

In addition to building confidence, insisting on Iran's rights, reducing international pressures and the possibility of war, and preventing Iran's case from being reported to the UN Security Council, Iran succeeded in completing its nuclear fuel cycle and took groundbreaking steps.[8]: 660–667  However, decisions made by the nuclear team under the leadership of Rouhani were criticized by certain circles in later years.[36][37]

Following the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president, Rouhani resigned his post as secretary of the Supreme National Security Council after 16 years on 15 August 2005,[8]: 594, 601  and was succeeded by Ali Larijani as the new secretary who also took charge of Iran's nuclear case. Larijani, likewise, could not get along with the policies of the new government and resigned his post on 20 October 2007, to be replaced by Saeed Jalili.

Nuclear memoirs

The book, titled National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy, contains the memoirs of Rouhani as the official in charge of Iran's nuclear case and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council. It gives an account of how decisions are made in Iran's political system as well as the role of high-ranking institutions in the nuclear case and all stages of negotiations with the European countries along with the relevant documents.

National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy is compiled in 12 chapters and seven appendices in 1,209 pages and the first book so far published on Iran's nuclear program and is considered an oral history book.

Its fifth edition appeared in winter of 2013. Excerpts of the book along with photos of nuclear negotiations were also published as Narration of Foresight and Hope in 552 pages in March 2013.

The Diplomat Sheikh

Rouhani visiting the U.S. field hospital after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran

Although Rouhani had already appeared as a diplomat and taken part in many meetings and negotiations with foreign officials as Iran's Parliment deputy speaker or the secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, it was his leading role in the nuclear negotiations which brought him the nickname of "diplomat Sheikh".

This nickname was first given to him by the nascent Sharq newspaper in November 2003 and was frequently repeated after that by domestic and foreign Persian-speaking media. Rouhani has been the sole clerical member of Iran's nuclear team up to the present time.

Presidential campaign

Our centrifuges are good to spin when our people’s economy is also spinning in right direction.

Rouhani during TV debate [38]

Main article: Hassan Rouhani presidential campaign, 2013
See also: Iranian presidential election, 2013

Rouhani was considered a leading candidate in the June election because of his centrist views yet close ties to Iran's ruling clerics and the Green Movement.[39] He announced his presidential candidacy on 11 January 2013 and registered as a presidential candidate on 7 May. Amid the run-up to the election, former presidents Mohammad Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, together with reformists, backed Rouhani on the presidential race after pro-reform candidate Mohammad Reza Aref dropped out of the presidential race after Khatami advised him to quit in favor of Rouhani.[40] On 10 June, Mehr news agency and Fars news agency, suggested that Rouhani might disqualified prior to the election[41] and the Washington post on his editorial claimed that Rouhani "will not be allowed to win". [42][43] On 15 June 2013, Interior Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar announced the results of the election, with a total number of 36,704,156 ballots cast; Rouhani won 18,613,329 votes, while his main rival Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf secured 6,077,292 votes.[44][14]

Presidency

Inauguration

Rouhani's supporters meeting in Valiasr Street

He was announced the winner on the following day of the election. He will be inaugurated as the seventh different President of Iran on 3 August 2013 in the Parliament of Iran.

Personal life

His father, Haj Asadollah Feridon (died 2011),[45] was a businessman in Semnan's Bazaar and his mother Sakineh[46] currently lives in Semnan.[citation needed] Asadollah Feridon has been reported to be politically active against the Shah, arrested first in 1962, and then more than twenty times before the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[47]

Rouhani married when he was around 20 years old[48] and has four children.[49] One of Rouhani's sons committed suicide in 1992.[50][51]

Rouhani's brother, Hossein Feridon, is also a diplomat and politician, a former governor, ambassador,[52] and former Vice Minister of Intelligence.[53] He was Rouhani's representative to IRIB in arrangements for presidential debates.[54] Ahmad Khatami has mentioned that as a then political activist, Hossein Feridon helped him escape and avoid getting arrested in January 1979, immediately before the Iranian Revolution, when he was planning to give speeches in Semnan and Sorkheh.[55] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, in a memoir dated 15 May 1982, mentions Hossein Feridoon as the then governor of Karaj.[56] Rafsanjani later briefly mentions Feridon in a memoir dated 31 March 1984: "In Karaj, something has happened about Mr. Feridon Rouhani".[57] He has been speculated as a potential future head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran or a presidential advisor.[58]

Publications

Having the rank of research professor, he has written many books and articles in Persian, English and Arabic, including the following:[7]

in Persian
  • Islamic Revolution: Roots and Challenges (انقلاب اسلامی؛ ریشه‌ها و چالش‌ها), June 1997, ISBN 9649102507
  • Fundaments of Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini (مبانی تفکر سیاسی امام خمینی), July 1999
  • Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 1: The Islamic Revolution (خاطرات دکتر حسن روحانی؛ جلد اول: انقلاب اسلامی), February 2008, ISBN 9786005914801
  • Introduction to Islamic Countries (آشنایی با کشورهای اسلامی), November 2008
  • Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 1: Conceptual Framework (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد اول: مبانی نظری), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539409
  • Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 2: Foreign Policy (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد دوم: سیاست خارجی), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539416
  • Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 3: Cultural and Social Issues (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد سوم: مسائل فرهنگی و اجتماعی), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539423
  • National Security and Economic System of Iran (امنیت ملی و نظام اقتصادی ایران), August 2010, ISBN 9786005247947
  • National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy ([امنیت ملی و دیپلماسی هسته‌ای] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), January 2011, ISBN 9786002900074
  • Role of Seminaries in Moral and Political Developments of Society (نقش حوزه‌های علمیه در تحولات اخلاقی و سیاسی جامعه), November 2011
  • An Introduction to the History of Shia' Imams (مقدمه‌ای بر تاریخ امامان شیعه), March 2012, ISBN 9786005914948
  • Age of Legal Capacity and Responsibility (سن اهلیت و مسئولیت قانونی), October 2012, ISBN 9786002900135
  • Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 2: Sacred Defense (خاطرات دکتر حسن روحانی؛ جلد دوم: دفاع مقدس), January 2013
  • Narration of Foresight and Hope (روایت تدبیر و امید), March 2013
  • National Security and Foreign Policy (امنیت ملی و سیاست خارجی), May 2013
  • National Security and Environment (امنیت ملی و محیط زیست), May 2013
in English
  • The Islamic Legislative Power, May 1994
  • The Flexibility of Shariah; Islamic Law, April 1996
in Arabic
  • Comments on Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence); Lessons of the Late Muhaqqiq Damaad (تقريرات درس فقه مرحوم محقق داماد) (Chapter on Prayers [صلاة]), November 2012
  • Comments on Usul (Principles of Fiqh); Lessons of the Late Ayatollah Haeri (تقريرات درس أصول مرحوم حائري) (Chapter on Scientific Principles [أصول علمية]), March 2013

References

  1. ^ "Members of Combatant Clergy Association". Combatant Clergy Association. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  2. ^ Iran’s Presidential Election Heats up as Reformist Rowhani Enters Race, Farhang Jahanpour, Informed Comment, 12 April 2013, Juan Cole
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  4. ^ "Members of Assembly of Experts". Assembly of Experts. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
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  26. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (21 July 1981). "سه‌شنبه ۳۰ تیر ۱۳۶۰". عبور از بحران (in Persian).
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  32. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (22 July 1983). "پیام رئیس جمهور کره جنوبی به هاشمی/ گزارش دکتر روحانی از اختلافش با محمد هاشمی". آرامش و چالش (in Persian).
  33. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (21 July 1983). "نظر هاشمی درباره بازجویی سپاه از نمایندگان اقلیت مجلس/ عصبانیت امام از پخش خبر استعفای محمد هاشمی". آرامش و چالش (in Persian).
  34. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (23 July 1983). "جزوه اخوان المسلمین برای هاشمی/ سرپرستی جواد لاریجانی بر صداوسیما چگونه لغو شد؟". آرامش و چالش.
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  39. ^ "Presidential candidate Rouhani says will form inclusive administration". Press TV. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
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  41. ^ http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2159600.html
  42. ^ http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2013/06/peace_in_our_time.html
  43. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/iran-votes-friday-on-a-president-but-the-ballot-is-quite-limited/2013/06/12/5fa7e820-d383-11e2-8cbe-1bcbee06f8f8_story.html
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  45. ^ "مراسم ختم پدر حسن روحانی برگزار شد" (in Persian). ISNA. 5 October 2011.
  46. ^ "نکته هایی جالب در شناسنامه روحانی + عکس" (in Persian). ShomaNews.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |‌ trans_title= ignored (help)
  47. ^ Aftab political service (2 October 2011). "حاج اسدالله فریدون، پدر دکتر روحانی به دیار باقی شتافت" (in Persian). Aftab News.
  48. ^ "پاسخ سياستمداران ايراني به يك سوال خصوصي؛ همسر خود را چگونه انتخاب كرديد؟" (in Persian). Young Journalists Club. 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ "کاندیداها و فرزندانشان +تصاویر" (in Persian). MashreghNews.ir. 24 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Majid Mohammadi (24 Aban 1390 AP=November 15, 2011). "در جستجوی فرزندان از دست رفته" (in Persian). Radio Farda. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Alireza Nourizadeh (18 November 2011). "سوگوار فرزندان، گناه پدران" (in Persian). Retrieved 16 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "کارنامه نامزدهای ریاست جمهوری، حسن فریدون روحانی" (in Persian). Enghelabe-Eslami.com. May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "در خانه هاشمي رفسنجاني چه مي گذرد؟ داستان تكان دهنده دكتر هوشنگ بوذري در گفت وگو با شهروند" (in Persian). 11 June 2005.
  54. ^ "زمان مناظره‌های اقتصادی" (in Persian). 30 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "سید احمد خاتمی (Seyyed Ahmad Khatami)" (in Persian). The Secretariat of Assembly of Experts. 9 Farvardin 1380 (29 March 2001). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (15 May 1982). "شنبه ۲۵ اردیبهشت ۱۳۶۱". پس از بحران (in Persian).
  57. ^ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (31 March 1984). "تاکید هاشمی برای عدالت و قانون در انتخابات/ گلایه همسر شهید مطهری از صداوسیما". به‌سوی سرنوشت (in Persian).
  58. ^ "رونمایی از کابینه احتمالی دولت یازدهم" (in Persian). BolandaNews.ir.

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Political offices
Preceded by
Position established
 Secretary of Supreme National Security Council
1989–2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Iran
1992–2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Iran
Elect
2013–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
Designated
2013–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by Reformists nominee for President of Iran
2013 		Succeeded by
Most recent

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