Islam in Belgium
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Islam is the second largest religion in Belgium, accounting for 5 to 7% of the total population[1] (If all immigrants with Islamic backgrounds are included, Muslims' share of the population rises to 8.1% as of 2011).[2] Muslims are concentrated in certain regions of the country, constituting 23.6% of the population in Brussels, but just 4.0% in Wallonia and 3.9% in Flanders.[1]
98% of the Belgian Muslims belong to the Sunni denomination, the rest are Shia (mainly Alevi). [3] and Ahmadiyya[4]
Population
A 2011 estimation by Belgian academic Jan Hertogen [citation needed]shows that more than 900,000[2]Template:Source needs translation people have a foreign background from Islamic countries.
A 2008 estimation shows[3]Template:Source needs translation that 6% of the Belgian population, about 628,751, is Muslim, either Sunni, Shia, Alevi, and a small population of Ahmadi. Muslims cover 25.5% of the population of Brussels, 4.0% of Wallonia and 3.9% of Flanders. The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi.
According to estimates released in 2007 by sociologist [citation needed] Jan Hertogen, the largest group of immigrants in Belgium, numbering 264,974, are Moroccans. The Turks are the third-largest group, and the second-largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 159,336. These estimates are criticized by the General Direction of Statistics and Economical Information (former National Institute for Statistics) because he simply added the global number of naturalized people without taking into account those who died or remigrated afterwards.[5]Template:Source needs translation Other nationalities represented are mostly Arabs, Pakistanis and West Africans. No accurate numbers can be given as religious or ethnic censuses are forbidden in Belgium, and most people with roots in Islamic countries (including Christian Assyrian refugees from Turkey) took the Belgian nationality, their children born in Belgium are more and more born as Belgian citizens and thence do not appear in any statistics.
Moroccan and Turkish immigrants began coming in large numbers to Belgium starting in the 1960s as guest workers. Though the guest-worker program was abolished in 1974, many immigrants stayed and brought their families using family reunification laws. Today the Muslim community continues to grow through marriage migration. More than 60% of Moroccan and Turkish youth marry partners from their home countries.[6]Template:Source needs translation
Since 2009, Mohamed is the most popular given name in Brussels and Antwerp, Belgium's two largest cities.[7]
Religious infrastructure
In 1974, Islam was recognized as one of the subsidized religions in Belgium and the Muslim Executive of Belgium was founded in 1996. In 2006, the government gave €6.1 million (US$7.7 million) to Islamic groups.[8]
According to a 2005 Université Libre de Bruxelles study, about 10% of the Muslim population are "practicing Muslims."[8]
There are an estimated 328[8]–380[9] mosques in the country.
Issues
According to a 2006 opinion poll, 61% of the Belgian population thought tensions between Muslims and other communities would increase in the future.[10]Template:Source needs translation
Headscarf
In December 2004, the Belgian government said it was considering a ban on the wearing of any conspicuous religious symbols for civil servants.[9]
In June 2005, the Antwerp Court of Appeal ruled that it was outside the jurisdiction of the state to determine whether Islam requires women to wear a headscarf and that girls in public schools have the right to do so. However, the school board also has the authority to restrict that right for organizational reasons, or for the good functioning of the school, though it must justify any such restrictions.[citation needed]
At the end of 2005, approximately twenty municipalities had issued a ban on walking the streets completely veiled. In a few cases women were fined €150 (US$190) for ignoring the ban.[citation needed] Under a 1993 executive order, persons in the streets must be identifiable. A veil which does not completely cover the body is however allowed.[citation needed]
Terrorism
On 30 September 2003, a Belgian court convicted 18 men for involvement in a terror cell. Nizar Trabelsi was sentenced to 10 years for plotting a suicide attack against the NATO air base at Kleine Brogel. Tarek Maaroufi, of the Tunisian Combat Group, was sentenced to six years in prison for his role in a Brussels-based fake passport ring that supplied fake Belgian passports to the men who assassinated former Afghan Northern Alliance commander Ahmed Shah Massoud two days before the September 11 attacks.[citation needed]
In October 2004, a Belgian court sentenced eight Islamic militants to prison terms of up to 5 years for plotting attacks and for links to Al Qaeda. According to prosecutors, Saber Mohammed received three phone calls from senior Al Qaeda figure Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, which he was believed to be forwarding for colleagues.[11] Also convicted was Tarek Maaroufi.
On November 9, 2005, Muriel Degauque, a Belgian convert to Islam, committed a suicide car bomb attack against a U.S. military convoy south of Baghdad.[12]
On November 14, 2015 Belgian police arrest 'several people' after searches linked to the attacks in Paris,[13][14] more arrests expected as links to terrorists Investigation continues.
2016 Brussels bombings
On the morning of Tuesday, 22 March 2016, three coordinated nail bombings occurred in Belgium: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station in Brussels. In these attacks, 35 victims and three suicide bombers were killed, and 316 people were injured.[15] Another bomb was found during a search of the airport.[16] Two suspects are on the run. The organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.[17] The bombings were the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium's history. The Belgian government declared three days of national mourning.[18]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Moslims in België per gewest, provincie en gemeente". Npdata.be. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Vreemde afkomst 01/01/2012". Npdata.be. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ a b Template:Lang-nl Jan Hertogen, In België wonen 628.751 moslims, Indymedia, September 12, 2008
- ^ Khalid Saifullah. "Social and Economic Influence of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Flanders-Belgium" (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- ^ 'Voor het eerst meer Marokkaanse dan Italiaanse migranten' (For the first time more Moroccan than Italian migrants), Het Belang van Limburg, May 21, 2007
- ^ "Aspecten van Marokkaanse huwelijksmigratie en Marokkaans familierecht". Ua.ac.be. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101114031009/http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/binaries/BRO09725-N_tcm325-81232.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "US State Department, International Religious Freedom Report 2006, Belgium". State.gov. 2005-10-02. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ a b "Frontline". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
- ^ "Vooral jongere Vlaming ziet islam niet zitten", Het Laatste Nieuws, 26 October 2006
- ^ Arab News, Suspect admits being al-Qaeda link in Belgium, September 15, 2004
- ^
Belgian woman bomber identified "Belgian 'suicide bomber' is named". BBC. December 2, 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
{{cite news}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Castillo, Mariano (2015-11-16). "Paris suicide bomber identified". CNN.com. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
- ^ Reuters Editorial (2015-11-14). "Belgian police arrest 'several people' after searches linked to Paris attacks". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ AFP, rédaction en ligne avec Belga et. "Attentats de Bruxelles: nouveau bilan provisoire de 300 blessés, dont 61 en soins intensifs et 4 non-identifiés (LIVE)". lalibre.be. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ J. V. et A. P. (23 March 2016). "Le troisième kamikaze identifié, un testament retrouvé à Schaerbeek". RTBF Info.
- ^ "Another bomb found in Brussels after attacks kill at least 34; Islamic State claims responsibility". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- ^ "Belgium to Begin 3 Days of National Mourning". The New York Times. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Further reading
- De Raedt, Thérèse (April 2004). "Muslims in Belgium: a case study of emerging identities". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 24 (1): 9–30. doi:10.1080/1360200042000212160.
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