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Islamism in the Gaza Strip

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Islamic headscarves in Gaza

Islamization of the Gaza Strip refers to the efforts to impose Islamic laws and traditions in the Gaza Strip. The influence of Islamic groups in the Gaza Strip has grown since the 1980s. The efforts to impose Islamic law and traditions continued when Hamas forcefully seized control of the area in June 2007 after being elected into power by the Palestinian people and displaced security forces loyal to the secular President Mahmoud Abbas.[1][2][3] After the civil war ended, Hamas declared the “end of secularism and heresy in the Gaza Strip.”[4] For the first time since the Sudanese coup of 1989 that brought Omar al-Bashir to power, a Muslim Brotherhood group ruled a significant geographic territory.[5] Gaza human rights groups accuse Hamas of restricting many freedoms in the course of these attempts.[2]

Ismael Haniyeh officially denied accusations that Hamas intended to establish an Islamic emirate.[5] However, Jonathan Schanzer writes that in the two years since the 2007 coup, the Gaza Strip has exhibited the characteristics of Talibanization,[5] a process whereby the Hamas government has imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western or Christian culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed sharia law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws.[5]

According to a Human Rights Watch researcher, the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts that included the "repression" of civil society and "severe violations of personal freedom."[6] Israeli journalist, Khaled Abu Toameh, wrote in 2009 that "Hamas is gradually turning the Gaza Strip into a Taliban-style Islamic entity".[7] According to Mkhaimar Abusada, a political science professor at Gaza's Al-Azhar University, "Ruling by itself, Hamas can stamp its ideas on everyone (...) Islamizing society has always been part of Hamas strategy."[8]

Restrictions on women

Dress code

Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or Hijab has been reported in Gaza where Mujama' al-Islami, the predecessor of Hamas, reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to "'restore' hijab" on urban educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s.[9] Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the first intifada.[10] Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home, segregation from men and the promotion of polygamy. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.[11]

Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly at schools, institutions and courts by imposing the Islamic dress or hijab on women.[12]

Some of the Islamization efforts met resistance. When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi ordered female lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations including Al Arabiya to protest, causing Hamas’s Justice Ministry to cancel the directive.[8]

In 2007, Islamic group Swords of Truth threatened to behead female TV broadcasters if they didn't wear strict Islamic dress. "We will cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation," their statement said. The group also accused the women broadcasters of being "without any ... shame or morals." Personal threats against female broadcasters were also sent to the women's mobile phones, though it was not clear if these threats were from the same group. Gazan anchorwomen interviewed by the Associated Press said that they were frightened by the Swords of Truth's statement.[13]

Other restrictions

In 2009, Hamas banned girls from riding behind men on motor scooters and forbade women from dancing.[8]

The Hamas-led government briefly implemented, then revoked, a ban on women smoking in public.[14] In 2010, Hamas banned the smoking of hookah by women in public, stating that it was to reduce the increasing number of divorces.[15]

In March 2010, Hamas tried to impose a ban on women receiving salon treatment from male hairdressers, issuing orders by Interior Minister Fathi Hammad and threatening offenders with arrest and trial. The group backed down after an outcry. In February 2011, according to the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, Hamas attempted to renew the ban, interrogating the five male hairdressers in Gaza City and forcing them to sign declarations that they wouldn't work in women's salons. According to one of the hairdressers, police called the five into a room where an unrelated detainee was chained to a wall by his wrists, and told to sign a pledge to give up their profession or face arrest and a 20,000 shekel fine. The man initially refused, but signed after his captors threatened "to take you to the cells because what you do is against Sharia [Islamic law]". During Hamas's reign over the strip, several beauty parlors and hair salons have been the target of explosions and other attacks, which Hamas has blamed on opposition groups. Male hairdressers for women in the conservative territory are rare.[16][17][18]

In 2013, UNRWA canceled its annual marathon in Gaza after Hamas rulers prohibited women from participating in the race.[19]

Detention of Asma al-Ghul

In 2009, Asma al-Ghul, a female Palestinian journalist, stated that Hamas policemen attempted to arrest her under the pretext that she came to a Gaza beach dressed immodestly and was seen laughing in public. "They accused me of laughing loudly while swimming with my friend and failing to wear a hijab," Ghul told a human rights organization in the Gaza Strip. "They also wanted to know the identity of the people who were with me at the beach and whether they were relatives of mine." Al-Ghul added that the officers confiscated her passport, and that she had received death threats from anonymous callers following the incident.[20] Regarding the incident, Hamas security commanders initially said that al-Ghul and her friends were stopped because they were having a mixed party at the beach. Later, one of the commanders said that al-Ghul was stopped for not wearing a hijab while swimming. Another commander said that the offense was smoking nargilas and partying in a public place.[20] Islam Shahwan, the Hamas police spokesman, denied the detention of al-Ghul.[13]

Music and Internet

Arab Idol singing contest

Beginning in October 2006, during the Fatah-Hamas conflict, and continuing into mid-2007, dozens of Internet cafes and music shops in Gaza were attacked by unknown assailants who detonated small bombs outside businesses at night. Ramzi Shaheen, the Gaza police spokesman told Ha'aretz in 2007, that the method of operation was always the same but that they had no hard proof as to who was behind the attacks and had yet to make arrests. Ramzi Abu Hilao, a pool hall owner whose establishment was blown up said he had received no prior warning but that, "I received a written message after the bombing from a group called 'The Swords of Truth' that began with a verse from the Koran and said they wanted to correct the bad behavior in Palestinian society." Police said that no credible claims of responsibility had been made for the attacks, dismissing a statement that appeared on a news Web site in December from an unknown group with alleged links to Al-Qaida. Ha'aretz noted that, "There has been no conclusive proof that Al-Qaida has established a Gaza branch. Observers believe the vice squad is most likely homegrown." [21]

In 2007, the Gaza Strip's Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice, which at the time claimed to be independent of the Hamas government, beat up a local singer in Gaza after he gave a concert in Khan Younis, according to the London-based newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi.[22]

The Islamist group Swords of Truth claimed responsibility for bombing Internet cafes, music shops and pool halls, which they considered places of vice. The assailants used to detonate small bombs outside businesses at night, causing damage but no injuries. Hamas spokesman Ismail Ridwan denied any connection with the group.[13]

In April 2010, Hamas sent police to break up the Gaza Strip's first major hip-hop concert, which it viewed as immoral conduct. It said organizers failed to get a permit.[23]

In 2013, Islamic religious leaders were critical of the Arab Idol singing contest, describing voting for songs as immoral, evil, sinful and a "crime against the cause of our people".[24]

Book banning

Speak Bird Speak Again, Palestinian folktales, banned in Gaza

There is widespread banning of books in the Gaza Strip. In 2007, the banning of a book of Palestinian folk-tales, "Speak, Bird, Speak Again", which is a collection of 45 Palestinian folk tales, because of some supposedly lewd content, caused an outcry.[25] The Palestinian novelist Zakariya Mohammed warned that Hamas' decision to ban the book was "only the beginning" and he urged intellectuals to take action. He said: "If we don't stand up to the Islamists now, they won't stop confiscating books, songs and folklore".[26]

Children's summer camps

In May 2010, a previously unknown militant group calling itself "The Free of the Homeland" issued a statement criticizing the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), for running camps in the Gaza Strip "teaching schoolgirls fitness, dancing and immorality". Two days later, about 20 men armed with assault rifles attacked a UNRWA-run summer camp. The assailants tore up large plastic tents and burned storage facilities at the site, according to an eyewitness. John Ging, UNRWA's director of operations in Gaza, called the incident "an attack on the happiness of children". A Hamas spokesman condemned the attack and pledged authorities "will track down the perpetrators".[23]

In a separate incident in June 2010, a group of about two dozen armed and masked men attacked a UNRWA summer camp in Gaza. The assailants tied up an unarmed guard, then tried to set fire to two tents and a perimeter fence. They also used knives, slashing a plastic swimming pool, blow-up slide and toys. John Ging called it a "cowardly and despicable" attack. Hamas condemned the attack and said it was investigating.[27]

Water park

Crazy Water Park, Gaza Strip

In 2010, Human rights activists said that Hamas stepped up its efforts to impose strict Islamic teachings in the Gaza Strip. Crazy Water Park, one of the Gaza Strip's most popular entertainment sites, was closed down by Hamas for allowing mixed bathing. Two weeks later, the site was set on fire by a group of unknown gunmen. The Hamas government issued a strong condemnation and promised to pursue the perpetrators.[28]

Although it is not clear which Islamist group was behind the action, Islamist militants who objected to mixed-gender socializing destroyed Gaza's water park.[1][2][29][30]

Other prohibitions

The "campaign of Islamic virtue" carried out by officials following the takeover of the Gaza Strip drew concerns among residents over the Islamization of Gaza.[12] The government’s "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the "dangers" of immodest dress, card playing and dating.[8] The government has also imposed temporary closures on facilities like the cafes of the Crazy Water Park and the Faisal Equestrian Club where men and women were mingling socially.[31][32]

In 2007, security officials associated with Fatah stated that Palestinian male youth in the Gaza Strip were being targeted by Islamist gunmen for wearing hair gel, and that at least one young man was seriously injured by the militants. According to the officials, the "militants told the youths that hair gel is imitating the West and is the beginning of corruption. It doesn't go with Islamic education, it goes against Islamic tradition and behavior." Fatah and Hamas are bitter rivals.[citation needed]

In 2008, Hamas instructed the main Palestinian telecoms company, Paltel to block access to pornographic internet sites. "Palestinian society suffers because of such immoral sites. We have therefore taken the decision to protect morality, and this remains our policy," said Hamas telecommunications minister Yussef al-Mansi.[33][34]

Men are banned from swimming topless.[20]

Effects on Christian population

In 2007, about 3,000 Gazans were Christian, out of the total population of 1.5 million.[35] In 2011 The Christian population of Gaza Strip was less than 1,400.[citation needed] Attacks on Christians and their property are rare,[36] with the notable exception of those on The Teacher's Bookshop. A member of the Catholic faith told The Guardian he was stopped by a Hamas official and told to remove a wooden crucifix he was wearing.[37]

The Islamization of Gaza has put increasing pressure on the tiny Christian minority.[38] Following the Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007, Abu Saqer, leader of Jihadia Salafiya, a rival group to Hamas,[39] announced the opening of a "military wing" to enforce Muslim law in Gaza. "I expect our Christian neighbors to understand the new Hamas rule means real changes. They must be ready for Islamic rule if they want to live in peace in Gaza." [40] Sheik Saqer has asserted that there is "no need" for Christians in Gaza to maintain Christian institutions and demanded that Hamas "must work to impose an Islamic rule or it will lose the authority it has and the will of the people."[41]

In October 2007, Rami Khader Ayyad, owner of Gaza's only Christian bookstore, was abducted, beaten and murdered, after his bookstore was firebombed by an unidentified group attacking targets associated with Western influence. According to Ayyad's family and neighbors, he had regularly received anonymous death threats from people angered by his missionary work. Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas in Gaza, condemned Ayyad's killing and said Hamas "would not allow anyone to sabotage Muslim-Christian relations." Hamas officials made visits to Christian community, and its spokesman promised to bring those responsible to justice. No group claimed responsibility for the murder.[35][42][43][44]

Ayyad's funeral was attended by 300 Muslims and Christians. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights stated "This ugly act has no support by any religious group here."[36]

In 2012, a public protest was organized by dozens of Christians who claimed that two Christians were forcibly converted to Islam and were being held against their will. According to two mediators, the two Christians embraced Islam of their own free will. The conversions have the minority Christian population worried, and Huda Al-Amash, the mother of one of the converts, Ramez, stated, "If things remain like this, there'll be no Christians left in Gaza." Gaza's Archbishop Alexious said that the converts should be returned to their families.[45][46]

Criticism by Palestinians

Palestinian researcher Dr. Khaled Al-Hroub has criticized what he called the "Taliban-like steps" Hamas has taken. He wrote, "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip – the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s] – is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships."[47]

Islamic emirate in Gaza

Jonathan Schanzer, American intelligence analyst: "The Gaza Strip has exhibited the characteristics of Talibanization, whereby the Islamist organization imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western or Christian culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed sharia law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws"[5]

According to Francesca Giovannini of the University of California Berkeley, a growing number of analysts have denounced openly the "systematic, massive and explicit efforts" at Talibanization led by Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[48]

Israeli-Arab journalist Khaled Abu Toameh wrote in 2009 that Hamas is gradually turning the Gaza Strip into a Taliban-style Islamic entity.[7]

In the same year, Martin Peretz, editor-in-chief of The New Republic, wrote that

The fact is that Hamas is a Taliban state, as one Israeli diplomat put it. This is almost an epiphany, a clarifying truth. Hamas operates against its Palestinian enemies like the Taliban does against its Afghani enemies. Imagine a Hamas squad enters a kindergarten in a kibbutz. Neither the Taliban nor Hamas strive for earthly aims. Armed with instruments of death, they each fight for a heavenly design. But on earth.... The Taliban are not analogous to Hamas. They are identical, equivalent. A ceasefire with Hamas is a delusion. Engage with whom?[49]

Director general of the Palestinian interior ministry, Samir Mashharawi, said to the London daily Al-Hayat: "Hamas aims to establish a mini-state in the Gaza Strip modeled on the Taliban [state] in Afghanistan.".[50] According to Jonathan Fighel, a senior researcher at the International Institute for Counter Terrorism (ICT), the ideological and strategic goal of Hamas is to destroy Israel in order to build on it a Sharia Islamic Taliban-style state.[51]

In 2008, Following the bitter Fatah–Hamas conflict, Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority, warned the Palestinian people against Hamas: "Hamas have brought Hizballah and Iran... This is a struggle against the Emirate of Darkness and Backwardness. Gaza will turn into a Taliban-style Islamic emirate with Iranian and Syrian support."[52]

Al-Ayyam columnist, Abd Al-Nasser Al-Najjar, called Hamas "the new Taliban" and wrote: "How will the mini-state of the new Taliban [i.e. Hamas] manage the affairs of the Gaza Strip under a suffocating international siege?... Will they implement the laws of Islam?... An Islamic state [ruled by] the new Taliban has become a reality in Gaza."[53]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Militants torch Gaza water park shut down by Hamas, Haaretz 19-09-2010
  2. ^ a b c Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas, AFP 19-09-2010
  3. ^ "The Beleaguered Christians of the Palestinian-Controlled Areas, by David Raab". Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  4. ^ Khaled Abu Toameh, “Haniyeh Calls for Palestinian Unity,” Jerusalem Post, June 15, 2007
  5. ^ a b c d e The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood. by Jonathan Schanzer. August 19, 2009. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology vol. 9
  6. ^ "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions," Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, June 27, 2010, Los Angeles Times.
  7. ^ a b Khaled Abu Toameh, As Hamas Tightens Its Grip, HudsonNY.org 07-08-2009
  8. ^ a b c d Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009
  9. ^ "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami Middle East Report, May–August 1990
  10. ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230
  11. ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.231
  12. ^ a b [1] Xinhua, 2010-01-03
  13. ^ a b c Hamas tries to detain woman walking with man, July 8, 2009, Diaa Hadid, The Guardian
  14. ^ Gaza ban on women smoking pipes, Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.
  15. ^ Blomfield, Adrian (18 July 2010). "Women banned from smoking hookah pipes in Gaza". London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  16. ^ Hamas orders male hairstylists out of lady salons, Associated Press (published in the Jerusalem Post 21-02-2011)
  17. ^ Hamas bans men from women's hair salons in Gaza, Reuters 05-03-2010
  18. ^ Gaza police order male hairdressers to quit working, The Guardian 23-02-2011
  19. ^ "UN cancels Gaza marathon over Hamas ban on women". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b c Khaled Abu Toameh, 'They accused me of laughing in public', Jerusalem Post 04-08-2009
  21. ^ "Suspected vice squad of Muslim militants targeting Gaza Internet cafes, music shops". Haaretz.com. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  22. ^ Gaza gets its own 'religious police', Al-Arabiya 08-10-2007
  23. ^ a b Militants attack U.N. Gaza summer camp, Reuters 23-05-2010
  24. ^ "Gaza singer wins 'Arab Idol'". ynet. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  25. ^ Jonathan Spyer, Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza, Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009
  26. ^ Hamas orders book of Palestinian folk tales pulled from schools, Tuesday, 6 March 2007. By Mohammed Daraghmeh and Dalia Nammari, Associated Press.
  27. ^ UN summer camp in Gaza attacked, The Telegraph 28-06-2010
  28. ^ Gaza water park burned down after shut down by Hamas, Jerusalem Post, Khaled Abu Toameh, 09/19/2010
  29. ^ Gaza water park torched after shuttered by Hamas, Associated Press 19-09-2010 (reprinted in the Jerusalem Post)
  30. ^ Gaza: Assailants set fire to water park, Ma'an News Agency 19-09-2010
  31. ^ [2]" Report: Gaza water park closed due to gender-mixed parties," 08/22/2010, Jerusalem Post.
  32. ^ Gunmen torch Gaza resort, 19-09-2010
  33. ^ AFP: Hamas takes aim at Internet porn in Gaza
  34. ^ "Hamas bans pornographic websites in Gaza Strip". Reuters. 2008-05-19.
  35. ^ a b "After murder, Gaza's Christians keep low profile". Associated Press. MSNBC. 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  36. ^ a b Eric Silver (2007-10-08). "Gaza's Christian bookseller killed". London: The Independent.
  37. ^ Greenwood, Phoebe (23 December 2011). "Gaza Christians long for days before Hamas cancelled Christmas". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  38. ^ "'I know how to make you a Muslim'; The murder of a young Baptist bookseller has Gaza's small Christian community on edge," Catrin Ormestad, November 1, 2007, Haaretz.
  39. ^ "Tested by fire", Mindy Belz, worldmag.com, 2010-05-08.
  40. ^ 'Christians must accept Islamic rule' - Israel News, Ynetnews
  41. ^ "Christian Bookstore Owner Was Tortured Before His Death," Aaron Klein, October 11, 2007, New York Sun.
  42. ^ Sudilovsky, Judith (2007-10-11). "Gaza Christians express unease after killing of prominent Christian". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  43. ^ Hendricks, Shawn (2007-10-09). "Slain Baptist in Gaza had gentle but bold witness". Baptist Press. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  44. ^ "Palestinian Christian activist found dead in Gaza City". The Jerusalem Post. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  45. ^ Hadid, Diaa (16 July 2012). "Gaza Christians protest 'forcible conversions'". Boston. Gaza City, Gaza Strip. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  46. ^ "Gaza Christians protest 'forcible conversions'". CBS News. 16 July 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  47. ^ The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), October 11, 2010. Translation by the Middle East Research Institute, October 22, 2010.
  48. ^ The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space, Nezar Alsayyad (ed.), Chapter 7: "Hamas in Gaza Refugee camps: The Construction of Trapped Spaces for the Survival of Fundamentalism", Francesca Giovannini. Taylor & Francis, 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-77936-4. page 162. "A growing number of analysts have denounced openly the systematic, massive and explicit efforts at 'Talibanization' led by Hamas in the Strip."
  49. ^ Don't stop until Hamas is destroyed Martin Peretz. The Australian. January 2, 2009
  50. ^ Al-Hayat (London), June 13, 2007, Fears of a Taliban-Style Emirate in Gaza, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.1633
  51. ^ HAMAS AND GLOBAL JIHAD: THE ISLAMIZATION OF THE PALESTINIAN CAUSE. Circunstancia. Año VII – N° 18 – Enero 2009. By Jonathan Fighel.
  52. ^ Crossovers: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism By Shlomo Sharan, David Bukay. Transaction Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4128-1155-2. p. 20
  53. ^ Al-Ayyam (PA), June 16, 2007, Fears of a Taliban-Style Emirate in Gaza, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.1633
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