January 1923
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The following events occurred in January 1923:
January 1, 1923 (Monday)
- In the Rose Bowl football game, the USC Trojans beat the Penn State Nittany Lions 14-3.
- The Rosewood Massacre began when racial violence erupted in Rosewood, Florida after a white woman accused a black man of assaulting her.[1]
- Born: Valentina Cortese, actress, in Milan, Italy; Vulo Radev, film director, in Lesidren, Bulgaria (d. 2001); Roméo Sabourin, World War II spy, in Montreal, Canada (d. 1944)
- Died: Willie Keeler, 50, American baseball player
January 2, 1923 (Tuesday)
- An interallied conference began in Paris to address German war reparations. The British government submitted a plan with easier payments for Germany in the early years to help avoid another default until the country got back on its feet.[2]
January 3, 1923 (Wednesday)
- The private secretary for King George V issued a denial of reports that Edward, Prince of Wales was arranging to marry Princess Yolanda of Savoy.[3]
- Born: Hank Stram, American football coach, in Chicago (d. 2005)
- Died: Jaroslav Hašek, 39, Czech writer (heart failure)
January 4, 1923 (Thursday)
- The reparations conference in Paris broke up without success.[4]
- Born: Tito Rodríguez, singer and bandleader, in Santurce, Puerto Rico (d. 1973)
January 5, 1923 (Friday)
- French airplanes were reported over unoccupied parts of Germany as rumors circulated that France was preparing to move troops into the Ruhr region.[5]
- The football club CD Oro, based in Guadalajara, Mexico, was founded.
- Born: Sam Phillips, business executive and record producer, in Florence, Alabama (d. 2003)
January 6, 1923 (Saturday)
- The U.S. Senate voted to recall American troops from the occupation of the Rhineland.[6][7]
- Born: Jacobo Timerman, Argentine writer, in Bar, Ukraine (d. 1999)
January 7, 1923 (Sunday)
- The Rosewood Massacre ended when Rosewood, Florida ceased to exist, with all but two buildings were completely razed to the ground.[8]
- Born: Hugh Kenner, literary scholar and critic, in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (d. 2003)
- Died: Emil G. Hirsch, 71, Luxembourg-born American rabbi
January 8, 1923 (Monday)
- The United Kingdom and the United States opened a conference in Washington, D.C. to settle British war debts to the U.S.[9]
- Born: Larry Storch, actor, in New York City; Johnny Wardle, cricketer, in Ardsley, South Yorkshire, England (d. 1985)
January 9, 1923 (Tuesday)
- The U.S. federal board for vocational education released its findings that 1.7 million boys and girls drop out of school between fourth and eighth grade each year, usually drifting into low-paying jobs.[10]
- Died: Gustave Kahnt, 64, Luxembourg composer; Katherine Mansfield, 34, New Zealand-born short fiction writer; Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters both executed at 9am. in London for murder.
January 10, 1923 (Wednesday)
- The Klaipėda Revolt began in the Klaipėda Region between East Prussia and Lithuania.
- A buildup of French forces was reported around Essen.[11]
January 11, 1923 (Thursday)
- French and Belgian troops began the occupation of the Ruhr in response to Germany's default on its reparations payments.[6]
- Adolf Hitler addressed several mass meetings in Munich. "Our protest against France must turn to a frantic determination to square matters with the scoundrels in our own country who are responsible for the whole misery", he stated. "We must not say down with France, but down with our own traitors and criminals."[12]
- Born: Ernst Nolte, historian and philosopher, in Witten, Germany
- Died: Constantine I of Greece, 54, former King of Greece
January 12, 1923 (Friday)
- The Grand Council of Fascism was established in Italy.[13]
- The British press heavily criticized the French for their actions in the Ruhr. The Outlook wrote that Raymond Poincaré would be immortalized as "one of the most colossal of idiots, or alternatively the greatest of knaves", while The Spectator said that France was "going to commit the extremity of human folly." The Economist warned that France's actions might lead to another European war.[14]
- A spokesperson for the White House said the administration would make no formal reply to the German government's protest against the occupation of the Ruhr, explaining that the Americans had already done everything they could do unless they were looking for "more trouble" than they were prepared to undertake.[15]
- Born: Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine and flag raiser on Iwo Jima, in Sacaton, Arizona (d. 1955) Alice Miller (psychologist)
January 13, 1923 (Saturday)
- The Reichstag voted 283-12 to approve a passive resistance movement in protest of the occupation of the Ruhr. The vote was preceded by a fiery speech from Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno, who said the occupation was in breach of the Treaty of Versailles.[16]
- Died: Alexandre Ribot, 80, former Prime Minister of France
January 14, 1923 (Sunday)
- The Soviet Union made its first public statement about the Ruhr occupation, expressing "a voice of indignation and protest against the measures of the French government" and warning that "imperialistic France's attempt to go even beyond the shameful Versailles treaty" could lead to war.[17]
- Died: George H. Tichenor, 86, American physician
January 15, 1923 (Monday)
- A German was shot dead in Bochum as the French tried to clear the streets of protestors in the Ruhr while threatening to occupy more cities if the Germans continued their refusal to cooperate with the operation of the coal mines in occupied regions.[18]
- Died: Zübeyde Hanım, 66, mother of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
January 16, 1923 (Tuesday)
- Industrialist Harry Ford Sinclair spent three hours testifying before a committee investigating the Teapot Dome oil lease.[19]
- Born: Anthony Hecht, poet, in New York City (d. 2004); Walther Wever, ace fighter pilot, in Munich, Germany (d. 1945)
January 17, 1923 (Wednesday)
- The French seized coal and coke on tracks and at pit heads, but postponed seizure of the mines.[20]
- The autogyro, invented by the Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva, was first documented to have flown, 600 feet at a steady altitude of 13 feet Cuatro Vientos Airport outside Madrid.[21][22]
January 18, 1923 (Thursday)
- The German mark dropped to 23,800 against the U.S. dollar.[23] On January 1 it had been worth 9,000.[24]
- The French issued a proclamation banning public singing of German patriotic songs, displaying flags and emblems of old German colours, or displaying antisemitic tags in the Ruhr.[25]
- Died: Wallace Reid, 31, American film actor
January 19, 1923 (Friday)
- Germany ordered all government employees to refuse to obey the French.[26]
- Miners in occupied Buer, Germany went on strike. All banking institutions in Düsseldorf closed, bringing commerce in the city to a halt.[27]
- Born: Jean Stapleton, actress, in Manhattan, New York (d. 2013)
January 20, 1923 (Saturday)
- The French arrested 21 German mine operators and officials as all banks in Essen voluntarily closed.[28]
- Born: Slim Whitman, country musician, in Tampa, Florida (d. 2013)
January 21, 1923 (Sunday)
- A general strike of miners, railway, postal and telegraph workers was called in the Ruhr.[29]
- A royal decree in Italy allowed for the minting of new coins with the king's face on one side and the fasces on the other.[30]
January 22, 1923 (Monday)
- The general strike in the Ruhr failed to materialize as only about 10,000 of the 600,000 workers in the Ruhr area refused to work.[31]
- The short comedy film The Balloonatic starring Buster Keaton was released.[32]
- Mexican steetcar operators went on strike.[33]
- Born: Diana Dill, actress, in Bermuda
January 23, 1923 (Tuesday)
- The French cabinet decided to take measures to isolate the Ruhr from the rest of Germany.[34]
- Born: Cot Deal, baseball player and coach, in Arapaho, Oklahoma (d. 2013); Stephanie Kwolek, chemist, in New Kensington, Pennsylvania (d. 2014)
- Died: Max Nordau, 73, Hungarian author, philosopher and Zionist leader
January 24, 1923 (Wednesday)
- American troops withdrew from the Rhineland.[35]
- The French imposed a total of 207,000 francs worth of fines on Ruhr industrialists for failing to deliver reparations of coal. Rioting broke out in Mainz when the verdict was announced and a call for a general strike was renewed. 35,000 railway workers began striking at 8:00 p.m.[36]
- Rickard Sandler became the 20th Prime Minister of Sweden.
January 25, 1923 (Thursday)
- French troops battled angry mobs in several cities in the Ruhr as the region's entire railway system was paralysed on the first full day of the strike.[37]
- Born: Arvid Carlsson, scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in Uppsala, Sweden
January 26, 1923 (Friday)
- General Jean Degoutte issued a proclamation warning Germans against causing any further trouble or else the French troops would fire without warning.[38]
- Born: Anne Jeffreys, actress and singer, in Goldsboro, North Carolina
January 27, 1923 (Saturday)
- French soldiers in Duisburg and Ratingen were shot at by snipers while the railway strike expanded to Koblenz.[39]
- The Nazis opened their first party congress in Munich.[40] 6,000 took part.[41]
January 28, 1923 (Sunday)
- 100,000 French-speaking Belgians protested the use of Flemish at Ghent University.[40]
- The World Figure Skating Championships ended in Vienna. Fritz Kachler of Austria won the men's competition, and Herma Szabo of Austria won the ladies' competition.
- Died: Alfred Holdship, 55, New Zealand cricketer
January 29, 1923 (Monday)
- Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Mustafa Kemal Pasha married Latife Uşşaki.[42]
- The Cecil B. DeMille-directed film The World's Applause, starring Bebe Daniels, was released.
- Born: Paddy Chayefsky, writer, in the Bronx, New York (d. 1981); Martin Ragaway, screenwriter, in Brooklyn, New York (d. 1989)
January 30, 1923 (Tuesday)
- The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations was signed in Lausanne, Switzerland.
- The German railway strike spread to Mainz.[43]
- Born: Walt Dropo, baseball player, in Moosup, Connecticut (d. 2010)
January 31, 1923 (Wednesday)
- France ordered a coal blockade of Germany.[44]
- Born: Norman Mailer, writer and journalist, in Long Branch, New Jersey (d. 2007)
- Died: Eligiusz Niewiadomski, 53, Polish painter (executed for assassinating Polish President Gabriel Narutowicz)
References
- ^ Kohn, George C. (2000). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. New York: Facts on File. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4381-3022-4.
- ^ Steele, John (January 3, 1923). "British Offer to Cut Debts to Help Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Steele, John (January 4, 1923). "Wales Prince Balks at Royal Match Making". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 17.
- ^ Wales, Henry (January 5, 1923). "Frances Moves for Invasion". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Wales, Henry (January 6, 1923). "French Planes Scout Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Chronology 1923". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (January 7, 1923). "Senate Votes 57-6 to Bring Soldiers Home". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Niemi, Robert James (2013). Inspired by True Events: An Illustrated Guide to More Than 500 History-Based Films, Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-61069-198-7.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (January 9, 1923). "We'll Pay All, But Ask for Fair Terms: Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Evans, Arthur (January 10, 1923). "1,700,000 Quit Grade Schools Yearly, U.S. Says". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
- ^ Clayton, John (January 10, 1923). "Cavalry Marches on Essen". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Rue, Larry (January 13, 1923). "Russia Urged Not to Attack her Neighbors". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Williams, George L. (1994). Fascist Thought and Totalitarianism in Italy's Secondary Schools: Theory and Practice, 1922–1943. New York: P. Lang. p. 10. ISBN 0-8204-2264-9.
- ^ "British Press Fears Vast War in French Grab". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 13, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ "U.S. Won't Reply to Ruhr protest Sent by Berlin". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 13, 1923. p. 2.
- ^ Rue, Larry (January 14, 1923). "Germans Vote to Back "Moral War" on French". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Seldes, George (January 15, 1923). "Russia Warns Ruhr Seizure Breeds War". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Rue, Larry (January 16, 1923). "Germans Shot in Ruhr Riot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Sinclair Tells of Teapot Dome Oil Land Lease". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 17, 1923. p. 24.
- ^ "French Ease Pressure on Ruhr Mines". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 18, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ Charnov, Bruce H. "History of Gyroplanes". General Aeronautics Corporation. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
- ^ Charnov, Bruce H. Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight Hofstra University. Accessed: January 28, 2015.
- ^ "No Bottom to Pit for German Marks, it Seems". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 19, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ Calhoun, Joseph Y. (September 23, 2012). "The Joyless Street". Alhambra Investment Partners. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
- ^ Williams, Paul (January 19, 1923). "Bavarians to Resist French, Says Leader". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Rue, Larry (January 20, 1923). "Germany Tells 200,000 to Obey No French Order". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Williams, Paul (January 20, 1923). "French Fire on Ruhr Miners". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Wales, Henry (January 21, 1923). "French Arrest 21". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Fendrick, Raymond (January 22, 1923). "Strike in Ruhr; Defy French". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (1997). Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-92615-8.
- ^ Wales, Henry (January 23, 1923). "Reports Only 10,000 Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Neibaur, James L.; Niemi, Terri (2013). Buster Keaton's Silent Shorts, 1920–1923. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8108-8740-4.
- ^ Cornyn, J.H. (February 2, 1923). "Troops Kill 14; Wound 50 in Steet Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Fendrick, Raymond (January 24, 1923). "France Will Cut Off Ruhr from Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Clayton, John (January 25, 1923). "No Cheers, Many Tears as Yanks Quit the Rhine". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ Fendrick, Raymond (January 25, 1923). "Ruhr Swept by Big Strike". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Wales, Henry (January 26, 1923). "French Cannon Awe Essen". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Williams, Paul (January 27, 1923). "French Soldiers Fight German Rioters". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "French Face German Shots". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 28, 1923. pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ Schuman, Frederick L. (1936). Hitler and the Nazi Dictatorship. London: Robert Hale & Co.
- ^ "1923". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
- ^ Williams, Paul (January 31, 1923). "French Army to Take More Ruhr Cities". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Coal Blockade for Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 1, 1923. p. 1.