Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A

Not to be confused with Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151, Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B, or Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Sifang C151C.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Sifang C151A
A C151A train approaching Expo towards Tanah Merah.
In service	27 May 2011 - present
Manufacturer	Kawasaki Heavy Industries CSR Sifang
Built at	Qingdao, Shandong, China
Constructed	2010 - 2014
Entered service	2011
Refurbished	2014 - 2019 (Rebuilding)
Number built	210 vehicles (35 trainsets)
Formation	6 per train set DT–M1–M2–M2–M1–DT
Fleet numbers	501/502 ~ 569/570
Capacity	296 seated; 1,624 standing; 2 PIW spaces
Operators	SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
Depots	Bishan, Changi, Tuas and Ulu Pandan
Lines served	East West Line, North South Line
Specifications
Car body construction	Aluminium-alloy double-skinned construction
Car length	23.5 m
Width	3.2 m
Height	3.7 m
Doors	1450mm, 8 per car
Maximum speed	90 km/h (56 mph) (design) 80 km/h (50 mph) (service)
Weight	226.8t /335.9 t (laden)
Traction system	IGBT-VVVF (Fuji Electric) Output 415 kVA x2
Traction motors	Self-Ventilated Three-Phase AC Induction Motor (Fuji Electric) 140 kW (190 hp) 550V 193A 1760 r/min
Power output	2.24 MW (3,000 hp)
Transmission	WN Drive
Acceleration	1.0 m/s2
Deceleration	1.2 m/s2 (service) 1.3 m/s2 (emergency)
Auxiliaries	IGBT–VVVF Auxiliary Inverter with Battery Charger 80 kVA–16 kW
Electric system(s)	750 V DC
Current collector(s)	Third rail
Braking system(s)	Regenerative Braking, Resistor Braking, Air Brakes
Safety system(s)	Current: Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Ltd ATC with subsystems of ATO GOA 2 (STO), ATP and ATS Future: Thales SelTrac® CBTC ATC with subsystems of ATO GOA 2 (STO), ATP, NetTrac ATS, CBI
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

The Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Sifang C151A is the fourth generation and the currently newest rolling stock in operation on the East West Line and North South Line in Singapore until 2016 before the C151B will began operation. This additional batch of trains, together with a new track and platform at Jurong East Interchange, has increased the capacity of both lines by 15%.

22 trainsets of 6 cars each were awarded to Kawasaki Heavy Industries and CSR Sifang by the Land Transport Authority. In 2013, a further order of 13 trainsets under Batch 2 was placed and as of 2014, all 35 trainsets have been officially put into revenue service.

This is the last batch of rolling stock on the North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line to be used in the original livery, including all Batch 2 Trains even though they were made and painted in 2014.

History

On May 6, 2009, the Land Transport Authority announced that Kawasaki Heavy Industries and CSR Sifang had won over Hyundai Rotem, Bombardier Transportation and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to secure the contract at a cost of S$369 million, despite Hyundai Rotem offering the lowest bid at S$323 million for the order of 22 trainsets under Batch 1. CSR Sifang handled the manufacturing and testing of the rolling stock, while Kawasaki oversaw the project and design. The C151A contract was the first successful joint venture between these two companies in the international market.

Tender

The tender for trains under the contract turnkey 151A was closed on January 2009. The tender results was published on May 2009.

S/N	Name of tenderer	Amount ($S)
1	Bombardier (Singapore) Pte Ltd and Bombardier Transportation GmbH Consortium	373,327,788.00
2	Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. / Kawasaki Heavy Industries(Singapore) Pte Ltd /CSR Qingdao Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co. Ltd Consortium	368,997,888.00
3	Mitsubishi Corporation	393,301,698.52
4	Hyundai Rotem Company	322,729,548.00

Equipment

Main Propulsion Controller

The C151A trains is the third commuter type Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) made in Japan to feature electric systems fully manufactured by Fuji Electric. Propulsion is controlled by VVVF Inverter with 2-level IGBT semiconductor controller, rated at 415 kVA. Each inverter unit controls two motors on one bogie (1C2M), and one motor car features two of such units. Motors are three-phrase AC induction type, model MLR109, with a maximum output of 140 kW.

Bogies

The C151A trains uses the monolink axlebox type bolsterless air spring bogie. There are no major technical difference between a trailer and motor car bogie other than additional electrical components for the latter.

Auxiliary systems

A break from tradition, the C151A trains features auxiliary inverters for its electrical systems on all six cars of the train. Previously, auxiliary inverters are mounted only on motor cars. The VVVF Inverter is controlled by IGBT semiconductors and rated at 80 kVA. A battery charger is built with the inverter and provides 16 kW output.

Design

Exterior design

Label on C151A train showing logos of KAWASAKI and CSR.

The C151A trains are similar to the C751B trains in terms of exterior looks, and have an identical propulsion motor sound. The only obvious difference comes from the front and doors of the C151A trains.

• C151A trains have bright yellow LED displays that are meant to show three-digit Train Run Numbers, while C751B trains have orange LED on the front and rear of the train, above the train operator's window.
• C151A trains have 'eye bags' on its headlights unlike C751B trains.
• The C151A trains front has a 'smiley face' curve design unlike the C751B trains, which has a straight design.
• The C151A's air-conditioner unit area is unpainted.
• The interior of a C151A has center grab poles that split into three; this is not a feature on C751B trains.
• The interior of a C751B has three thick black lines on the glass panes next to the reserved seats of every coach; this is not a feature on C151A trains.
• Next to every door, the C151A has a center blinking red LED light, while C751Bs have two, side blinking red LEDs.

Interior design

The C151A trains are similar to the C751B and the refurbished C151 trains in terms of interior looks.

• The wall of train is glossy white similar to the C751B trains.
• The floor, overhead panels and the placements of the door closing red LED signals are similar to the C151 trains, though the colour scheme is slightly different. The first and last cars have pink seats with the reserved seats in red (the C151 trains, though, have red seats with maroon reserved seats) while the rest of the cars are similar to the C151 trains in terms of the colour scheme of the seats (blue for the 2nd and 5th cars and green for the 3rd and 4th cars) albeit a slightly lighter shade.
• Notable difference of the C151A trains are the thicker grab poles, the curve dark grey aircon ventilator, the different stickers used to depict the fire extinguisher and the side panels with curvy designs on it.
• The train also comes with the STARIS embedded in the door's overhead panels. Since this is the only rolling stock which had STARiS since it left the factory while other rolling stock (excluding the C751A and C830) trains had STARiS installed some time after they commenced revenue service, this is also the first rolling stock in which the STARiS does not protrude out of the door panel and the last rolling stock to be fitted with STARiS Version 1.

Train Formation

The configuration of a C151A in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

Cars of C151A
car type	Driver Cab	Motor	Collector Shoe	car length		Wheelchair Space
				mm	ft in
DT	✓	✗	✓	23,830	78 ft 2.2 in
M1	✗	✓	✓	22,800	74 ft 9.6 in
M2	✗	✓	✓	22,800	74 ft 9.6 in

The car numbers of the trains range from x501 to x570, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4 digit serial number by the rail operator SMRT Trains. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 555/556 consists of carriages 3555, 1555, 2555, 2556, 1556 and 3556.

• The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
• The second digit is always a 5, part of the identification numbers
• The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers, one for the first 3 cars, and the same number plus 1, for the other three.
  • Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Sifang built sets 501-570.

Line Disruptions

Main article: List of Singapore MRT disruptions

After the 15 & 17 December disruptions, SMRT suspected that the extra weight from the train might have caused the disruptions. The C151As were temporarily suspended from running the full-day North South Line from January 2012 to November 2013. However, the Committee Of Inquiry (COI) report released to the public on July 4, 2012 concluded no evidence to suggest that 4th generation trains (the C151A trains) were responsible for the incident.

After the suspension of service on 7 July 2015, which was the worst breakdown in SMRT history, SMRT engineers detected arcing problems on one of the C151As, but no evidence was shown that it was the root cause of the service suspension.

Operational Problems

On 5 July 2016, a Hong Kong-based non-profit news organization FactWire had broken the news of SMRT C151A suffering from multiple defects relating to Chinese-made materials and posted the entire investigative works in Youtube.

List of alleged flaws on C151A

These are the list of allegations mentioned in their Youtube video since C151A entered into revenue service on 2011 (27 May 2011).

This list compiles the initial response from the authorities are compiled from the first SMRT press release at 5 July 2016, 4:30pm (GMT+8) by SMRT Trains managing director Lee Ling Wee as well as the first Land Transport Authority press release at an hour after first SMRT's press release. and also the subsequent official position on Singapore government's online FAQ portal 'Factually' which quotes sources from the Facebook page of Land Transport Authority hours after the initial press release.

List of alleged flaws on C151A by FactWire and the response from authorities.

No.	Date of issue First appeared	Alleged issues & consequences	Alleged actions taken by the authorities	Initial response from SMRT or Land Transport Authority	Subsequent response by Singapore Government portal 'Factually'	Additional Notes (Including any subsequent press release from the authorities)
1	2011	One of the C151A had a battery used for uninterruptible power supply exploded during a repair work but caused no injuries or deaths.	All Chinese made batteries were replaced into German made instead.	No comments	Issue is caused by the gases building up in the battery housing cover which resulted the cover to flew open. The design for battery housing has since improved to rectify this issue immediately on all affected trains.	The authorities eventually admitted some flaws in the battery housing design, but did not confirm whether the suppliers for the batteries were changed as well as if the batteries installed on other C151A trains were replaced or not.
2	Unknown	Tempered-glass had repeatedly shattered on its own. One of them happened on 2015 during revenue service without any injuries or death as reported by Straits Times. Meanwhile, there is another similar case happened in 2012 but this incident had actually occurred on an unrelated train C151 instead.	No comments	No comments	Acknowledged the issue happened on 5 of the 26 trains where the cracks were found only on the draughtscreens due to errors during installation process. Draughtscreens refers to the glass panel at the side of sitting rows. This issue is unrelated from the alleged cracks on the C151A train body. (More below)	None
3	15 & 17 December 2011	SMRT suspects that C151A trains are responsible for the twin MRT breakdowns on North South Line during the evening peak hours.	Worst disruptions in entire Singapore MRT history. Furthermore, according to a CSR Sifang anonymous subcontractor, he claimed to FactWire that SMRT has reduce the deployment of C151A trains and request to delay the payment for extra C151A trains after the twin MRT breakdowns. As a result, the cash-flow of subcontractor is heavily impacted.	No comments	Not mentioned	See suspected disruptions by C151A. However, there is no way to independently verify the claim of delaying the payment for undelivered trains.
4	2013	Impurities in aluminium bodywork has caused the cracks found in structural components, including: 1) Sub-floor, which is a compartment located under passenger floor. Its role is to hold equipment box and electrical wires. 2) Bolster function parts connecting the car body to the bogie.	Alleged the shipment of defective trains were part of cover-up by both Singapore (SMRT, Land Transport Authority) and the train manufacturer (Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Sifang) due to the defective trains are wrapped in a green cover and transported during late night. Moreover, an unnamed source from CSR Sifang claimed to FactWire that since 2015, there are 5 or more affected trains has already replaced. This source claims that the entire process to rectify the issue will take 4 months to complete. This 4 months process begins with shipping the trains from Singapore to Qingdao, getting the defective train disassembled before parts are to reassembled into new aluminium train car body manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries as well as testing and ending it with the rectified trains returned to Singapore.	Issue was acknowledged by SMRT Trains managing director Lee Ling Wee. The process to recall 26 of 35 C151A trains back to China for repair by manufacturer CSR Sifang has started after the cracks issue was discovered in 2013. As for the 9 remaining trains, they were rectified during the production before being shipped to Singapore. Lee said that the issue would be fixed by 2023 and ending with an assurance that all trains will need to pass a monthly safety assessment by both LTA and the train manufacturer before being deployed into revenue service. In a separate press release by Land Transport Authority (LTA) also confirms the defects but insisted that these are not safety-critical and do not affect the performance of the trains. LTA reiterates that the manufacturer will have to fix all defects found on the trains which are still under warranty. However, both did not made further explanation for the 7 years needed (2016 - 2023) to rectify the issues, such as if the defective trains were shipped to manufacturer in batches or not. Furthermore, both made no comments regarding the FactWire's claim about at least 5 trains has replaced since 2015.	Further explained that the cracks are hair-line cracks which are NOT structural cracks, as opposed to what FactWire claimed. The entire repair works has also brought forward to 2019 instead of 2023 as said by Lee Ling Wee originally. This is because of 2 factors: 1) LTA has managed to negotiate with CSR Sifang to rectify the issue faster 2) After the newer trains (C151B) and upgraded trains (Older trains being compatible with the new Thales SelTrac® Communications-based train control (CBTC) moving block signalling system) are ready for revenue service by late 2016, 2 affected trains can be sent for repair at a time. Before this as present (As of 2016 June), SMRT could only send 1 train to manufacturer in Qingdao at a time. This arrangement of sending defective trains in batches instead of all at once is meant to minimize the inconvenience to the passengers on the train availability. The entire time taken for rectifying the defects in each C151A train would take about 4 months. However the portal 'Factually' did not confirm when did the transporting of first affected C151A train from Singapore took place and how many affected C151A trains had the issues rectified before the issue was made to public on 5 July 2016. The transportation of train cars during late night is to reduce inconvenience to motorists and past deliveries of new trains were also conducted at night as well while the wrapping of trains is similar to how people protects their electronic item that will be shipped from overseas. However, the claim is disputed by some members of the public because there were photo evidence of new trains being shipped into Singapore during day time without the protective covers in the past as well.	Opinions from Railway Experts and Analysts: Samuel Lai Man-hay who is former Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation acting chief executive officer had questioned the quality control of the entire manufacturing process if the allegations defects from FactWire for a relatively new train were to be true. A senior lecturer at SIM University and analyst, Dr Park Byung Joon told Channel NewsAsia (CNA) that this incident could be due to 'some critical and technical issues that nobody has an immediate solution yet' based on the 7 years (2016 - 2023) needed to rectify the defects. Dr Park's opinion was reported in the CNA report along with the LTA press release.

Reactions from the Public, SMRT and Land Transport Authority

This incident is a source of public concern among Hong Kongers because the subway company in Hong Kong, MTR have ordered fleets of new train from the same manufacturer CSR Sifang. Hence, the news is quickly reported in other Hong Kong media.

The incident has also created a public uproar in Singapore public, and generated great discussion. Some of these discussions included the criticism of the Land Transport Authority and SMRT for the cover up about the defective trains only until after the foreign press have reported it first while others questioning the quality of these Chinese-made trains.

Land Transport Authority have released more technical details about this incident on 6 July 2016 via Facebook and the media, including the issue was rectified on 5 of the defective 26 trains which confirmed FactWire's initial report, pictures to show and illustrate the hair-line crack and even named LTA has also named the independent third-party assessor, TUV Rheinland who shared the same opinion that the defects are "not safety-critical".

This occurred at the same day where a rumor posted on 4 February 2015 that alleged misconducts of CSR Sifang faking technical data which involved about 70 people from multiple departments since November 2010 for failing to meet the standards set by Kawasaki Heavy Industries had gained traction within the members of public. The rumor was refuted by 7 July 2016 by the train manufacturer and threatened to take legal actions. The rumor is also confirmed to be complete false by LTA at the same time as well. The link to original rumor was deleted soon after the response from the authorities.

The Land Transport Authority had also made another press report on 7 July 2016 stating that "no brackets were added at any time to the underframe" in order to refute what FactWire subsequent report has claimed.

In this report, LTA have also stated that it "considered that the contractor was able to quickly identify the cause of the defects, take responsibility and carry out the necessary action promptly to rectify the fault" and gave the consortium the "highest quality score" as the basis for awarded them subsequent train contracts (C151C and CT251) in 2015 despite the defects were discovered since.

Furthermore, on 8 July 2016, the SMRT Trains managing director Lee Ling Wee admitted to the media that the entire fleet of 19 C801 train has also suffered cracks "during a routine assessment by Bombardier in 2015". A spokesman for Land Transport Authority has subsequently provided more details and also assured that the defects are not 'safety-critical'.

This incident has also turned into a political issue as opposition politician Gerald Giam from the Workers Party questioned how did Land Transport Authority derived the conclusion of the consortium emerged with "top quality score" among other statements in his Facebook page.

As a side note, C151B trains was also awarded to the same consortium in 2012 which was before the LTA and SMRT officially aware of the cracks in C151A trains during 2013.

Soon after Gerald Giam's post was made public, Workers Party issued a Facebook post citing 5 of their 9 elected MP (Leon Perera, Pritam Singh, Muhamad Faisal Abdul Manap, Dennis Tan Lip Fong, Daniel Goh Pei Siong) will be filing a total of 17 different questions to the parliament about this issue.

Criticism of CSR Qingdao Sifang by China Railway Corp

In 9 July 2016, one of the Singapore based alternative media has republished a CaiXin Online article in Chinese published on 2016 March about China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC, also abbreviated as CRC) blamed the decline of quality standards from the China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC) manufactured trains. According to CRC, 60% of all railway incident in China as well as 90% of all railway disruptions during 2015 can be attributed to CRRC manufactured train did not meet the quality or the maintenance standards and there are 210 instances that caused death or injuries. The equivalent of the English article is also provided by CaiXin Online as well.

CSR Sifang being a subsidiary of CSR Corporation Limited as a rolling stock manufacturer and the fact that CSR Corporation Limited who merged with China CNR Corporation to form present day China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC), therefore it can be viewed the CRC statement on CRRC is also a criticism of CSR Sifang as well. Therefore, the articles from CaiXin Online has casted doubts about the Singapore authorities having faith with Chinese rolling stock manufacturer when the Chinese Railway Operator (CRC) has cast doubts on their counterparts.

Official statement from Land Transport Minister

On 12 July 2016, Land Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan released an extensive statement about this issue. These are the key points that Khaw have made:

• The reason for this incident was not reported earlier in 2013 is because going public for something that was "not a major event" might have caused unnecessary panic to the layman since any engineers would have known that not all cracks are the same. However, he admitted that sometimes routine matters can be spun out of control, just like in this incident.
• Land Transport Authority would have consulted with Ministry of Transport and go public if this incident happens to be a safety issue OR affected train capacity even if the incident does not affect safety because they need to explain the slowing down on the goal of increasing MRT capacity.
  In this case given that only one train is send for rectification at a time, the train availability is not affected at all since the East West Line and North South Line has a total fleet of 140 trains (As of 2016) while only 124 trains are needed to meet the operational demand.
• He said that the entire train would have removed from service even if one out of the 6 train cars formed cracks.
• Explained that the reason for Kawasaki-Sifang to win subsequent tenders like CT251 trains for the upcoming (As of 2016) Thomson-East Coast Line is because the consortium showed a high level of responsiveness and strong sense of responsibility in addressing the issue and the authorities are satisfied that the issue was resolved conclusively.
• Explained that a total of 4 tenders including Kawasaki-Sifang out of the 6 planned to assemble their trains in China with Hyundai Rotem and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles the exceptions who will assemble their trains in South Korea and Spain respectively should they won the CT251 tender.

Reaction from the Analysts and FactWire after Minister statement

• Senior Transport Correspondent for Straits Times, Christopher Tan have published an article on 14 July 2016 in a response to the entire saga. He started with both LTA and the train manufacturer are addressing the flaws head on deserves credit but took an issue with how the authorities communicated with the public over the debacle did little to restore confidence. Specifically the points mentioned were:
  • The oldest rolling stock C151 does not have cracks despite nearly 30 years of service and the first batch of trains used in the Singapore's most problematic railway, Bukit Panjang LRT Line showed cracks only after 16 years of service. Therefore, he said that the crack issue surfaced on the C151As are not routine as what minister have said earlier.
  • Transport Ministry risks giving the public an impression of taking the issue lightly by comparing the hairline cracks occurred on the trains to those that frequently appear on a newly plastered wall.
  • Took issue with the train manufacturer for not showing public remorse because no apology was made while threatening to take legal actions against people who spread the rumors critical of them.
  • Engineers knows that impurities in aluminium-alloy is a grave concern in any industry as its durability is certain to be compromised over time. The authorities had earlier admitted that the cause of hair-line cracks in train car body is due to impurities.
  • Questioned the authorities were quick to declare that no reviews are necessary despite CSR Sifang was rejected by Massachusetts transport officials due to the technical, manufacturing and quality assurance components of its bid were "unacceptable" in 2014 among other issues surfaced by rival Chinese railway manufacture in the overseas projects as well as the authorities had appeared to downplay the episode.
• On 14 July 2016, FactWire made a Facebook post which regrets the false statements that Singapore minister has made 2 days ago. Specifically, FactWire regrets the minister has suggested that FactWire could be part of politically motivated anti-China factions in Hong Kong and as a result Singapore become a convenient bullet and collateral damage during the press release on 12 July 2016. FactWire also reiterates that it is an entirely crowded funded news agency being independent of any commercial or political interests.

External links

• Manufacturer's Information
• Main fleet info for C151As