Tavaborole

Tavaborole
Clinical data
Trade names	Kerydin
Other names	AN2690
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a614049
Routes of; administration	Topical
ATC code	D01AE24 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 5-Fluoro-2,1-benzoxaborol-1(3H)-ol;
CAS Number	174671-46-6;
PubChem CID	11499245;
DrugBank	DB09041;
ChemSpider	9674047;
UNII	K124A4EUQ3;
KEGG	D10169;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00169888 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.218.130
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C7H6BFO2
Molar mass	151.93 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES B1(C2=C(CO1)C=C(C=C2)F)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H6BFO2/c9-6-1-2-7-5(3-6)4-11-8(7)10/h1-3,10H,4H2; Key:LFQDNHWZDQTITF-UHFFFAOYSA-N;

Tavaborole, sold under the brand name Kerydin, is a topical antifungal medication for the treatment of onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail and nail bed with a complete clearance rate of 6-7% and partial clearance rate of 23-24% in individuals whose “infection border does not reach the cuticle at the base of the large toenail.”^[1] Tavaborole was approved by the US FDA in July 2014.^[2] The medication inhibits an essential fungal enzyme, leucyl-tRNA synthetase, that is required for protein synthesis. The inhibition of protein synthesis leads to termination of cell growth and then cell death, eliminating the fungal infection.

Medical uses

Tavaborole is used in the treatment of onychomycosis. In clinical trials, tavaborole was more effective than the vehicle (ethyl acetate and propylene glycol) alone in curing onychomycosis. In two studies, fungal infection was eliminated using tavaborole in 6.5% of the cases vs. 0.5% using the vehicle alone, and 27.5% vs. 14.6% using the vehicle alone.^[1]

Side effects

Application site exfoliation, erythema (rash), and irritation are possible side effects, and may occur in less than 5% of individuals.^[1]

Pharmacology

Tavaborole acts as an inhibitor of fungal leucyl-tRNA synthetase.^[3]

Pharmacokinetics

Tavaborole, when prepared with a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and propylene glycol, has the ability to fully penetrate through the human nail.^{[citation needed]} In studies with cadaver fingernails, a 5% solution of tavaborole penetrated the nail an average of 524.7 mcg/cm² after two weeks of daily use.^[1]

Tavaborole is detectable in the blood at a level of 3.54 ng/mL after a single use of 0.2 mL of the 5% solution. Tavaborole has an elimination half-life of 28.5 hours, a maximum concentration of 5.17 ng/mL after two weeks of daily use, and takes 8 days to reach the maximum concentration.^[1]

Society and culture

Economics

Tavaborole began phase III clinical trials in December 2010^[4] and was approved by the US FDA in July 2014.^[5]

Originally developed by Anacor, it is now marketed in the United States by Novartis subsidiary Sandoz. Anacor was paid US$65 million and also entered into a profit sharing scheme for future sales.^[6] A 10 mL bottle of a 5% solution of tavaborole will cost the patient without insurance about $1,356.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Elewski BE, Aly R, Baldwin SL, González Soto RF, Rich P, Weisfeld M, et al. (July 2015). "Efficacy and safety of tavaborole topical solution, 5%, a novel boron-based antifungal agent, for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: Results from 2 randomized phase-III studies". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 73 (1): 62–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.010. PMID 25956661.
^ "FDA Approves Anacor Pharmaceuticals' KERYDIN™ (Tavaborole) Topical Solution, 5% for the Treatment of Onychomycosis of the Toenails". Market Watch. July 8, 2014.
^ Markinson B, Ghannoum M, Winter T, Rycerz A, Rock F, Gupta AK (January 2018). "Examining the Benefits of the Boron-Based Mechanism of Action and Physicochemical Properties of Tavaborole in the Treatment of Onychomycosis". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 108 (1): 12–19. doi:10.7547/16-154. PMID 29547036.
^ Clinical trial number NCT01270971 for "Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of AN2690 Topical Solution to Treat Onychomycosis of the Toenail" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ "FDA Approves Anacor Pharmaceuticals' KERYDIN™ (Tavaborole) Topical Solution, 5% for the Treatment of Onychomycosis of the Toenails". Market Watch. July 8, 2014.
^ "Anacor's Kerydin to Be Commercialized by Sandoz in the U.S." Zacks.com. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ "Kerydin". Retrieved 12 August 2015.

External links

"Tavaborole". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[:0-1] Elewski BE, Aly R, Baldwin SL, González Soto RF, Rich P, Weisfeld M, et al. (July 2015). "Efficacy and safety of tavaborole topical solution, 5%, a novel boron-based antifungal agent, for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: Results from 2 randomized phase-III studies". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 73 (1): 62–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.010. PMID 25956661.

[2] "FDA Approves Anacor Pharmaceuticals' KERYDIN™ (Tavaborole) Topical Solution, 5% for the Treatment of Onychomycosis of the Toenails". Market Watch. July 8, 2014.

[pmid29547036-3] Markinson B, Ghannoum M, Winter T, Rycerz A, Rock F, Gupta AK (January 2018). "Examining the Benefits of the Boron-Based Mechanism of Action and Physicochemical Properties of Tavaborole in the Treatment of Onychomycosis". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 108 (1): 12–19. doi:10.7547/16-154. PMID 29547036.

[4] Clinical trial number NCT01270971 for "Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of AN2690 Topical Solution to Treat Onychomycosis of the Toenail" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[5] "FDA Approves Anacor Pharmaceuticals' KERYDIN™ (Tavaborole) Topical Solution, 5% for the Treatment of Onychomycosis of the Toenails". Market Watch. July 8, 2014.

[6] "Anacor's Kerydin to Be Commercialized by Sandoz in the U.S." Zacks.com. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015.

[7] "Kerydin". Retrieved 12 August 2015.

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