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Kincardineshire

Coordinates: 56°55′N 2°30′W / 56.917°N 2.500°W / 56.917; -2.500
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"The Mearns" redirects here. For other uses, see Mearns.

Kincardineshire
A' Mhaoirne
Historic county
CountryScotland
County townStonehaven
Area
 • Total
380 sq mi (984 km2)
 Ranked 22nd of 34
Chapman code
KCD
Websitehttps://www.kincardineshirelieutenancy.co.uk/

Kincardineshire or the County of Kincardine, also known as the Mearns (from the Scottish Gaelic A' Mhaoirne meaning "the stewartry"), is an historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area on the coast of north-east Scotland. It is bounded by Aberdeenshire on the north, and by Angus on the south-west.

The county was named after its original county town of Kincardine, near Fettercairn. The county town was moved to Stonehaven in 1600, by which time the town of Kincardine was in decline; it was subsequently abandoned. Other towns in the county include Banchory, Inverbervie and Laurencekirk.

The county was abolished as an administrative area in 1975. Since 1996, most of the pre-1975 county has formed part of the Aberdeenshire council area, with the exception of Nigg, which is in Aberdeen City. The name "Kincardine" is used in Kincardine and Mearns, a committee area of the Aberdeenshire Council, although this covers a smaller area than the county.

History

Anciently, the area was the province of Mearns, bordered on the north by Marr, and on the south-west by Angus. The name of the province simply refers to its status; the more important provinces were administered by a great steward (mormaer), while the less important ones were governed by a mere steward (maer).[1]

Map of Scottish provinces in 1689 with the Mearns labelled as 'Mernis'.

From the 12th century, sheriffs were also gradually introduced across Scotland, with responsibility for administering justice across an area known as a sheriffdom or shire.[2] A sheriff for the area is known to have existed by the 1160s.[3]

The hamlet of Castleton of Kincardine, where Kincardine Castle and the original county town of Kincardine once stood

Court cases were initially heard in the town of Kincardine, where there was a castle.[a] The sheriff was therefore known both as the Sheriff of Kincardine and the Sheriff of the Mearns.[5] In 1296, King John Balliol wrote a letter of surrender from Kincardine Castle to Edward I of England after a short war that marked the beginning of the Wars of Scottish Independence.

A charter granted to the burgh of Kincardine in 1532 noted the town's established role in hosting the shire's courts.[6] However, by 1600 the town was in decline. The sheriffs and visiting judges complained that the town had poor facilities for holding courts and accommodating visitors when the courts were in session, and also noted that the town was not central to the shire. An act of parliament in 1600 therefore transferred the courts to the larger and more accessible town of Stonehaven.[5] Kincardine's decline continued after 1600; its market and fair relocated to Fettercairn, and by the mid-19th century no trace remained of the former county town.[6][7]

Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. The older territory of the Mearns was therefore gradually eclipsed in legal importance by the shire of Kincardine (or Kincardineshire) which covered the same area. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term 'county' came to be used interchangeably with the older term 'shire'.[8]

Stonehaven Sheriff Court, built 1865: Meeting place of Kincardineshire County Council, 1890–1935

Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners, which were eventually abolished in 1930. The county council held its first official meeting on 22 May 1890 at the Stonehaven Sheriff Court, also known as County Buildings, the county's main courthouse (built 1865), which also served as the meeting place for the commissioners.[9][10]

The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries. Previously, four parishes had straddled the boundaries of Kincardineshire and its neighbours. The county and parish boundaries were therefore adjusted such that each parish was in a single county.[11]

The parish of Nigg in the north-east of the county included the Torry area on the south bank of the River Dee, which by the late 19th century was developing into a suburb of Aberdeen. In 1891, Torry was incorporated into the burgh of Aberdeen.[12] Torry remained part of the county of Kincardineshire for certain judicial functions until 1899, when Aberdeen was made a county of itself.[13] Further parts of the parish of Nigg were likewise transferred to Aberdeen in 1935 (including Nigg village) and 1970.[14][15][16]

In 1930, the county council absorbed the functions of the abolished county education authority, which had been based at offices in a converted house called Viewmount on Arduthie Road in Stonehaven. Viewmount burnt down in January 1932, and the county council took the opportunity to reconstruct and extend it to become a new headquarters, including a council chamber. The rebuilt Viewmount opened as the county council's meeting place and main offices in May 1935.[17][18]

Kincardineshire County Council was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Kincardineshire became part of the new Grampian region. The remaining rural part of the parish of Nigg was transferred to the City of Aberdeen district, and the rest of the county became part of a new district called Kincardine and Deeside, which also included south-western parts of the former county of Aberdeenshire along the River Dee.[19] A lieutenancy area covering the pre-1975 county except Nigg was created at the same time.[20]

Further local government reforms in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the regions and districts created in 1975 abolished and replaced with council areas, with each council providing all local government services. Kincardine and Deeside district became part of the new Aberdeenshire council area.[21] At the same time, the Kincardineshire lieutenancy area was confirmed to still correspond to the pre-1975 county excluding Nigg.[22] The boundaries of the historic county of Kincardineshire (as it was in 1891 prior to the removal of Torry) are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county.[23] Aberdeenshire Council has a Kincardine and Mearns area committee which covers most of the pre-1975 county.[24]

Geography

Clachnaben
Countryside around Glenbervie

Roughly triangular in shape, Kincardineshire consists of the largely flat Strathmore area running parallel with the coast, with hillier, forested country in the interior, the latter forming part of the Grampian Mountains. The highest point is Mount Battock at 778 m (2,552 ft), lying on the border with Angus.

The county included the burghs of Stonehaven, Banchory, Inverbervie and Laurencekirk. Other settlements included Drumoak, Muchalls, Newtonhill and Portlethen. Mearns extended to Hill of Fare north of the River Dee.

Rivers

Among the rivers are Cowie Water, Carron Water, Luther Water, Burn of Muchalls, Burn of Pheppie, Burn of Elsick, Burn of Monboys, Bervie Water and the lower reaches of the River Dee.

Structures and sites

Coat of arms

The county's coat of arms displayed and reflected the history of the Honours of Scotland, which were kept at Dunnottar Castle and later at Kinneff, both within the historical boundaries of the county, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It was: Gules, the Sceptre and Sword of Scotland crosswise in saltire, with the Crown of Scotland in chief and a ruined castle on a mound in base, all or. The motto was LAUS DEO, Latin for "Praise God". It was originally the motto of the Viscounts of Arbuthnott, whose seat is in the county, and the 14th Viscount was Lord Lieutenant of Kincardine at the time of the arms' matriculation by the Lord Lyon in 1927.[26]

Constituency

There was a Kincardineshire constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918, representing the county of Kincardineshire, minus the parliamentary burgh of Inverbervie. Inverbervie was a component of the Aberdeen District of Burghs from 1708 to 1832 and of the Montrose District of Burghs from 1832 to 1950.

In 1918 the Kincardineshire constituency was merged with part of the Western Aberdeenshire constituency to form the Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire constituency.

In 1950 Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire was divided between the West Aberdeenshire constituency and the North Angus and Mearns constituency. North Angus and Mearns then covered the whole of the county of Kincardineshire, including the former parliamentary burgh of Inverbervie, and part of the county of Angus, the latter being previously within the Forfarshire constituency.

In 1983, eight years after the abolition of the local government county of Kincardineshire, North Angus and Mearns was replaced by new constituencies.

The county currently makes up part of the West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine constituency of the House of Commons.

Transport

Rail

Stonehaven railway station

The Edinburgh-Aberdeen railway line runs parallel to the coast and through the towns of Laurencekirk, Stonehaven and Portlethen.

Historic transport routes

The ancient Causey Mounth road was built on high ground to make passable this only available medieval route from coastal points south to Aberdeen. This ancient passage specifically connected the Bridge of Dee to Muchalls Castle, Cowie Castle (and effectively Dunnottar Castle). The route was that taken by the Earl Marischal and Marquess of Montrose when they led a Covenanter army of 9,000 men in the first battle of the Bishops' Wars in 1639.[27]

Elsick Mounth is a prehistoric trackway used by the Caledonian tribes as well as the Roman army in their northern invasion of the Scottish Highlands.[28]

Settlements

  • Balnagask
    Balnagask
  • Bridge of Muchalls
    Bridge of Muchalls
  • Catterline
    Catterline
  • Stonehaven
    Stonehaven

Notable people

The author Lewis Grassic Gibbon, born James Leslie Mitchell, was a Scottish writer. His Sunset Song is one of the best-known Scottish novels of the 20th century. It was voted Scotland's favourite book in a poll announced at the 2005 Edinburgh International Book Festival.[29] Set in a fictional village in the Mearns, the book draws heavily from Mitchell's upbringing in Arbuthnott. One of the key features of the book, and some of his other writing, is the balanced and immersive use of the local Doric Scots dialect mixed with standard English, in a manner easily and enjoyably accessible to someone unfamiliar with the North East of Scotland.

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ The town of Kincardine was in the parish of Fordoun, north-east of Fettercairn.[4] It should not be confused with other places called Kincardine, such as Kincardine O'Neil in the province of Marr or Kincardine-on-Forth in Fife.
  1. ^ "About Kincardineshire". Lord-Lieutenant of Kincardineshire. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  2. ^ "Sheriff Court Records". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  3. ^ Jervise, Andrew (1861). Memorials of Angus and the Mearns. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. p. 9. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Fettercairn, Scotland". Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  5. ^ a b Brown, K. M., ed. (2007). "Act regarding the burgh of Stonehaven in the Mearns". The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. St Andrews. Retrieved 11 August 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b Crichton-Stuart (Marquess of Bute), John; Stevenson, J. H.; Lonsdale, H. W. (1903). The Arms of the Baronial and Police Burghs of Scotland (2015 facsimile copy ed.). The Armorial Register. p. 300. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  7. ^ "Kincardine". Canmore. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  8. ^ Brown, Keith. "Act of the convention of estates of the kingdom of Scotland etc. for a new and voluntary offer to his majesty of £72,000 monthly for the space of twelve months, 23 January 1667". Records of the Parliament of Scotland. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Kincardineshire County Council". Stonehaven Journal. 29 May 1890. p. 3. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  10. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Stonehaven Sheriff Court House and Police Station, including boundary walls, Dunnottar Avenue, Bogwell Lane, Stonehaven (LB41617)". Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  11. ^ Shennan, Hay (1892). Boundaries of counties and parishes in Scotland as settled by the Boundary Commissioners under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Edinburgh: W. Green. p. 186. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  12. ^ "Aberdeen Corporation Act 1891" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  13. ^ "Aberdeen Corporation Act 1899 (c. 60)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  14. ^ "'Greater Aberdeen' now in being". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 30 May 1935. p. 8. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  15. ^ "Nigg Scottish Parish". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  16. ^ "Aberdeen Extension Order Confirmation Act 1970". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  17. ^ "Ideal working conditions for Kincardine's public servants: Home of efficiency and comfort arises from ashes of Viewmount". Mearns Leader. Stonehaven. 9 May 1935. p. 12. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  18. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Arduthie Road, Viewmount, Council Offices including nuclear bunker, ancillary building, boundary walls, gatepiers and railings (LB50245)". Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1973 c. 65, retrieved 17 April 2023
  20. ^ "The Lord-Lieutenants Order 1975", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1975/428, retrieved 3 August 2024
  21. ^ "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1994 c. 39, retrieved 17 April 2023
  22. ^ "The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1996/731, retrieved 3 August 2024
  23. ^ "Land Mass Coverage Report" (PDF). Registers of Scotland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  24. ^ "Kincardine and Mearns Area Committee". Aberdeenshire Council. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  25. ^ "Lewis Grassic Gibbon Centre". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  26. ^ Urquhart, R.M. Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry (1973 ed.). Heraldry Today. p. 99. consulted 20 December 2013.
  27. ^ Archibald Watt, Highways and Byways around Kincardineshire, Stonehaven Heritage Society (1985)
  28. ^ C. Michael Hogan, Elsick Mounth, Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham ed. (2005)[1]
  29. ^ Canongate Books (29 August 2005). "Sunset Song – Scotland's Best Read". Archived from the original on 24 April 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  30. ^ "Ceylon Tea Museum". www.ceylonteamuseum.com. Retrieved 19 March 2019.

56°55′N 2°30′W / 56.917°N 2.500°W / 56.917; -2.500

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